Greenplum gpload命令使用

Greenplum gpload命令使用

目录

Greenplum gpload命令使用 1

1 查看gpload帮助 1

2 编写yml文件 16

3 查看需要导入的数据 17

4 创建需要插入的表 17

5 使用gpload加载数据 17

6 使用COPY加载数据 18

7 查看数据的行数与大小 18

7.1 查看gpload表的信息 18

7.2 查看COPY表的信息 19

1 查看gpload帮助

$ gpload --help

COMMAND NAME: gpload

Runs a load job as defined in a YAML formatted control file.

*****************************************************

SYNOPSIS

*****************************************************

gpload -f <control_file> [-l <log_file>] [-h <hostname>] [-p <port>]

[-U <username>] [-d <database>] [-W] [--gpfdist_timeout <seconds>]

[--no_auto_trans] [[-v | -V] [-q]] [-D]

gpload -?

gpload --version

*****************************************************

PREREQUISITES

*****************************************************

The client machine where gpload is executed must have the following:

* Python 2.6.2 or later, pygresql (the Python interface to PostgreSQL),

and pyyaml. Note that Python and the required Python libraries are

included with the Greenplum Database server installation, so if you have

Greenplum Database installed on the machine where gpload is running, you

do not need a separate Python installation.

Note: Greenplum Loaders for Windows supports only Python 2.5

(available from www.python.org).

* The gpfdist parallel file distribution program installed and in your

$PATH. This program is located in $GPHOME/bin of your Greenplum Database

server installation.

* Network access to and from all hosts in your Greenplum Database array

(master and segments).

* Network access to and from the hosts where the data to be loaded

resides (ETL servers).

*****************************************************

DESCRIPTION

*****************************************************

gpload is a data loading utility that acts as an interface to Greenplum

Databases external table parallel loading feature. Using a load

specification defined in a YAML formatted control file, gpload executes

a load by invoking the Greenplum parallel file server (gpfdist),

creating an external table definition based on the source data defined,

and executing an INSERT, UPDATE or MERGE operation to load the source

data into the target table in the database.

The operation, including any SQL commands specified in the SQL

collection of the YAML control file, are performed as a single

transaction to prevent inconsistent data when performing multiple,

simultaneous load operations on a target table.

*****************************************************

OPTIONS

*****************************************************

-f <control_file>

Required. A YAML file that contains the load specification details. See

following section "Control File Format".

--gpfdist_timeout <seconds>

Sets the timeout for the gpfdist parallel file distribution program to

send a response. Enter a value from 0 to 30 seconds (entering "0" to

disables timeouts). Note that you might need to increase this value when

operating on high-traffic networks.

-l <log_file>

Specifies where to write the log file. Defaults to

~/gpAdminLogs/gpload_YYYYMMDD. See Also: LOG FILE FORMAT section.

--no_auto_trans

Specify --no_auto_trans to disable processing the load operation as a

single transaction if you are performing a single load operation on the

target table.

By default, gpload processes each load operation as a single transaction

to prevent inconsistent data when performing multiple, simultaneous

operations on a target table.

-q (no screen output)

Run in quiet mode. Command output is not displayed on the screen, but is

still written to the log file.

-D (debug mode)

Check for error conditions, but do not execute the load.

-v (verbose mode)

Show verbose output of the load steps as they are executed.

-V (very verbose mode)

Shows very verbose output.

-? (show help)

Show help, then exit.

--version

Show the version of this utility, then exit.

*********************

CONNECTION OPTIONS

*********************

-d <database>

The database to load into. If not specified, reads from the load control

file, the environment variable $PGDATABASE or defaults to the current

system user name.

-h <hostname>

Specifies the host name of the machine on which the Greenplum master

database server is running. If not specified, reads from the load

control file, the environment variable $PGHOST or defaults to localhost.

-p <port>

Specifies the TCP port on which the Greenplum master database server is

listening for connections. If not specified, reads from the load control

file, the environment variable $PGPORT or defaults to 5432.

-U <username>

The database role name to connect as. If not specified, reads from the

load control file, the environment variable $PGUSER or defaults to the

current system user name.

