Dart语言指南（二） 顶

var jsonData = JSON.decode('{"x":1, "y":2}');

// Create a Point using Point().
var p1 = new Point(2, 2);

// Create a Point using Point.fromJson().
var p2 = new Point.fromJson(jsonData);

var p = new Point(2, 2);

// Set the value of the instance variable y.
p.y = 3;

// Get the value of y.
assert(p.y == 3);

// Invoke distanceTo() on p.
num distance = p.distanceTo(new Point(4, 4));

// If p is non-null, set its y value to 4.
p?.y = 4;

var p = const ImmutablePoint(2, 2);

var a = const ImmutablePoint(1, 1);
var b = const ImmutablePoint(1, 1);

assert(identical(a, b)); // They are the same instance!

print('The type of a is ${a.runtimeType}');

class Point {
  num x; // Declare instance variable x, initially null.
  num y; // Declare y, initially null.
  num z = 0; // Declare z, initially 0.
}

class Point {
  num x;
  num y;
}

main() {
  var point = new Point();
  point.x = 4;          // Use the setter method for x.
  assert(point.x == 4); // Use the getter method for x.
  assert(point.y == null); // Values default to null.
}

class Point {
  num x;
  num y;

  Point(num x, num y) {
    // There's a better way to do this, stay tuned.
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;
  }
}

class Point {
  num x;
  num y;

  // Syntactic sugar for setting x and y
  // before the constructor body runs.
  Point(this.x, this.y);
}

class Point {
  num x;
  num y;

  Point(this.x, this.y);

  // Named constructor
  Point.fromJson(Map json) {
    x = json['x'];
    y = json['y'];
  }
}

class Person {
  String firstName;

  Person.fromJson(Map data) {
    print('in Person');
  }
}

class Employee extends Person {
  // Person does not have a default constructor;
  // you must call super.fromJson(data).
  Employee.fromJson(Map data) : super.fromJson(data) {
    print('in Employee');
  }
}

main() {
  var emp = new Employee.fromJson({});

  // Prints:
  // in Person
  // in Employee
  if (emp is Person) {
    // Type check
    emp.firstName = 'Bob';
  }
  (emp as Person).firstName = 'Bob';
}

class Employee extends Person {
  // ...
  Employee() : super.fromJson(findDefaultData());
}

class Point {
  num x;
  num y;

  Point(this.x, this.y);

  // Initializer list sets instance variables before
  // the constructor body runs.
  Point.fromJson(Map jsonMap)
      : x = jsonMap['x'],
        y = jsonMap['y'] {
    print('In Point.fromJson(): ($x, $y)');
  }
}

import 'dart:math';

class Point {
  final num x;
  final num y;
  final num distanceFromOrigin;

  Point(x, y)
      : x = x,
        y = y,
        distanceFromOrigin = sqrt(x * x + y * y);
}

main() {
  var p = new Point(2, 3);
  print(p.distanceFromOrigin);
}

class Point {
  num x;
  num y;

  // The main constructor for this class.
  Point(this.x, this.y);

  // Delegates to the main constructor.
  Point.alongXAxis(num x) : this(x, 0);
}

class ImmutablePoint {
  final num x;
  final num y;
  const ImmutablePoint(this.x, this.y);
  static final ImmutablePoint origin =
      const ImmutablePoint(0, 0);
}

class Logger {
  final String name;
  bool mute = false;

  // _cache is library-private, thanks to the _ in front
  // of its name.
  static final Map<String, Logger> _cache =
      <String, Logger>{};

  factory Logger(String name) {
    if (_cache.containsKey(name)) {
      return _cache[name];
    } else {
      final logger = new Logger._internal(name);
      _cache[name] = logger;
      return logger;
    }
  }

  Logger._internal(this.name);

  void log(String msg) {
    if (!mute) {
      print(msg);
    }
  }
}

var logger = new Logger('UI');
logger.log('Button clicked');

import 'dart:math';

class Point {
  num x;
  num y;
  Point(this.x, this.y);

  num distanceTo(Point other) {
    var dx = x - other.x;
    var dy = y - other.y;
    return sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
  }
}

class Rectangle {
  num left;
  num top;
  num width;
  num height;

  Rectangle(this.left, this.top, this.width, this.height);

  // Define two calculated properties: right and bottom.
  num get right             => left + width;
      set right(num value)  => left = value - width;
  num get bottom            => top + height;
      set bottom(num value) => top = value - height;
}

main() {
  var rect = new Rectangle(3, 4, 20, 15);
  assert(rect.left == 3);
  rect.right = 12;
  assert(rect.left == -8);
}

abstract class Doer {
  // ...Define instance variables and methods...

  void doSomething(); // Define an abstract method.
}

class EffectiveDoer extends Doer {
  void doSomething() {
    // ...Provide an implementation, so the method is not abstract here...
  }
}

class Vector {
  final int x;
  final int y;
  const Vector(this.x, this.y);

