Spring Boot是Spring旗下众多的子项目之一,其理念是约定优于配置,它通过实现了自动配置(大多数用户平时习惯设置的配置作为默认配置)的功能来为用户快速构建出标准化的应用。Spring Boot的特点可以概述为如下几点:
有关Spring Boot的使用方法就不做多介绍了,如有兴趣请自行阅读官方文档Spring Boot或其他文章。
如今微服务的概念愈来愈热,转型或尝试微服务的团队也在如日渐增,而对于技术选型,Spring Cloud是一个比较好的选择,它提供了一站式的分布式系统解决方案,包含了许多构建分布式系统与微服务需要用到的组件,例如服务治理、API网关、配置中心、消息总线以及容错管理等模块。可以说,Spring Cloud”全家桶”极其适合刚刚接触微服务的团队。似乎有点跑题了,不过说了这么多,我想要强调的是,Spring Cloud中的每个组件都是基于Spring Boot构建的,而理解了Spring Boot的自动配置的原理,显然也是有好处的。
Spring Boot的自动配置看起来神奇,其实原理非常简单,背后全依赖于@Conditional注解来实现的。
什么是@Conditional?
@Conditional是由Spring 4提供的一个新特性,用于根据特定条件来控制Bean的创建行为。而在我们开发基于Spring的应用的时候,难免会需要根据条件来注册Bean。
例如,你想要根据不同的运行环境,来让Spring注册对应环境的数据源Bean,对于这种简单的情况,完全可以使用@Profile注解实现,就像下面代码所示:
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean
@Profile("DEV")
public DataSource devDataSource() {
...
}
@Bean
@Profile("PROD")
public DataSource prodDataSource() {
...
}
}
剩下只需要设置对应的Profile属性即可,设置方法有如下三种:
<servlet>
<servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>spring.profiles.active</param-name>
<param-value>PROD</param-value>
</init-param>
</servlet>
但这种方法只局限于简单的情况,而且通过源码我们可以发现@Profile自身也使用了@Conditional注解。
package org.springframework.context.annotation;
@Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.METHOD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Conditional({ProfileCondition.class}) // 组合了Conditional注解
public @interface Profile {
String[] value();
}
package org.springframework.context.annotation;
class ProfileCondition implements Condition {
ProfileCondition() {
}
// 通过提取出@Profile注解中的value值来与profiles配置信息进行匹配
public boolean matches(ConditionContext context, AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata) {
if(context.getEnvironment() != null) {
MultiValueMap attrs = metadata.getAllAnnotationAttributes(Profile.class.getName());
if(attrs != null) {
Iterator var4 = ((List)attrs.get("value")).iterator();
Object value;
do {
if(!var4.hasNext()) {
return false;
}
value = var4.next();
} while(!context.getEnvironment().acceptsProfiles((String[])((String[])value)));
return true;
}
}
return true;
}
}
在业务复杂的情况下,显然需要使用到@Conditional注解来提供更加灵活的条件判断,例如以下几个判断条件:
举个栗子,假设我们有两个基于不同数据库实现的DAO,它们全都实现了UserDao,其中JdbcUserDAO与MySql进行连接,MongoUserDAO与MongoDB进行连接。现在,我们有了一个需求,需要根据命令行传入的系统参数来注册对应的UserDao,就像java -jar app.jar -DdbType=MySQL会注册JdbcUserDao,而java -jar app.jar -DdbType=MongoDB则会注册MongoUserDao。使用@Conditional可以很轻松地实现这个功能,仅仅需要在你自定义的条件类中去实现Condition接口,让我们来看下面的代码。(以下案例来自:https://dzone.com/articles/how-springboot-autoconfiguration-magic-works)
public interface UserDAO {
....
}
public class JdbcUserDAO implements UserDAO {
....
}
public class MongoUserDAO implements UserDAO {
....