-W (force password prompt)

Force a password prompt. If not specified, reads the password from the

environment variable $PGPASSWORD or from a password file specified by

$PGPASSFILE or in ~/.pgpass. If these are not set, then gpload will

prompt for a password even if -W is not supplied.

*****************************************************

CONTROL FILE FORMAT

*****************************************************

The gpload control file uses the YAML 1.1 document format and then

implements its own schema for defining the various steps of a Greenplum

Database load operation. The control file must be a valid YAML document.

The gpload program processes the control file document in order and uses

indentation (spaces) to determine the document hierarchy and the

relationships of the sections to one another. The use of white space is

significant. White space should not be used simply for formatting

purposes, and tabs should not be used at all.

The basic structure of a load control file is:

---

VERSION: 1.0.0.1

DATABASE: <db_name>

USER: <db_username>

HOST: <master_hostname>

PORT: <master_port>

GPLOAD:

INPUT:

- SOURCE:

LOCAL_HOSTNAME:

- <hostname_or_ip>

PORT: <http_port>

| PORT_RANGE: [<start_port_range>, <end_port_range>]

FILE:

- </path/to/input_file>

SSL: true | false

CERTIFICATES_PATH: </path/to/certificates>

- COLUMNS:

- <field_name>: <data_type>

- TRANSFORM: '<transformation>'

- TRANSFORM_CONFIG: '<configuration-file-path>'

- MAX_LINE_LENGTH: <integer>

- FORMAT: text | csv

- DELIMITER: '<delimiter_character>'

- ESCAPE: '<escape_character>' | 'OFF'

- NULL_AS: '<null_string>'

- FORCE_NOT_NULL: true | false

- QUOTE: '<csv_quote_character>'

- HEADER: true | false

- ENCODING: <database_encoding>

- ERROR_LIMIT: <integer>

- ERROR_TABLE: <schema>.<table_name>

- LOG_ERRORS: true | false

EXTERNAL:

- SCHEMA: <schema> | '%'

OUTPUT:

- TABLE: <schema>.<table_name>

- MODE: insert | update | merge

- MATCH_COLUMNS:

- <target_column_name>

- UPDATE_COLUMNS:

- <target_column_name>

- UPDATE_CONDITION: '<boolean_condition>'

- MAPPING:

<target_column_name>: <source_column_name> | '<expression>'

PRELOAD:

- TRUNCATE: true | false

- REUSE_TABLES: true | false

SQL:

- BEFORE: "<sql_command>"

- AFTER: "<sql_command>"

*****************************************************

CONTROL FILE SCHEMA ELEMENT DESCRIPTIONS

*****************************************************

VERSION - Optional. The version of the gpload control file

schema. The current version is 1.0.0.1.

DATABASE - Optional. Specifies which database in Greenplum to

connect to. If not specified, defaults to $PGDATABASE

if set or the current system user name. You can also

specify the database on the command line using the -d option.

USER - Optional. Specifies which database role to use to connect.

If not specified, defaults to the current user or $PGUSER if set.

You can also specify the database role on the command line using

the -U option.

HOST - Optional. Specifies Greenplum master host name. If not specified,

defaults to localhost or $PGHOST if set. You can also specify the

master host name on the command line using the -h option.

PORT - Optional. Specifies Greenplum master port. If not specified, defaults

to 5432 or $PGPORT if set. You can also specify the master port on

the command line using the -p option.

GPLOAD - Required. Begins the load specification section. A GPLOAD specification

must have an INPUT and an OUTPUT section defined.

INPUT - Required. Defines the location and the format of the input data to

be loaded. gpload will start one or more instances of the gpfdist file

distribution program on the current host and create the required external

table definition(s) in Greenplum Database that point to the source data.

Note that the host from which you run gpload must be accessible over the

network by all Greenplum hosts (master and segments).

SOURCE - Required. The SOURCE block of an INPUT specification defines the

location of a source file. An INPUT section can have more than one

SOURCE block defined. Each SOURCE block defined corresponds to one

instance of the gpfdist file distribution program that will be started

on the local machine. Each SOURCE block defined must have a FILE

specification.

For more information about using the gpfdist parallel file server

and single and multiple gpfdist instances, see the "Greenplum Database

Database Administrator Guide."

