C/C++求职宝典21个重点笔记（常考笔试面试点）

http://blog.csdn.net/lanxuezaipiao/article/details/41557307

1. char c = '\72'; 中的\72代表一个字符，72是八进制数，代表ASCII码字符“:”。
2. 10*a++ 中a先进行乘法运算再自增（笔试中经常喜欢出这类运算符优先级容易混淆的输出问题）。
3. const和static的作用  太常见的问题了，下面给出一个较详细的参考答案： static关键字： 1）函数体内static变量的作用范围为函数体。不同于auto变量。该变量的内存只被分配一次。因此其值在下次调用时仍维持上次的值。 2）在模块内的static全局变量可以被模块内的所有函数访问。但不能被模块外的其他函数访问。 3）在模块内的static函数只可被这一模块内的其它函数调用。这个函数的使用范围被限制在声明它的模块内。 4）在类中的static成员变量属于整个类所有，对类的所有对象只有一份复制。 5）在类中的static成员函数属于整个类所有，这个函数不接受this指针，因而只能访问类的static成员变量。 const关键字： 1）欲阻止一个变量被改变，可以使用const关键字。在定义该const变量时，通常需要对它进行初始化。因为以后就没有机会再改变它了。 2）对指针来说，可以指定指针的本身为const，也可以指定指针所指向的数为const。或二者同时为const。 3）在一个函数的声明中，const可以修饰形参，表明它是一个输入参数。在函数内不能改变其值。 4）对于类的成员函数，若指定其为const类型。则表明其是一个常量函数。不能修改类的成员变量。 5）对于类的成员函数，有时候必须指定其返回值为const类型。以使得其返回值不为“左值”。
4. 注意sizeof不是函数而是运算符，所以在计算变量所占用空间大小时，括号是可以省略的，但在计算类型大小时括号则不能省略，比如int i = 0; 则sizeof int是错误的。
5. 有1,2,…,n的无序数组，求排序算法，并且要求时间复杂度为O(n)，空间复杂度O(1)，使用交换，而且一次只能交换两个数。 <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; display: block; outline: none !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> <span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">#include <stdio.h></span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> main() { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> a[] = {<span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">10</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">6</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">9</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">7</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">3</span>}; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> i, tmp; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> len = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">sizeof</span>(a) / <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">sizeof</span>(a[<span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">0</span>]); <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">for</span>(i = <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">0</span>; i < len;) { tmp = a[a[i] - <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">1</span>]; a[a[i] - <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">1</span>] = a[i]; a[i] = tmp; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">if</span>(a[i] == i + <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">1</span>) i++; } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">for</span>(i = <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">0</span>; i < len; ++i) <span class="hljs-built_in" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"%d "</span>, a[i]); <span class="hljs-built_in" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"\n"</span>); <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">0</span>; }</code>
6. 易误解：如果int a[5], 那么a与&a是等价的，因为两者地址相同。  解答：一定要注意a与&a是不一样的，虽然两者地址相同，但意义不一样，&a是整个数组对象的首地址，而a是数组首地址，也就是a[0]的地址，a的类型是int[5]，a[0]的类型是int，因此&a+1相当于a的地址值加上sizeof(int) * 5，也就是a[5]，下一个对象的地址，已经越界了，而a+1相当于a的地址加上sizeof(int)，即a[1]的地址。
7. 如何将一个小数分解成整数部分和小数部分？  要记得利用头文件中的库函数modf,下面是函数原型（记住一些实用的库函数，避免自己重写）： <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; display: block; outline: none !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">modf</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> num, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> *i); <span class="hljs-comment" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); outline: none !important;">// 将num分解为整数部分*i和小数部分（返回值决定）</span></code>
8. 可作为函数重载判断依据的有：参数个数、参数类型、const修饰符； 不可以作为重载判断依据的有：返回类型。
9. 程序输出题： <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; display: block; outline: none !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> a[<span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">10</span>] = {<span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">6</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">7</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">9</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">10</span>}; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> *p = &(a + <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">1</span>)[<span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">3</span>]; <span class="hljs-built_in" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"%d\n"</span>, *p);</code> 输出：5  说明：因为a+1指向a的第二个元素，[3]表示再向后移动3个元素。
