原 透过pageinspect了解Post
博客 PostgreSQL的Page分析记录 有过对page的 大体介绍，可以参看之前的blog，下面主要通过插件 pageinspect 向大家进行介绍。
在此之前需要了解的名词： page，物理文件的单位，默认大小为8K。 tuple，PG中物理行。 xid，事务号，执行操作时的顺序id。
pageinspect里边有三个函数是本文用到的，他们分别是： a.get_raw_page，根据参数表明、数据文件类型（main、fsm、vm）以及page位置，将当前表文件中的page内容返回。还有一个函数于此同名，只有两个参数，是将第二个参数省略，直接使用'main'。 b.page_header，参数是函数get_raw_page的返回值，返回值是将本page结构中的PageHeaderData详细信息。 c.heap_page_items,参数是函数get_raw_page的返回值，返回值是将page内的项指针(ItemIddata)以及HeapTupleHeaderData的详细信息。
下面通过例子来对page的PageHeaderData、ItemIddata和HeapTupleHeaderData进行说明。 a.建表mvcc
[postgres@localhost bin]$ ./psql
psql (9.4.5)
Type "help" for help.
postgres=# create table mvcc(id int);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=# insert into mvcc values (1),(2);
INSERT 0 2b.PageHeaderData
postgres=# select * from page_header(get_raw_page('mvcc', 'main', 0));
lsn | checksum | flags | lower | upper | special | pagesize | version | p
rune_xid
-----------+----------+-------+-------+-------+---------+----------+---------+--
---------
0/300F4D8 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 8128 | 8192 | 8192 | 4 |
0
(1 row)这是表mvcc的PageHeaderData信息，现在比对源码对各个字段进行解释：
typedef struct PageHeaderData
{
/* XXX LSN is member of *any* block, not only page-organized ones */
PageXLogRecPtr pd_lsn; /* LSN: next byte after last byte of xlog
* record for last change to this page */
uint16 pd_checksum; /* checksum */
uint16 pd_flags; /* flag bits, see below */
LocationIndex pd_lower; /* offset to start of free space */
LocationIndex pd_upper; /* offset to end of free space */
LocationIndex pd_special; /* offset to start of special space */
uint16 pd_pagesize_version;
TransactionId pd_prune_xid; /* oldest prunable XID, or zero if none */
ItemIdData pd_linp[1]; /* beginning of line pointer array */
} PageHeaderData;pg_lsn：记录最后一次对page修改的xlog记录id。 pg_checksum：页面的校验和，主要是通过函数pg_checksum_block函数生成的，0也是有效地，参数为PageHeaderData和BLCKSZ(page's size)。当校验和验证失败，即认为当前页面无效。 pg_flags：page的flags，具体值为，可以叠加：
#define PD_HAS_FREE_LINES 0x0001 /* are there any unused line pointers? */
#define PD_PAGE_FULL 0x0002 /* not enough free space for new
* tuple? */
#define PD_ALL_VISIBLE 0x0004 /* all tuples on page are visible to
* everyone */
#define PD_VALID_FLAG_BITS 0x0007 /* OR of all valid pd_flags bits */pg_lower和pg_upper：最后一个项指针的位置和最新的tuple位置。主要进行查找空闲位置，进行插入工作。 pg_special：page预留的位置，可以存储索引等信息。 pg_pagesize_version：page大小以及当前版本。page大小可以通过configure进行设置。version的意思是
/*
* Page layout version number 0 is for pre-7.3 Postgres releases.
* Releases 7.3 and 7.4 use 1, denoting a new HeapTupleHeader layout.
* Release 8.0 uses 2; it changed the HeapTupleHeader layout again.
* Release 8.1 uses 3; it redefined HeapTupleHeader infomask bits.
* Release 8.3 uses 4; it changed the HeapTupleHeader layout again, and
* added the pd_flags field (by stealing some bits from pd_tli),
* as well as adding the pd_prune_xid field (which enlarges the header).
*
* As of Release 9.3, the checksum version must also be considered when
* handling pages.
*/pg_prune_xid：一般是最后一次删除或者更新的xid。
pg_linp：项指针。 c.ItemIddata
postgres=# select lp,lp_off,lp_flags,lp_len from heap_page_items(get_raw_page('mvcc', 'main', 0));
lp | lp_off | lp_flags | lp_len
----+--------+----------+--------
1 | 8160 | 1 | 28
2 | 8128 | 1 | 28
(2 rows)这是表mvcc的项指针的信息，一样通过结合源码进行介绍：
typedef struct ItemIdData
{
unsigned lp_off:15, /* offset to tuple (from start of page) */
lp_flags:2, /* state of item pointer, see below */
lp_len:15; /* byte length of tuple */
} ItemIdData;lp：这是插件自己定义的列，在源码中其实没有，这个是项指针的顺序。 lp_off：tuple在page中的位置。 lp_flags：tuple的flags，具体为
#define LP_UNUSED 0 /* unused (should always have lp_len=0) */
#define LP_NORMAL 1 /* used (should always have lp_len>0) */
#define LP_REDIRECT 2 /* HOT redirect (should have lp_len=0) */
#define LP_DEAD 3 /* dead, may or may not have storage */lp_len： HeapTupleHeaderData 的长度+Oid的长度(8，因为要数据对齐，所以在这里会比原来预计的多4)。
d.HeapTupleHeaderData
postgres=# select * from heap_page_items(get_raw_page('mvcc', 'main', 0));
lp | lp_off | lp_flags | lp_len | t_xmin | t_xmax | t_field3 | t_ctid | t_infom
ask2 | t_infomask | t_hoff | t_bits | t_oid
----+--------+----------+--------+--------+--------+----------+--------+--------
-----+------------+--------+--------+-------
1 | 8160 | 1 | 28 | 1831 | 0 | 0 | (0,1) |
1 | 2048 | 24 | |
2 | 8128 | 1 | 28 | 1831 | 0 | 0 | (0,2) |
1 | 2048 | 24 | |
(2 rows)同样结合源码进行介绍：
typedef struct HeapTupleFields
{
TransactionId t_xmin; /* inserting xact ID */
TransactionId t_xmax; /* deleting or locking xact ID */
union
{
CommandId t_cid; /* inserting or deleting command ID, or both */
TransactionId t_xvac; /* old-style VACUUM FULL xact ID */
} t_field3;
} HeapTupleFields;
typedef struct DatumTupleFields
{
int32 datum_len_; /* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
int32 datum_typmod; /* -1, or identifier of a record type */
Oid datum_typeid; /* composite type OID, or RECORDOID */
/*
* Note: field ordering is chosen with thought that Oid might someday
* widen to 64 bits.