LOCAL_HOSTNAME - Optional. Specifies the host name or IP address of the local

machine on which gpload is running. If this machine is configured

with multiple network interface cards (NICs), you can specify the

host name or IP of each individual NIC to allow network traffic

to use all NICs simultaneously. The default is to use the local

machines primary host name or IP only.

PORT - Optional. Specifies the specific port number that the gpfdist file

distribution program should use. You can also supply a PORT_RANGE to

select an available port from the specified range. If both PORT and

PORT_RANGE are defined, then PORT takes precedence. If neither PORT or

PORT_RANGE are defined, the default is to select an available port between

8000 and 9000.

If multiple host names are declared in LOCAL_HOSTNAME, this port number

is used for all hosts. This configuration is desired if you want to use

all NICs to load the same file or set of files in a given directory location.

PORT_RANGE - Optional. Can be used instead of PORT to supply a range of port

numbers from which gpload can choose an available port for this

instance of the gpfdist file distribution program.

FILE - Required. Specifies the location of a file, named pipe, or directory location

on the local file system that contains data to be loaded. You can declare

more than one file so long as the data is of the same format in all files

specified.

If the files are compressed using gzip or bzip2 (have a .gz or .bz2 file

extension), the files will be uncompressed automatically (provided that

gunzip or bunzip2 is in your path).

When specifying which source files to load, you can use the wildcard

character (*) or other C-style pattern matching to denote multiple files. The

files specified are assumed to be relative to the current directory from which

gpload is executed (or you can declare an absolute path).

SSL - Optional. Specifies usage of SSL encryption. If SSL is set to true, gpload

starts the gpfdist server with the --ssl option and uses the gpfdists

protocol.

CERTIFICATES_PATH - Required when SSL is true; cannot be specified when SSL is

false or unspecified. The location specified in

CERTIFICATES_PATH must contain the following files:

* The server certificate file, server.crt

* The server private key file, server.key

* The trusted certificate authorities, root.crt

The root directory (/) cannot be specified as

CERTIFICATES_PATH.

COLUMNS - Optional. Specifies the schema of the source data file(s) in the

format of <field_name>: <data_type>. The DELIMITER character

in the source file is what separates two data value fields (columns).

A row is determined by a line feed character (0x0a).

If the input COLUMNS are not specified, then the schema of the output

TABLE is implied, meaning that the source data must have the same

column order, number of columns, and data format as the target table.

The default source-to-target mapping is based on a match of column names

as defined in this section and the column names in the target TABLE.

This default mapping can be overridden using the MAPPING section.

TRANSFORM - Optional. Specifies the name of the input XML transformation passed to

gpload. For more information about XML transformations, see the

"Greenplum Database Database Administrator Guide."

TRANSFORM_CONFIG - Optional. Specifies the location of the XML transformation

configuration file that is specified in the TRANSFORM

parameter, above.

MAX_LINE_LENGTH - Optional. An integer that specifies the maximum length of

a line in the XML transformation data passed to gpload.

FORMAT - Optional. Specifies the format of the source data file(s) - either plain

text (TEXT) or comma separated values (CSV) format. Defaults to TEXT

if not specified. For more information about the format of the source

data, see the "Greenplum Database Database Administrator Guide."

DELIMITER - Optional. Specifies a single ASCII character that separates columns

within each row (line) of data. The default is a tab character in TEXT

mode, a comma in CSV mode. You can also specify a non-printable ASCII

character or a non-printable unicode character, for example: "\x1B" or

"\u001B". The escape string syntax, E'<character-code>', is also

supported for non-printable characters. The ASCII or unicode character

must be enclosed in single quotes. For example: E'\x1B' or E'\u001B'.

ESCAPE - Specifies the single character that is used for C escape sequences

(such as \n,\t,\100, and so on) and for escaping data characters

that might otherwise be taken as row or column delimiters. Make sure

to choose an escape character that is not used anywhere in your actual

column data. The default escape character is a \ (backslash) for

text-formatted files and a " (double quote) for csv-formatted files,

however it is possible to specify another character to represent an

escape. It is also possible to disable escaping in text-formatted

files by specifying the value 'OFF' as the escape value. This is very

useful for data such as text-formatted web log data that has many

embedded backslashes that are not intended to be escapes.

NULL_AS - Optional. Specifies the string that represents a null value.