  /// Overrides + (a + b).
  Vector operator +(Vector v) {
    return new Vector(x + v.x, y + v.y);
  }

  /// Overrides - (a - b).
  Vector operator -(Vector v) {
    return new Vector(x - v.x, y - v.y);
  }
}

main() {
  final v = new Vector(2, 3);
  final w = new Vector(2, 2);

  // v == (2, 3)
  assert(v.x == 2 && v.y == 3);

  // v + w == (4, 5)
  assert((v + w).x == 4 && (v + w).y == 5);

  // v - w == (0, 1)
  assert((v - w).x == 0 && (v - w).y == 1);
}

// This class is declared abstract and thus
// can't be instantiated.
abstract class AbstractContainer {
  // ...Define constructors, fields, methods...

  void updateChildren(); // Abstract method.
}

class SpecializedContainer extends AbstractContainer {
  // ...Define more constructors, fields, methods...

  void updateChildren() {
    // ...Implement updateChildren()...
  }

  // Abstract method causes a warning but
  // doesn't prevent instantiation.
  void doSomething();
}

// A person. The implicit interface contains greet().
class Person {
  // In the interface, but visible only in this library.
  final _name;

  // Not in the interface, since this is a constructor.
  Person(this._name);

  // In the interface.
  String greet(who) => 'Hello, $who. I am $_name.';
}

// An implementation of the Person interface.
class Imposter implements Person {
  // We have to define this, but we don't use it.
  final _name = "";

  String greet(who) => 'Hi $who. Do you know who I am?';
}

greetBob(Person person) => person.greet('bob');

main() {
  print(greetBob(new Person('kathy')));
  print(greetBob(new Imposter()));
}

class Point implements Comparable, Location {
  // ...
}

class Television {
  void turnOn() {
    _illuminateDisplay();
    _activateIrSensor();
  }
  // ...
}

class SmartTelevision extends Television {
  void turnOn() {
    super.turnOn();
    _bootNetworkInterface();
    _initializeMemory();
    _upgradeApps();
  }
  // ...
}

class SmartTelevision extends Television {
  @override
  void turnOn() {
    // ...
  }
  // ...
}

class A {
  // Unless you override noSuchMethod, using a
  // non-existent member results in a NoSuchMethodError.
  void noSuchMethod(Invocation mirror) {
    print('You tried to use a non-existent member:' +
          '${mirror.memberName}');
  }
}

@proxy
class A {
  void noSuchMethod(Invocation mirror) {
    // ...
  }
}

class A implements SomeClass, SomeOtherClass {
  void noSuchMethod(Invocation mirror) {
    // ...
  }
}

enum Color {
  red,
  green,
  blue
}

assert(Color.red.index == 0);
assert(Color.green.index == 1);
assert(Color.blue.index == 2);

List<Color> colors = Color.values;
assert(colors[2] == Color.blue);

enum Color {
  red,
  green,
  blue
}
// ...
Color aColor = Color.blue;
switch (aColor) {
  case Color.red:
    print('Red as roses!');
    break;
  case Color.green:
    print('Green as grass!');
    break;
  default: // Without this, you see a WARNING.
    print(aColor);  // 'Color.blue'
}

class Musician extends Performer with Musical {
  // ...
}

class Maestro extends Person
    with Musical, Aggressive, Demented {
  Maestro(String maestroName) {
    name = maestroName;
    canConduct = true;
  }
}

abstract class Musical {
  bool canPlayPiano = false;
  bool canCompose = false;
  bool canConduct = false;

  void entertainMe() {
    if (canPlayPiano) {
      print('Playing piano');
    } else if (canConduct) {
      print('Waving hands');
    } else {
      print('Humming to self');
    }
  }
}

class Color {
  static const red =
      const Color('red'); // A constant static variable.
  final String name;      // An instance variable.
  const Color(this.name); // A constant constructor.
}

main() {
  assert(Color.red.name == 'red');
}

import 'dart:math';

class Point {
  num x;
  num y;
  Point(this.x, this.y);

  static num distanceBetween(Point a, Point b) {
    var dx = a.x - b.x;
    var dy = a.y - b.y;
    return sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
  }
}

main() {
  var a = new Point(2, 2);
  var b = new Point(4, 4);
  var distance = Point.distanceBetween(a, b);
  assert(distance < 2.9 && distance > 2.8);
}

var names = new List<String>();
names.addAll(['Seth', 'Kathy', 'Lars']);
// ...
names.add(42); // Fails in checked mode (succeeds in production mode).

abstract class ObjectCache {
  Object getByKey(String key);
  setByKey(String key, Object value);
}

abstract class StringCache {
  String getByKey(String key);
  setByKey(String key, String value);
}

abstract class Cache<T> {
  T getByKey(String key);
  setByKey(String key, T value);
}

var names = <String>['Seth', 'Kathy', 'Lars'];
var pages = <String, String>{
  'index.html': 'Homepage',
  'robots.txt': 'Hints for web robots',
  'humans.txt': 'We are people, not machines'
};

var names = new List<String>();
names.addAll(['Seth', 'Kathy', 'Lars']);
var nameSet = new Set<String>.from(names);

var views = new Map<int, View>();

var names = new List<String>();
names.addAll(['Seth', 'Kathy', 'Lars']);
print(names is List<String>); // true

