制作属于自己的Linux系统

[root@Centos6 ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0   30G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0  200M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0    2G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3   8:3    0 27.8G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0   10G  0 disk
sr0     11:0    1 1024M  0 rom

[root@Centos6 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x6b763459.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x6b763459

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-1305, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1305, default 1305): +500M

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (66-1305, default 66):
Using default value 66
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (66-1305, default 1305): +7GB

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x6b763459

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1          65      522081   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2              66         917     6843690   83  Linux

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

[root@Centos6 ~]# partx /dev/sdb
# 1:        63-  1044224 (  1044162 sectors,    534 MB)
# 2:   1044225- 14731604 ( 13687380 sectors,   7007 MB)
# 3:         0-       -1 (        0 sectors,      0 MB)
# 4:         0-       -1 (        0 sectors,      0 MB)

[root@Centos6 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
130560 inodes, 522080 blocks
26104 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67633152
64 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2040 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185, 401409

Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 34 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@Centos6 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
428240 inodes, 1710922 blocks
85546 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1753219072
53 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8080 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632

Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 31 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

[root@Centos6 ~]# blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID="3f86a9dc-ff91-45a7-aba3-0f1650fd3710" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda2: UUID="cd7b1e2a-a71d-4abd-85e3-48f86be97065" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sda3: UUID="a16dc872-9b0b-45f0-9385-a54db36932ee" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sdb1: UUID="6653f52b-7723-4094-b7da-616880915d2f" TYPE="ext4"    #用作boot的分区
/dev/sdb2: UUID="5c9804c1-192e-4abb-bae6-f273ef1169cc" TYPE="ext4"    #用作root的分区

[root@Centos6 ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks   Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3       28565504 747452  26360340   3% /
tmpfs             502056      0    502056   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1         194241  31787    152214  18% /boot

[root@Centos6 ~]# mkdir /mnt/boot
[root@Centos6 ~]# mkdir /mnt/root

[root@Centos6 ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/boot/
[root@Centos6 ~]# mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt/root/
[root@Centos6 ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks   Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3       28565504 747464  26360328   3% /
tmpfs             502056      0    502056   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1         194241  31787    152214  18% /boot
/dev/sdb1         497412   2318    468990   1% /mnt/boot
/dev/sdb2        6605060  15036   6247840   1% /mnt/root

[root@Centos6 ~]# grub-install --root-directory=/mnt /dev/sdb
Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time.
Installation finished. No error reported.
This is the contents of the device map /mnt/boot/grub/device.map.
Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,
fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'.
(fd0)   /dev/fd0
(hd0)   /dev/sda
(hd1)   /dev/sdb

- 复制```vmlinuz```和```initramfs```文件到挂载好的```boot```中

[root@Centos6 ~]# cp /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64 /boot/initramfs-2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64.img /mnt/boot/
[root@Centos6 ~]# ll /mnt/boot/    #查看是否成功写入/拷贝grub及相关系统启动文件
total 26860
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root     1024 Aug 19 06:51 grub
-rw-------. 1 root root 23212280 Aug 19 06:56 initramfs-2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64.img
drwx------. 2 root root    12288 Aug 19 06:43 lost+found
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  4274992 Aug 19 06:56 vmlinuz-2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64

- 创建并手动编辑```grub.conf文件```(安装完grub，并不会自动生成该文件，故需要手动创建)

[root@Centos6 ~]# vim /mnt/boot/grub/grub.conf
[root@Centos6 ~]# cat /mnt/boot/grub/grub.conf
default 0    #默认菜单启动项
timeout=3    #菜单选择时延
title LinuxDIY    #菜单名称的自定义设置
    root(hd0,0)    #指明相对于boot的根分区位置，其中(hd0,0)指的是第1块磁盘的第1个分区
    kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64 root=/dev/sda2 selinux=0 init=/bin/bash  #内核文件路径
    initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64.img  #initramfs文件路径

- 在目标系统的根分区下，创建目标系统的各个一级目录

[root@Centos6 ~]# mkdir -p /mnt/root/{etc,lib,lib64,bin,sbin,tmp,var,usr,sys,proc,opt,home,root,boot,dev,mnt,media}
[root@Centos6 ~]# tree /mnt/root/
/mnt/root/
├── bin
├── boot
├── dev
├── etc
├── home
├── lib
├── lib64
├── lost+found
├── media
├── mnt
├── opt
├── proc
├── root
├── sbin
├── sys
├── tmp
├── usr
└── var

- 复制想要用于目标系统的```库文件```和```命令```到根分区，[点此](https://github.com/zhimajihua/System-Management-Tools/blob/master/SystemDIY/copyScript.sh)下载该脚本

[root@Centos6 ~]# bash copyScript.sh
Please enter an executable inCMD/g name(eg: ls; cp): bash
Please enter an executable inCMD/g name(eg: ls; cp): ls
Please enter an executable inCMD/g name(eg: ls; cp): cat
Please enter an executable inCMD/g name(eg: ls; cp): vim
Please enter an executable inCMD/g name(eg: ls; cp): reboot
Please enter an executable inCMD/g name(eg: ls; cp): poweroff
Please enter an executable inCMD/g name(eg: ls; cp): mv
Please enter an executable inCMD/g name(eg: ls; cp): cp
Please enter an executable inCMD/g name(eg: ls; cp): scp
Please enter an executable inCMD/g name(eg: ls; cp): ssh
Please enter an executable inCMD/g name(eg: ls; cp): rm
Please enter an executable inCMD/g name(eg: ls; cp): mkdir
Please enter an executable inCMD/g name(eg: ls; cp): ping
Please enter an executable inCMD/g name(eg: ls; cp): quit
Now, program will exit.

- 尝试使用```chroot```命令切换根目录，如能成功，则说明拷贝相关文件都已成功

[root@Centos6 ~]# chroot /mnt/root
bash-4.1# ls
bin  boot  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  sbin  sys  tmp  usr  var
bash-4.1# exit
exit

[root@Centos6 ~]# poweroff
Broadcast message from root@Centos6
        (/dev/pts/0) at 7:29 ...
The system is going down for power off NOW!