The default is \N (backslash-N) in TEXT mode, and an empty value

with no quotations in CSV mode. You might prefer an empty string

even in TEXT mode for cases where you do not want to distinguish

nulls from empty strings. Any source data item that matches this

string will be considered a null value.

FORCE_NOT_NULL - Optional. In CSV mode, processes each specified column as

though it were quoted and hence not a NULL value. For the

default null string in CSV mode (nothing between two

delimiters), this causes missing values to be evaluated as

zero-length strings.

QUOTE - Required when FORMAT is CSV. Specifies the quotation character for

CSV mode. The default is double-quote (").

HEADER - Optional. Specifies that the first line in the data file(s) is a

header row (contains the names of the columns) and should not be

included as data to be loaded. If using multiple data source files,

all files must have a header row. The default is to assume that

the input files do not have a header row.

ENCODING - Optional. Character set encoding of the source data. Specify

a string constant (such as 'SQL_ASCII'), an integer encoding

number, or 'DEFAULT' to use the default client encoding. If

not specified, the default client encoding is used. For

information about supported character sets, see the

"Greenplum Database Reference Guide."

ERROR_LIMIT - Optional. Enables single row error isolation mode for this

load operation. When enabled, input rows that have format errors

will be discarded provided that the error limit count is not

reached on any Greenplum segment instance during input processing.

If the error limit is not reached, all good rows will be loaded

and any error rows will either be discarded or logged to the table

specified in ERROR_TABLE. The default is to abort the load operation

on the first error encountered. Note that single row error isolation

only applies to data rows with format errors; for example, extra

or missing attributes, attributes of a wrong data type, or invalid

client encoding sequences. Constraint errors, such as primary key

violations, will still cause the load operation to abort if

encountered. For information about handling load errors, see

the "Greenplum Database Database Administrator Guide."

ERROR_TABLE - Deprecated, LOG_ERRORS is encouraged instead.

Optional when ERROR_LIMIT is declared. Specifies an error

table where rows with formatting errors will be logged when

running in single row error isolation mode. You can then examine

this error table to see error rows that were not loaded (if any).

If the error_table specified already exists, it will be used.

If it does not exist, it will be automatically generated.

For more information about handling load errors, see the

"Greenplum Database Database Administrator Guide."

LOG_ERRORS - Optional when ERROR_LIMIT is declared. If true(default false),

gpload would create an internal error table where rows with

formatting errors will be logged when running in single row error

isolation mode. You can then examine this error table by using

GPDB built-in function gp_read_error_log() to see error rows that

were not loaded (if any). For more information about handling load

errors, see the "Greenplum Database Database Administrator Guide."

NOTE: LOG_ERRORS is not allowed to use together with ERROR_TABLE.

EXTERNAL - Optional. Defines the schema of the external table database

objects created by gpload. The default is to use the Greenplum

Database search_path.

SCHEMA - Required when EXTERNAL is declared. The name of the schema of

the external table. If the schema does not exist, an error is returned.

If % (percent character) is specified, the schema of the table name

specified by TABLE in the OUTPUT section is used. If the table name

does not specify a schema, the default schema is used.

OUTPUT - Required. Defines the target table and final data column values

that are to be loaded into the database.

TABLE - Required. The name of the target table to load into.

MODE - Optional. Defaults to INSERT if not specified. There are

three available load modes:

INSERT - Loads data into the target table using the following

method: INSERT INTO target_table SELECT * FROM input_data;

UPDATE - Updates the UPDATE_COLUMNS of the target table

where the rows have MATCH_COLUMNS attribute values equal

to those of the input data, and the optional UPDATE_CONDITION is true.

MERGE - Inserts new rows and updates the UPDATE_COLUMNS of

existing rows where MATCH_COLUMNS attribute values are equal

to those of the input data, and the optional UPDATE_CONDITION

is true. New rows are identified when the MATCH_COLUMNS value

in the source data does not have a corresponding value in the

existing data of the target table. In those cases, the entire

row from the source file is inserted, not only the MATCH and

UPDATE columns. If there are multiple new MATCH_COLUMNS values

that are the same, only one new row for that value will be inserted.

Use UPDATE_CONDITION to filter out the rows to discard.