// T must be SomeBaseClass or one of its descendants.
class Foo<T extends SomeBaseClass> {...}

class Extender extends SomeBaseClass {...}

void main() {
  // It's OK to use SomeBaseClass or any of its subclasses inside <>.
  var someBaseClassFoo = new Foo<SomeBaseClass>();
  var extenderFoo = new Foo<Extender>();

  // It's also OK to use no <> at all.
  var foo = new Foo();

  // Specifying any non-SomeBaseClass type results in a warning and, in
  // checked mode, a runtime error.
  // var objectFoo = new Foo<Object>();
}

T first<T>(List<T> ts) {
  // ...Do some initial work or error checking, then...
  T tmp = ts[0];
  // ...Do some additional checking or processing...
  return tmp;
}

import 'dart:html';

import 'dart:io';
import 'package:mylib/mylib.dart';
import 'package:utils/utils.dart';

import 'package:lib1/lib1.dart';
import 'package:lib2/lib2.dart' as lib2;
// ...
Element element1 = new Element();           // Uses Element from lib1.
lib2.Element element2 = new lib2.Element(); // Uses Element from lib2.

// Import only foo.
import 'package:lib1/lib1.dart' show foo;

// Import all names EXCEPT foo.
import 'package:lib2/lib2.dart' hide foo;

import 'package:deferred/hello.dart' deferred as hello;

greet() async {
  await hello.loadLibrary();
  hello.printGreeting();
}

await lookUpVersion()

checkVersion() async {
  var version = await lookUpVersion();
  if (version == expectedVersion) {
    // Do something.
  } else {
    // Do something else.
  }
}

try {
  server = await HttpServer.bind(InternetAddress.LOOPBACK_IP_V4, 4044);
} catch (e) {
  // React to inability to bind to the port...
}

checkVersion() async {
  // ...
}

lookUpVersion() async => /* ... */;

String lookUpVersionSync() => '1.0.0';

Future<String> lookUpVersion() async => '1.0.0';

await expression

var entrypoint = await findEntrypoint();
var exitCode = await runExecutable(entrypoint, args);
await flushThenExit(exitCode);

main() async {
  checkVersion();
  print('In main: version is ${await lookUpVersion()}');
}

await for (variable declaration in expression) {
  // Executes each time the stream emits a value.
}

main() async {
  ...
  await for (var request in requestServer) {
    handleRequest(request);
  }
  ...
}

class WannabeFunction {
  call(String a, String b, String c) => '$a $b $c!';
}

main() {
  var wf = new WannabeFunction();
  var out = wf("Hi","there,","gang");
  print('$out');
}

class SortedCollection {
  Function compare;

  SortedCollection(int f(Object a, Object b)) {
    compare = f;
  }
}

 // Initial, broken implementation.
 int sort(Object a, Object b) => 0;

main() {
  SortedCollection coll = new SortedCollection(sort);

  // All we know is that compare is a function,
  // but what type of function?
  assert(coll.compare is Function);
}

typedef int Compare(Object a, Object b);

class SortedCollection {
  Compare compare;

  SortedCollection(this.compare);
}

 // Initial, broken implementation.
 int sort(Object a, Object b) => 0;

main() {
  SortedCollection coll = new SortedCollection(sort);
  assert(coll.compare is Function);
  assert(coll.compare is Compare);
}

typedef int Compare(int a, int b);

int sort(int a, int b) => a - b;

main() {
  assert(sort is Compare); // True!
}

class Television {
  /// _Deprecated: Use [turnOn] instead._
  @deprecated
  void activate() {
    turnOn();
  }

  /// Turns the TV's power on.
  void turnOn() {
    print('on!');
  }
}

library todo;

class todo {
  final String who;
  final String what;

  const todo(this.who, this.what);
}

import 'todo.dart';

@todo('seth', 'make this do something')
void doSomething() {
  print('do something');
}

main() {
  // TODO: refactor into an AbstractLlamaGreetingFactory?
  print('Welcome to my Llama farm!');
}

main() {
  /*
   * This is a lot of work. Consider raising chickens.

  Llama larry = new Llama();
  larry.feed();
  larry.exercise();
  larry.clean();
   */
}

/// A domesticated South American camelid (Lama glama).
///
/// Andean cultures have used llamas as meat and pack
/// animals since pre-Hispanic times.
class Llama {
  String name;

  /// Feeds your llama [Food].
  ///
  /// The typical llama eats one bale of hay per week.
  void feed(Food food) {
    // ...
  }

  /// Exercises your llama with an [activity] for
  /// [timeLimit] minutes.
  void exercise(Activity activity, int timeLimit) {
    // ...
  }
}