*/
} DatumTupleFields;
struct HeapTupleHeaderData
{
union
{
HeapTupleFields t_heap;
DatumTupleFields t_datum;
} t_choice;
ItemPointerData t_ctid; /* current TID of this or newer tuple */
/* Fields below here must match MinimalTupleData! */
uint16 t_infomask2; /* number of attributes + various flags */
uint16 t_infomask; /* various flag bits, see below */
uint8 t_hoff; /* sizeof header incl. bitmap, padding */
/* ^ - 23 bytes - ^ */
bits8 t_bits[1]; /* bitmap of NULLs -- VARIABLE LENGTH */
/* MORE DATA FOLLOWS AT END OF STRUCT */
};xmin和xmax是插入、删除和更新时的事务ID，插入时会在xmin内写入当前事务ID，当删除时就会在xmax写入当前事务ID。更新是进行删除后再插入。 t_cid：这个是指一个事务内的命令ID，每个事务都是从0开始。 t_ctid：这个是指物理ID，结构如下：
typedef struct ItemPointerData
{
BlockIdData ip_blkid;
OffsetNumber ip_posid;
}
typedef struct BlockIdData
{
uint16 bi_hi;
uint16 bi_lo;
} BlockIdData;存储的为bi_hi（文件号） << 16 | bi_lo（page号），来获取磁盘顺序，ip_posid是在page的中序号。以此来准确定位数据。 t_infomask2：表字段的个数以及一些flags，flags如下：
#define HEAP_NATTS_MASK 0x07FF /* 11 bits for number of attributes */
/* bits 0x1800 are available */
#define HEAP_KEYS_UPDATED 0x2000 /* tuple was updated and key cols
* modified, or tuple deleted */
#define HEAP_HOT_UPDATED 0x4000 /* tuple was HOT-updated */
#define HEAP_ONLY_TUPLE 0x8000 /* this is heap-only tuple */
#define HEAP2_XACT_MASK 0xE000 /* visibility-related bits */t_infomask：tuple的flags，如下：
#define HEAP_HASNULL 0x0001 /* has null attribute(s) */
#define HEAP_HASVARWIDTH 0x0002 /* has variable-width attribute(s) */
#define HEAP_HASEXTERNAL 0x0004 /* has external stored attribute(s) */
#define HEAP_HASOID 0x0008 /* has an object-id field */
#define HEAP_XMAX_KEYSHR_LOCK 0x0010 /* xmax is a key-shared locker */
#define HEAP_COMBOCID 0x0020 /* t_cid is a combo cid */
#define HEAP_XMAX_EXCL_LOCK 0x0040 /* xmax is exclusive locker */
#define HEAP_XMAX_LOCK_ONLY 0x0080 /* xmax, if valid, is only a locker */
/* xmax is a shared locker */
#define HEAP_XMAX_SHR_LOCK (HEAP_XMAX_EXCL_LOCK | HEAP_XMAX_KEYSHR_LOCK)
#define HEAP_LOCK_MASK (HEAP_XMAX_SHR_LOCK | HEAP_XMAX_EXCL_LOCK | \
HEAP_XMAX_KEYSHR_LOCK)
#define HEAP_XMIN_COMMITTED 0x0100 /* t_xmin committed */
#define HEAP_XMIN_INVALID 0x0200 /* t_xmin invalid/aborted */
#define HEAP_XMIN_FROZEN (HEAP_XMIN_COMMITTED|HEAP_XMIN_INVALID)
#define HEAP_XMAX_COMMITTED 0x0400 /* t_xmax committed */
#define HEAP_XMAX_INVALID 0x0800 /* t_xmax invalid/aborted */
#define HEAP_XMAX_IS_MULTI 0x1000 /* t_xmax is a MultiXactId */
#define HEAP_UPDATED 0x2000 /* this is UPDATEd version of row */
#define HEAP_MOVED_OFF 0x4000 /* moved to another place by pre-9.0t_hoff： HeapTupleHeaderData长度，如果有Oid会增加4，但由于受到对齐的影响，会增加8。 t_bits：具体数据，可以参照 PostgreSQL的基础数据类型分析记录。