10. 程序输出题： <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; display: block; outline: none !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> str1[] = <span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> str2[] = <span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> str3[] = <span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> str4[] = <span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> *str5 = <span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> *str6 = <span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> *str7 = <span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> *str8 = <span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-built_in" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << (str1 == str2) << endl; <span class="hljs-built_in" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << (str3 == str4) << endl; <span class="hljs-built_in" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << (str5 == str6) << endl; <span class="hljs-built_in" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << (str7 == str8) << endl;</code> 输出：0 0 1 1  说明：输出str1~str8的地址为： 0x23aa80  0x23aa70  0x23aa60  0x23aa50  0x23aa48  0x23aa40  0x23aa38  0x23aa30 输出str1~str8内容“abc”的存储地址为： 0x23aa80  0x23aa70  0x23aa60  0x23aa50  0x100403030  0x100403030  0x100403030  0x100403030 可以发现str1~str4中的内容是存在栈上，地址各不相同，而str5~str8的内容都是存储在常量区，所以地址都相同。 注意： <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; display: block; outline: none !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> *str = <span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-built_in" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"%p\n"</span>, str1); <span class="hljs-built_in" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << &str1 << endl;</code> 上面打印的是字符串 “abc”的地址，下面打印的是 str1 变量的地址。
11. C的结构体和C++结构体的区别 （1）C的结构体内不允许有函数存在，C++允许有内部成员函数，且允许该函数是虚函数。所以C的结构体是没有构造函数、析构函数、和this指针的。  （2）C的结构体对内部成员变量的访问权限只能是public，而C++允许public,protected,private三种。  （3）C语言的结构体是不可以继承的，C++的结构体是可以从其他的结构体或者类继承过来的。 以上都是表面的区别，实际区别就是面向过程和面向对象编程思路的区别： C的结构体只是把数据变量给包裹起来了，并不涉及算法。  而C++是把数据变量及对这些数据变量的相关算法给封装起来，并且给对这些数据和类不同的访问权限。  C语言中是没有类的概念的，但是C语言可以通过结构体内创建函数指针实现面向对象思想。
12. 如何在类中定义常量成员并为其初始化？  解答：只能在初始化列表里对const成员初始化，像下面这样： <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; display: block; outline: none !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> CBook { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>: <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> m_price; CBook() :m_price(<span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">8.8</span>) { } };</code> 下面的做法是错误的： <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; display: block; outline: none !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> CBook { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>: <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> m_price; CBook() { m_price = <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">8.8</span>; } };</code> 而下面的做法虽未报错，但有个warning，也不推荐： <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; display: block; outline: none !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> CBook { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>: <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> m_price = <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">8.8</span>; <span class="hljs-comment" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); outline: none !important;">// 注意这里若没有const则编译出错</span> CBook() { } };</code>
13. 在定义类的成员函数时使用mutable关键字的作用是什么？  解答：当需要在const方法中修改对象的数据成员时，可以在数据成员前使用mutable关键字，防止出现编译出错。例子如下： <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; display: block; outline: none !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> CBook { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>: <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">mutable</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> m_price; <span class="hljs-comment" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); outline: none !important;">// 如果不加就会出错</span> CBook(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> price) :m_price(price) { } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> getPrice() <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span>; <span class="hljs-comment" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); outline: none !important;">// 定义const方法</span> }; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> CBook::getPrice() <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> { m_price = <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">9.8</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">return</span> m_price; }</code>
