Linux 学习笔记之超详细基础linux命令 Part 2

Linux学习笔记之超详细基础linux命令

by:授客

---------------------------------接Part 1------------------------------

less命令

方法：less 文件

功能：分屏显示文本文件的内容

例子：分屏显示文本文件.bash_history的内容

[laiyu@localhost ~]$ less .bash_history

yum install scim -lang -chinese

cd /

ls

cd documents

cd /documents

cd /root

cd /desktop

cd desktop

mo laiyu's home

cd

//

//

exit

ls

cd /home

cd /laiyu

ls

cd laiyu

cd Documents

ls

rpm -ivh fcitx-3.0.0-1.i386.rpm

cd 1

cd desktop

.bash_history

说明：less命令后，首先显示第一屏的内容，并在屏幕的底部出现文件名

按上下键，【Enter】键，【Space】键，【PgUp】,【PgDn】键，滚动鼠标滚轮可前后浏览文本内容，并在最下角出现提示符号“：”，提示符号下按【q】键可以退出less命令

tail命令

方法：tail [选项] 文件

主要选项：-n(number) 制定显示行数

功能：显示文本文件的结尾部分，默认显示文件的最后10行

例子：显示.bash_history文件的最后5行内容

[laiyu@localhost ~]$ tail -5 .bash_history

more .bashrc

more .bash_profile

more .bash_history

shutdown -r now

halt

head命令

方法：head [选项] 文件

主要选项：-n(number) 定制显示的行数

功能：显示文本文件的开头部分，默认显示文件的开头10行

例子：显示/user/t.txt文件的最开头5行内容

[laiyu@localhost ~]$ head -5 .bash_history

yum install scim -lang -chinese

cd /

ls

cd documents

cd /documents

--与帮助信息相关的Shell命令

man命令

方法：man 命令名

功能：显示指定命令在手册页的帮助信息

例子：查看ls命令的手册页帮助信息

[laiyu@localhost ~]$ man ls

LS(1) User Commands LS(1)

NAME

ls - list directory contents

SYNOPSIS

ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION

List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).

Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options

too.

-a, --all

do not ignore entries starting with .

...

AUTHOR

Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.

REPORTING BUGS

Report ls bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org

GNU coreutils home page:

General help using GNU software:

Report ls translation bugs to

COPYRIGHT

Copyright 漏 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU

GPL version 3 or later .

This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.

There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO

The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If

the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the com-

mand info coreutils 'ls invocation'

should give you access to the complete manual.

GNU coreutils 8.4 April 2012 LS(1)

:

说明：屏幕显示出该命令在Shell手册页的第一屏帮助信息，用户可以使用上下方向键，【PgDn】、【PgUp】键，滚动鼠标滚轮，前后翻阅帮助信息，按【q】键退出man命令

man帮助文档一般包含命令名，命令的语法格式，各选项说明、帮助文档的作者信息、报告bugs到联系地址等

-help命令

方法：命令名 --help

功能：显示指定命令的帮助信息

说明：不是所有命令都有-help选项

例子：查看ls命令到帮助信息

[laiyu@localhost ~]$ ls --help

Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).

Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .

-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..

--author with -l, print the author of each file

-b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters

--block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below

-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~

-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last

modification of file status information)

with -l: show ctime and sort by name

otherwise: sort by ctime

-C list entries by columns

--color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always'

or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below

-d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents,

and do not dereference symbolic links

-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode

-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color

-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries

--file-type likewise, except do not append `*'

--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,

single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C

--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso

-g like -l, but do not list owner

--group-directories-first

group directories before files.

augment with a --sort option, but any

use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping

-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names

-h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format

(e.g., 1K 234M 2G)

--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

-H, --dereference-command-line

follow symbolic links listed on the command line

--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir

follow each command line symbolic link

that points to a directory

--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

(overridden by -a or -A)

--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:

none (default), slash (-p),

file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)

-i, --inode print the index number of each file

-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

-k like --block-size=1K

-l use a long listing format

-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic

link, show information for the file the link

references rather than for the link itself

-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries

-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs

-N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control

characters specially)

-o like -l, but do not list group information

-p, --indicator-style=slash

append / indicator to directories

-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters

--show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default

unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)

-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes

--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:

literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape

-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting

-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively

-s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks

-S sort by file size

--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U,

extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v

--time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification

time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c,

or status -c; use specified time as sort key

if --sort=time

--time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE:

full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT.

FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is

FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to

non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;

if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE

takes effect only outside the POSIX locale

-t sort by modification time

-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8

-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time

with -l: show access time and sort by name

otherwise: sort by access time

-U do not sort; list entries in directory order

-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text

-w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value

-x list entries by lines instead of by columns

-X sort alphabetically by entry extension

-1 list one file per line

SELinux options:

--lcontext Display security context. Enable -l. Lines

will probably be too wide for most displays.

-Z, --context Display security context so it fits on most

displays. Displays only mode, user, group,

security context and file name.

--scontext Display only security context and file name.

--help display this help and exit

--version output version information and exit

SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:

KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.

Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and

with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when

standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment

variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.

Exit status:

0 if OK,

1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),

2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).

Report ls bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org

GNU coreutils home page:

General help using GNU software:

For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'ls invocation'

说明：

Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).

Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .

Usage部分是命令的格式，接着是解释，而-a,--all，这表示等价的选项，即ls -a和ls -all命令是一样的，二选一，do not……是对选项解释，该选项有何作用

例子：查看ethtool的帮助文档[Debian下测试]

builder:/etc/sysconfig# ethtool --help

ethtool version 6

Usage:

ethtool DEVNAME Display standard information about device

ethtool -s|--change DEVNAME Change generic options

[ speed 10|100|1000|2500|10000 ]

[ duplex half|full ]

[ port tp|aui|bnc|mii|fibre ]

[ autoneg on|off ]

[ advertise %%x ]

[ phyad %%d ]

[ xcvr internal|external ]

[ wol p|u|m|b|a|g|s|d... ]

[ sopass %%x:%%x:%%x:%%x:%%x:%%x ]

[ msglvl %%d ]

ethtool -a|--show-pause DEVNAME Show pause options

ethtool -A|--pause DEVNAME Set pause options

[ autoneg on|off ]

[ rx on|off ]

[ tx on|off ]

ethtool -c|--show-coalesce DEVNAME Show coalesce options

ethtool -C|--coalesce DEVNAME Set coalesce options

[adaptive-rx on|off]

[adaptive-tx on|off]

[rx-usecs N]

[rx-frames N]

[rx-usecs-irq N]

[rx-frames-irq N]

[tx-usecs N]

[tx-frames N]

[tx-usecs-irq N]

[tx-frames-irq N]

[stats-block-usecs N]

[pkt-rate-low N]

[rx-usecs-low N]

[rx-frames-low N]

[tx-usecs-low N]

[tx-frames-low N]

[pkt-rate-high N]

[rx-usecs-high N]

[rx-frames-high N]

[tx-usecs-high N]

[tx-frames-high N]

[sample-interval N]

ethtool -g|--show-ring DEVNAME Query RX/TX ring parameters

ethtool -G|--set-ring DEVNAME Set RX/TX ring parameters

..............

说明：

ethtool version 6 #命令版本

Usage: #用法

ethtool DEVNAME Display standard information about device #ethtoo 设备名 显示关于这个设备的标准信息

ethtool -s|--change DEVNAME Change generic options #ethtool -s|--change 设备名 change通用选项

[ speed 10|100|1000|2500|10000 ]

[ duplex half|full ]

[ port tp|aui|bnc|mii|fibre ]

[ autoneg on|off ]

[ advertise %%x ]

[ phyad %%d ]

[ xcvr internal|external ]

[ wol p|u|m|b|a|g|s|d... ]

[ sopass %%x:%%x:%%x:%%x:%%x:%%x ]

[ msglvl %%d ]

ethtool -a|--show-pause DEVNAME Show pause options

ethtool -A|--pause DEVNAME Set pause options

[ autoneg on|off ]

[ rx on|off ]

[ tx on|off ]

......