MATCH_COLUMNS - Required if MODE is UPDATE or MERGE. Specifies the column(s)

to use as the join condition for the update. The attribute

value in the specified target column(s) must be equal to that

of the corresponding source data column(s) in order for the

row to be updated in the target table.

UPDATE_COLUMNS - Required if MODE is UPDATE or MERGE. Specifies the

column(s) to update for the rows that meet the

MATCH_COLUMNS criteria and the optional UPDATE_CONDITION.

UPDATE_CONDITION - Optional. Specifies a Boolean condition (similar to

what you would declare in a WHERE clause) that must

be met in order for a row in the target table to be

updated (or inserted in the case of a MERGE).

MAPPING - Optional. If a mapping is specified, it overrides the default

source-to-target column mapping. The default source-to-target

mapping is based on a match of column names as defined in the

source COLUMNS section and the column names of the target TABLE.

A mapping is specified as either:

<target_column_name>: <source_column_name>

or

<target_column_name>: '<expression>'

Where expression is any expression that you would specify in the

SELECT list of a query, such as a constant value, a column reference,

an operator invocation, a function call, and so on.

PRELOAD - Optional. Specifies operations to run prior to the load operation.

Right now the only preload operation is TRUNCATE.

TRUNCATE - Optional. If set to true, gpload will remove all rows in

the target table prior to loading it.

REUSE_TABLES - Optional. If set to true, gpload will not drop the external table

objects and staging table objects it creates. These objects will

be reused for future load operations that use the same load

specifications. This improves performance of trickle loads

(ongoing small loads to the same target table).

SQL - Optional. Defines SQL commands to run before and/or after the load

operation. You can specify multiple BEFORE and/or AFTER commands. List

commands in the order of desired execution.

BEFORE - Optional. An SQL command to run before the load operation starts.

Enclose commands in quotes.

AFTER - Optional. An SQL command to run after the load operation completes.

Enclose commands in quotes.

*****************************************************

NOTES

*****************************************************

If your database object names were created using a double-quoted

identifier (delimited identifier), you must specify the delimited name

within single quotes in the gpload control file. For example, if you

create a table as follows:

CREATE TABLE "MyTable" ("MyColumn" text);

Your YAML-formatted gpload control file would refer to the above

table and column names as follows:

- COLUMNS:

- '"MyColumn"': text

OUTPUT:

- TABLE: public.'"MyTable"'

*****************************************************

LOG FILE FORMAT

*****************************************************

Log files output by gpload have the following format:

<timestamp>|<level>|<message>

Where <timestamp> takes the form: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS,

<level> is one of DEBUG, LOG, INFO, ERROR,

and <message> is a normal text message.

Some INFO messages that may be of interest

in the log files are (where # corresponds

to the actual number of seconds, units of data,

or failed rows):

INFO|running time: #.## seconds

INFO|transferred #.# kB of #.# kB.

INFO|gpload succeeded

INFO|gpload succeeded with warnings

INFO|gpload failed

INFO|1 bad row

INFO|# bad rows

*****************************************************

EXAMPLES

*****************************************************

Run a load job as defined in my_load.yml:

gpload -f my_load.yml

Example load control file:

---

VERSION: 1.0.0.1

DATABASE: ops

USER: gpadmin

HOST: mdw-1

PORT: 5432

GPLOAD:

INPUT:

- SOURCE:

LOCAL_HOSTNAME:

- etl1-1

- etl1-2

- etl1-3

- etl1-4

PORT: 8081

FILE:

- /var/load/data/*

- COLUMNS:

- name: text

- amount: float4

- category: text

- desc: text

- date: date

- FORMAT: text

- DELIMITER: '|'

- ERROR_LIMIT: 25

- LOG_ERRORS: True

OUTPUT:

- TABLE: payables.expenses

- MODE: INSERT

SQL:

- BEFORE: "INSERT INTO audit VALUES('start', current_timestamp)"

- AFTER: "INSERT INTO audit VALUES('end', current_timestamp)"

*****************************************************

SEE ALSO

*****************************************************

gpfdist, CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE

See the "Greenplum Database Reference Guide" for information

about CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE.