}
public class MySQLDatabaseTypeCondition implements Condition {
@Override
public boolean matches(ConditionContext conditionContext, AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata) {
String enabledDBType = System.getProperty("dbType"); // 获得系统参数 dbType
// 如果该值等于MySql,则条件成立
return (enabledDBType != null && enabledDBType.equalsIgnoreCase("MySql"));
}
}
// 与上述逻辑一致
public class MongoDBDatabaseTypeCondition implements Condition {
@Override
public boolean matches(ConditionContext conditionContext, AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata) {
String enabledDBType = System.getProperty("dbType");
return (enabledDBType != null && enabledDBType.equalsIgnoreCase("MongoDB"));
}
}
// 根据条件来注册不同的Bean
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean
@Conditional(MySQLDatabaseTypeCondition.class)
public UserDAO jdbcUserDAO() {
return new JdbcUserDAO();
}
@Bean
@Conditional(MongoDBDatabaseTypeCondition.class)
public UserDAO mongoUserDAO() {
return new MongoUserDAO();
}
}
现在,我们又有了一个新需求,我们想要根据当前工程的类路径中是否存在MongoDB的驱动类来确认是否注册MongoUserDAO。为了实现这个需求,可以创建检查MongoDB驱动是否存在的两个条件类。
public class MongoDriverPresentsCondition implements Condition {
@Override
public boolean matches(ConditionContext conditionContext, AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata) {
try {
Class.forName("com.mongodb.Server");
return true;
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
return false;
}
}
}
public class MongoDriverNotPresentsCondition implements Condition {
@Override
public boolean matches(ConditionContext conditionContext, AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata) {
try {
Class.forName("com.mongodb.Server");
return false;
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
return true;
}
}
}
假如,你想要在UserDAO没有被注册的情况下去注册一个UserDAOBean,那么我们可以定义一个条件类来检查某个类是否在容器中已被注册。
public class UserDAOBeanNotPresentsCondition implements Condition {
@Override
public boolean matches(ConditionContext conditionContext, AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata) {
UserDAO userDAO = conditionContext.getBeanFactory().getBean(UserDAO.class);
return (userDAO == null);
}
}
如果你想根据配置文件中的某项属性来决定是否注册MongoDAO,例如app.dbType是否等于MongoDB,我们可以实现以下的条件类。
public class MongoDbTypePropertyCondition implements Condition {
@Override
public boolean matches(ConditionContext conditionContext, AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata) {
String dbType = conditionContext.getEnvironment().getProperty("app.dbType");
return "MONGO".equalsIgnoreCase(dbType);
}
}
我们已经尝试并实现了各种类型的条件判断,接下来,我们可以选择一种更为优雅的方式,就像@Profile一样,以注解的方式来完成条件判断。首先,我们需要定义一个注解类。
@Target({ ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.METHOD })
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Conditional(DatabaseTypeCondition.class)
public @interface DatabaseType {
String value();
}
具体的条件判断逻辑在DatabaseTypeCondition类中,它会根据系统参数dbType来判断注册哪一个Bean。
public class DatabaseTypeCondition implements Condition {
@Override
public boolean matches(ConditionContext conditionContext, AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata) {
Map<String, Object> attributes = metadata
.getAnnotationAttributes(DatabaseType.class.getName());
String type = (String) attributes.get("value");
// 默认值为MySql
String enabledDBType = System.getProperty("dbType", "MySql");
return (enabledDBType != null && type != null && enabledDBType.equalsIgnoreCase(type));
}
}
最后,在配置类应用该注解即可。
@Configuration
@ComponentScan
public class AppConfig {
@Bean
@DatabaseType("MySql")
public UserDAO jdbcUserDAO() {
return new JdbcUserDAO();
}
@Bean
@DatabaseType("mongoDB")
public UserDAO mongoUserDAO() {
return new MongoUserDAO();
}
}
AutoConfigure源码分析
通过了解@Conditional注解的机制其实已经能够猜到自动配置是如何实现的了,接下来我们通过源码来看看它是怎么做的。本文中讲解的源码基于Spring Boot 1.5.9版本(最新的正式版本)。
使用过Spring Boot的童鞋应该都很清楚,它会替我们生成一个入口类,其命名规格为ArtifactNameApplication,通过这个入口类,我们可以发现一些信息。
@SpringBootApplication