14. 构造函数、拷贝构造函数、析构函数的调用点和顺序问题，如下面这个例子输出是什么？ <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; display: block; outline: none !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> CBook { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>: CBook() { <span class="hljs-built_in" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << <span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"constructor is called.\n"</span>; } ~CBook() { <span class="hljs-built_in" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << <span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"destructor is called.\n"</span>; } }; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">void</span> invoke(CBook book) { <span class="hljs-comment" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); outline: none !important;">// 对象作为函数参数，如果这里加了个&就不是了，因为加了&后是引用方式传递，形参和实参指向同一块地 </span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); outline: none !important;">// 址，就不需要创建临时对象，也就不需要调用拷贝构造函数了</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << <span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); outline: none !important;">"invoke is called.\n"</span>; } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> main() { CBook c; invoke(c); }</code> 解答：注意拷贝构造函数在对象作为函数参数传递时被调用，注意是对象实例而不是对象引用。因此该题输出如下： <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; display: block; outline: none !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">constructor is called. invoke is called. destructor is called. <span class="hljs-comment" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); outline: none !important;">// 在invoke函数调用结束时还要释放拷贝构造函数创建的临时对象，因此这里还调用了个析构函数</span> destructor is called. </code> 引申：拷贝构造函数在哪些情况下被调用？ （1）函数的参数为类对象且参数采用值传递方式；  （2）将类对象做为函数的返回值。
15. C++中的explicit关键字有何作用？  解答：禁止将构造函数作为转换函数，即禁止构造函数自动进行隐式类型转换。  例如CBook中只有一个参数m_price，在构建对象时可以使用CBook c = 9.8这样的隐式转换，使用explicit防止这种转换发生。
16. 在C++中，如果确定了某一个构造函数的创建过程，在该构造函数中如果调用了其它重载的构造函数，它将不会执行其它构造函数的初始化列表部分代码，而是执行函数体代码，此时已经退化成普通函数了。例子说明如下： <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; display: block; outline: none !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> CBook { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>: <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> m_price; CBook() { CBook(<span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">8.8</span>); } CBook(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> price) : m_price(price) { } }; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> main() { CBook c; <span class="hljs-built_in" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << c.m_price << endl; <span class="hljs-comment" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); outline: none !important;">// 此时并不会输出理想中的8.8</span> }</code>
17. 静态数据成员只能在全局区域进行初始化，而不能在类体中进行（构造函数中初始化也不行），且静态数据成员不涉及对象，因此不受类访问限定符的限制。  例子说明如下： <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; display: block; outline: none !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> CBook { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>: <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> m_price; }; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> CBook::m_price = <span class="hljs-number" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0); outline: none !important;">8.8</span>; <span class="hljs-comment" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); outline: none !important;">// 只能在这初始化，不能在CBook的构造函数或直接初始化</span></code>
18. C++中可以重载的运算符：new/delete、new[]/delete[]、++等。  不可以重载的运算符：、.、::、?:、sizeof、typeid、.、**、不能改变运算符的优先级。 引申：重载++和–时是怎么区分前缀++和后缀++的？ 例如当编译器看到++a（先自增）时，它就调用operator++(a);  但当编译器看到a++时，它就调用operator++(a, int)。即编译器通过调用不同的函数区别这两种形式。
19. C++的多态性分为静态多态和动态多态。  静态多态性：编译期间确定具体执行哪一项操作，主要是通过函数重载和运算符重载来实现的；  动态多态性：运行时确定具体执行哪一项操作，主要是通过虚函数来实现的。
20. 虚函数原理考点，例如下面程序的输出是什么？ <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; display: block; outline: none !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> A { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>: <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">virtual</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">void</span> funa(); <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">virtual</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">void</span> funb(); <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">void</span> func(); <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">void</span> fund(); <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> si; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">private</span>: <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> i; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> c; };</code> 问：sizeof(A) = ? 解答：  关于类占用的内存空间，有以下几点需要注意：  （1）如果类中含有虚函数，则编译器需要为类构建虚函数表，类中需要存储一个指针指向这个虚函数表的首地址，注意不管有几个虚函数，都只建立一张表，所有的虚函数地址都存在这张表里，类中只需要一个指针指向虚函数表首地址即可。  （2）类中的静态成员是被类所有实例所共享的，它不计入sizeof计算的空间  （3）类中的普通函数或静态普通函数都存储在栈中，不计入sizeof计算的空间  （4）类成员采用字节对齐的方式分配空间 答案：12（32位系统）或16（64位系统）
21. 虚继承的作用是什么？  在多继承中，子类可能同时拥有多个父类，如果这些父类还有相同的父类（祖先类），那么在子类中就会有多份祖先类。例如，类B和类C都继承与类A，如果类D派生于B和C，那么类D中就会有两份A。为了防止在多继承中子类存在重复的父类情况，可以在父类继承时使用虚函数，即在类B和类C继承类A时使用virtual关键字，例如：  class B : virtual public A  class C : virtual public A  注：因为多继承会带来很多复杂问题，因此要慎用。