ERROR: configuration file required

请仔细阅读gpload命令的详细使用文档

2 编写yml文件

$ cat test-gpload.yml

---

VERSION: 1.0.0.1

DATABASE: stagging

USER: gpadmin

HOST: 192.****.11

PORT: 5432

GPLOAD:

INPUT:

- SOURCE:

LOCAL_HOSTNAME:

- gpmdw

PORT: 8081

FILE:

- /home/xiaoxu/test/date-dir/b.txt

- COLUMNS:

- filed1: text

- filed2: varchar

- FORMAT: text

- DELIMITER: '|'

- ERROR_LIMIT: 25

- LOG_ERRORS: true

OUTPUT:

- TABLE: xiaoxu.test_yml

- MODE: INSERT

PRELOAD:

- REUSE_TABLES: true

SQL:

- BEFORE: "truncate table xiaoxu.test_yml"

- AFTER: "analyze xiaoxu.test_yml"

参数说明

/home/xiaoxu/test/date-dir/b.txt 下也可以使用多个匹配的模式例如/home/xiaoxu/date-dir/*

gpmdw : 是在脚本机器上的名字，也可以写成IP地址

BEFORE: 是在插入数据之前的操作

AFTER : 是插入之后的一些操作

3 查看需要导入的数据

# head -n 5 b.txt

A|1

A|2

A|3

A|4

A|5

**********

# du -sh b.txt

20G Dec 20 14:20 b.txt

# du -sh xaa

1.1G xaa

4 创建需要插入的表

以下这张表是用于gpload插入的

create table xiaoxu.test_yml(filed1 text,filed2 varchar)

with (appendonly = true, compresstype = zlib, compresslevel = 5,orientation=column)

Distributed by (filed2)

以下表时copy命令插入的

create table xiaoxu.test_yml_copy(filed1 text,filed2 varchar)

with (appendonly = true, compresstype = zlib, compresslevel = 5,orientation=column)

Distributed by (filed2)

5 使用gpload加载数据

$ time gpload -f my_load.yml

2018-12-20 14:28:50|INFO|gpload session started 2018-12-20 14:28:50

2018-12-20 14:28:50|INFO|started gpfdist -p 8081 -P 8082 -f "/home/xiaoxu/test/date-dir/b.txt" -t 30

2018-12-20 14:28:50|INFO|did not find an external table to reuse. creating ext_gpload_reusable_83bde63c_0420_11e9_a106_801844f3abb8

2018-12-20 14:32:40|INFO|running time: 230.02 seconds

2018-12-20 14:32:40|INFO|rows Inserted = 4346958300

2018-12-20 14:32:40|INFO|rows Updated = 0

2018-12-20 14:32:40|INFO|data formatting errors = 0

2018-12-20 14:32:40|INFO|gpload succeeded

real 3m50.170s

user 0m0.190s

sys 0m0.148s

在以上中可以看出gpload先是调用gpdist命令开启了一个端口，然后再使用外表的形式插入到内表中，会生成唯一的ID，本次的是creatingext_gpload_reusable_83bde63c_0420_11e9_a106_801844f3abb8本次插入的行数为4346958300，错误行位0，用时3m50.170s

6 使用COPY加载数据

$ time psql -d stagging -h 192.****.11 -p 5432 -U gpadmin -c "COPY xiaoxu.test_yml_copy FROM '/home/xiaoxu/test/date-dir/xaa' WITH csv DELIMITER '|'";

COPY 235011866

real 4m1.774s

user 0m0.002s

sys 0m0.004s

由于copy加载数据太慢了，所以使用 235011866行的数据，大概用时4m1.774s

7 查看数据的行数与大小

7.1 查看gpload表的信息

stagging=# select count(*) from xiaoxu.test_yml;

count

------------

4346958300

(1 row)

Time: 32269.097 ms

stagging=# select pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size('xiaoxu.test_yml'));

pg_size_pretty

----------------

95 MB

(1 row)

Time: 9.040 ms

7.2 查看COPY表的信息

stagging=# select count(*) from xiaoxu.test_yml_copy;

count

-----------

235011866

(1 row)

Time: 3322.220 ms

stagging=# select pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size('xiaoxu.test_yml_copy'));

pg_size_pretty

----------------

3960 kB

(1 row)

Time: 32.605 ms

由于使用了高度压缩方式，导致copy加载数据过慢，带来的