public class DemoApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);
}
}
首先该类被@SpringBootApplication注解修饰,我们可以先从它开始分析,查看源码后可以发现它是一个包含许多注解的组合注解。
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@SpringBootConfiguration
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@ComponentScan(
excludeFilters = {@Filter(
type = FilterType.CUSTOM,
classes = {TypeExcludeFilter.class}
), @Filter(
type = FilterType.CUSTOM,
classes = {AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class}
)}
)
public @interface SpringBootApplication {
@AliasFor(
annotation = EnableAutoConfiguration.class,
attribute = "exclude"
)
Class<?>[] exclude() default {};
@AliasFor(
annotation = EnableAutoConfiguration.class,
attribute = "excludeName"
)
String[] excludeName() default {};
@AliasFor(
annotation = ComponentScan.class,
attribute = "basePackages"
)
String[] scanBasePackages() default {};
@AliasFor(
annotation = ComponentScan.class,
attribute = "basePackageClasses"
)
Class<?>[] scanBasePackageClasses() default {};
}
该注解相当于同时声明了@Configuration、@EnableAutoConfiguration与@ComponentScan三个注解(如果我们想定制自定义的自动配置实现,声明这三个注解就足够了),而@EnableAutoConfiguration是我们的关注点,从它的名字可以看出来,它是用来开启自动配置的,源码如下:
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@AutoConfigurationPackage
@Import({EnableAutoConfigurationImportSelector.class})
public @interface EnableAutoConfiguration {
String ENABLED_OVERRIDE_PROPERTY = "spring.boot.enableautoconfiguration";
Class<?>[] exclude() default {};
String[] excludeName() default {};
}
我们发现@Import(Spring 提供的一个注解,可以导入配置类或者Bean到当前类中)导入了EnableAutoConfigurationImportSelector类,根据名字来看,它应该就是我们要找到的目标了。不过查看它的源码发现它已经被Deprecated了,而官方API中告知我们去查看它的父类AutoConfigurationImportSelector。
/** @deprecated */
@Deprecated
public class EnableAutoConfigurationImportSelector extends AutoConfigurationImportSelector {
public EnableAutoConfigurationImportSelector() {
}
protected boolean isEnabled(AnnotationMetadata metadata) {
return this.getClass().equals(EnableAutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)?((Boolean)this.getEnvironment().getProperty("spring.boot.enableautoconfiguration", Boolean.class, Boolean.valueOf(true))).booleanValue():true;
}
}
由于AutoConfigurationImportSelector的源码太长了,这里我只截出关键的地方,显然方法selectImports是选择自动配置的主入口,它调用了其他的几个方法来加载元数据等信息,最后返回一个包含许多自动配置类信息的字符串数组。
public String[] selectImports(AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {
if(!this.isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) {
return NO_IMPORTS;
} else {
try {
AutoConfigurationMetadata ex = AutoConfigurationMetadataLoader.loadMetadata(this.beanClassLoader);
AnnotationAttributes attributes = this.getAttributes(annotationMetadata);
List configurations = this.getCandidateConfigurations(annotationMetadata, attributes);
configurations = this.removeDuplicates(configurations);
configurations = this.sort(configurations, ex);
Set exclusions = this.getExclusions(annotationMetadata, attributes);
this.checkExcludedClasses(configurations, exclusions);
configurations.removeAll(exclusions);
configurations = this.filter(configurations, ex);
this.fireAutoConfigurationImportEvents(configurations, exclusions);
return (String[])configurations.toArray(new String[configurations.size()]);
} catch (IOException var6) {
throw new IllegalStateException(var6);
}
}
}
重点在于方法getCandidateConfigurations()返回了自动配置类的信息列表,而它通过调用SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames()来扫描加载含有META-INF/spring.factories文件的jar包,该文件记录了具有哪些自动配置类。(建议还是用IDE去看源码吧,这些源码单行实在太长了,估计文章中的观看效果很差)
protected List<String> getCandidateConfigurations(AnnotationMetadata metadata, AnnotationAttributes attributes) {
List configurations = SpringFactoriesLoader
.loadFactoryNames(this.getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass(), this.getBeanClassLoader());
Assert.notEmpty(configurations, "No auto configuration classes
found in META-INF spring.factories.
If you are using a custom packaging, make sure that file is correct.");
return configurations;
}
public static List<String> loadFactoryNames(Class<?> factoryClass, ClassLoader classLoader) {
String factoryClassName = factoryClass.getName();
try {
Enumeration ex = classLoader != null?classLoader.getResources("META-INF/spring.factories"):ClassLoader.getSystemResources("META-INF/spring.factories");
ArrayList result = new ArrayList();
while(ex.hasMoreElements()) {
URL url = (URL)ex.nextElement();
Properties properties = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(new UrlResource(url));
String factoryClassNames = properties.getProperty(factoryClassName);
result.addAll(Arrays.asList(StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray(factoryClassNames)));
}
return result;
} catch (IOException var8) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to load [" + factoryClass.getName() + "] factories from location [" + "META-INF/spring.factories" + "]", var8);
}
}
自动配置类中的条件注解
接下来,我们在spring.factories文件中随便找一个自动配置类,来看看是怎样实现的。我查看了MongoDataAutoConfiguration的源码,发现它声明了@ConditionalOnClass注解,通过看该注解的源码后可以发现,这是一个组合了@Conditional的组合注解,它的条件类是OnClassCondition。
@Configuration
@ConditionalOnClass({Mongo.class, MongoTemplate.class})
@EnableConfigurationProperties({MongoProperties.class})
@AutoConfigureAfter({MongoAutoConfiguration.class})
public class MongoDataAutoConfiguration {
....
}
@Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.METHOD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Conditional({OnClassCondition.class})
public @interface ConditionalOnClass {
Class<?>[] value() default {};
String[] name() default {};
}
然后,我们开始看OnClassCondition的源码,发现它并没有直接实现Condition接口,只好往上找,发现它的父类SpringBootCondition实现了Condition接口。
class OnClassCondition extends SpringBootCondition implements AutoConfigurationImportFilter, BeanFactoryAware, BeanClassLoaderAware {
.....
}
public abstract class SpringBootCondition implements Condition {
private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(this.getClass());
public SpringBootCondition() {
}
public final boolean matches(ConditionContext context, AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata) {
String classOrMethodName = getClassOrMethodName(metadata);
try {
ConditionOutcome ex = this.getMatchOutcome(context, metadata);
this.logOutcome(classOrMethodName, ex);
this.recordEvaluation(context, classOrMethodName, ex);
return ex.isMatch();
} catch (NoClassDefFoundError var5) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Could not evaluate condition on " + classOrMethodName + " due to " + var5.getMessage() + " not found. Make sure your own configuration does not rely on that class. This can also happen if you are @ComponentScanning a springframework package (e.g. if you put a @ComponentScan in the default package by mistake)", var5);
} catch (RuntimeException var6) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Error processing condition on " + this.getName(metadata), var6);
}
}
public abstract ConditionOutcome getMatchOutcome(ConditionContext var1, AnnotatedTypeMetadata var2);
}
SpringBootCondition实现的matches方法依赖于一个抽象方法this.getMatchOutcome(context, metadata),我们在它的子类OnClassCondition中可以找到这个方法的具体实现。
public ConditionOutcome getMatchOutcome(ConditionContext context, AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata) {
ClassLoader classLoader = context.getClassLoader();
ConditionMessage matchMessage = ConditionMessage.empty();
// 找出所有ConditionalOnClass注解的属性
List onClasses = this.getCandidates(metadata, ConditionalOnClass.class);
List onMissingClasses;
if(onClasses != null) {
// 找出不在类路径中的类
onMissingClasses = this.getMatches(onClasses, OnClassCondition.MatchType.MISSING, classLoader);
// 如果存在不在类路径中的类,匹配失败
if(!onMissingClasses.isEmpty()) {
return ConditionOutcome.noMatch(ConditionMessage.forCondition(ConditionalOnClass.class, new Object[0]).didNotFind("required class", "required classes").items(Style.QUOTE, onMissingClasses));
}
matchMessage = matchMessage.andCondition(ConditionalOnClass.class, new Object[0]).found("required class", "required classes").items(Style.QUOTE, this.getMatches(onClasses, OnClassCondition.MatchType.PRESENT, classLoader));
}
// 接着找出所有ConditionalOnMissingClass注解的属性
// 它与ConditionalOnClass注解的含义正好相反,所以以下逻辑也与上面相反
onMissingClasses = this.getCandidates(metadata, ConditionalOnMissingClass.class);
if(onMissingClasses != null) {
List present = this.getMatches(onMissingClasses, OnClassCondition.MatchType.PRESENT, classLoader);
if(!present.isEmpty()) {
return ConditionOutcome.noMatch(ConditionMessage.forCondition(ConditionalOnMissingClass.class, new Object[0]).found("unwanted class", "unwanted classes").items(Style.QUOTE, present));
}
matchMessage = matchMessage.andCondition(ConditionalOnMissingClass.class, new Object[0]).didNotFind("unwanted class", "unwanted classes").items(Style.QUOTE, this.getMatches(onMissingClasses, OnClassCondition.MatchType.MISSING, classLoader));
}
return ConditionOutcome.match(matchMessage);
}
// 获得所有annotationType注解的属性
private List<String> getCandidates(AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata, Class<?> annotationType) {
MultiValueMap attributes = metadata.getAllAnnotationAttributes(annotationType.getName(), true);
ArrayList candidates = new ArrayList();
if(attributes == null) {
return Collections.emptyList();
} else {
this.addAll(candidates, (List)attributes.get("value"));
this.addAll(candidates, (List)attributes.get("name"));
return candidates;
}
}
private void addAll(List<String> list, List<Object> itemsToAdd) {
if(itemsToAdd != null) {
Iterator var3 = itemsToAdd.iterator();
while(var3.hasNext()) {
Object item = var3.next();
Collections.addAll(list, (String[])((String[])item));
}
}
}
// 根据matchType.matches方法来进行匹配
private List<String> getMatches(Collection<String> candidates, OnClassCondition.MatchType matchType, ClassLoader classLoader) {
ArrayList matches = new ArrayList(candidates.size());
Iterator var5 = candidates.iterator();
while(var5.hasNext()) {
String candidate = (String)var5.next();
if(matchType.matches(candidate, classLoader)) {
matches.add(candidate);
}
}
return matches;
}
关于match的具体实现在MatchType中,它是一个枚举类,提供了PRESENT和MISSING两种实现,前者返回类路径中是否存在该类,后者相反。
private static enum MatchType {
PRESENT {
public boolean matches(String className, ClassLoader classLoader) {
return OnClassCondition.MatchType.isPresent(className, classLoader);
}
},
MISSING {
public boolean matches(String className, ClassLoader classLoader) {
return !OnClassCondition.MatchType.isPresent(className, classLoader);
}
};
private MatchType() {
}
// 跟我们之前看过的案例一样,都利用了类加载功能来进行判断
private static boolean isPresent(String className, ClassLoader classLoader) {
if(classLoader == null) {
classLoader = ClassUtils.getDefaultClassLoader();
}
try {
forName(className, classLoader);
return true;
} catch (Throwable var3) {
return false;
}
}
private static Class<?> forName(String className, ClassLoader classLoader) throws ClassNotFoundException {
return classLoader != null?classLoader.loadClass(className):Class.forName(className);
}
public abstract boolean matches(String var1, ClassLoader var2);
}
现在终于真相大白,@ConditionalOnClass的含义是指定的类必须存在于类路径下,MongoDataAutoConfiguration类中声明了类路径下必须含有Mongo.class, MongoTemplate.class这两个类,否则该自动配置类不会被加载。
在Spring Boot中到处都有类似的注解,像@ConditionalOnBean(容器中是否有指定的Bean),@ConditionalOnWebApplication(当前工程是否为一个Web工程)等等,它们都只是@Conditional注解的扩展。当你揭开神秘的面纱,去探索本质时,发现其实Spring Boot自动配置的原理就是如此简单,在了解这些知识后,你完全可以自己去实现自定义的自动配置类,然后编写出自定义的starter。
来源:sylvanassun.github.io/2018/01/08/2018-01-08-spring_boot_auto_configure/