万恶之源 - Python基础知识补充

s = "alex"
print(s.encode("utf-8")) # 将字符串编码成UTF-8
print(s.encode("GBK")) # 将字符串编码成GBK
结果:
b'alex'
b'alex'
s = "中"
print(s.encode("UTF-8")) # 中⽂编码成UTF-8
print(s.encode("GBK")) # 中⽂编码成GBK
结果:
b'\xe4\xb8\xad'
b'\xd6\xd0'

s = "我叫李嘉诚"
print(s.encode("utf-8")) #
b'\xe6\x88\x91\xe5\x8f\xab\xe6\x9d\x8e\xe5\x98\x89\xe8\xaf\x9a'
print(b'\xe6\x88\x91\xe5\x8f\xab\xe6\x9d\x8e\xe5\x98\x89\xe8\xaf\x9a'.decod
e("utf-8")) # 解码

s = "我是⽂字" bs = s.encode("GBK") 
# 我们这样可以获取到GBK的⽂字 
# 把GBK转换成UTF-8 
# ⾸先要把GBK转换成unicode. 也就是需要解码 
s = bs.decode("GBK") # 解码 
# 然后需要进⾏重新编码成UTF-8 
bss = s.encode("UTF-8") # 重新编码 
print(bss)

lst = [1,2,3,4,5,6]

for i in lst:
    lst.append(7) # 这样写法就会一直持续添加7
    print(lst)
print(lst)   

li = [11, 22, 33, 44]
for e in li:
 li.remove(e)
print(li)
结果:
[22, 44]

li = [11, 22, 33, 44]
for i in range(0, len(li)):
 del li[i]
print(li)
结果: 报错
# i= 0, 1, 2 删除的时候li[0] 被删除之后. 后⾯⼀个就变成了第0个.
# 以此类推. 当i = 2的时候. list中只有⼀个元素. 但是这个时候删除的是第2个 肯定报错啊

for el in li:
 li.pop() # pop也不⾏
print(li)
结果:
[11, 22]

for i in range(0, len(li)): # 循环len(li)次, 然后从后往前删除
 li.pop()
print(li)

li = [11, 22, 33, 44]
del_li = []
for e in li:
 del_li.append(e)
for e in del_li:
 li.remove(e)

print(li)

dic = dict.fromkeys(["jay", "JJ"], ["周杰伦", "麻花藤"])
print(dic)
结果:
{'jay': ['周杰伦', '麻花藤'], 'JJ': ['周杰伦', '麻花藤']}

dic = {'k1': 'alex', 'k2': 'wusir', 's1': '⾦⽼板'}
# 删除key中带有'k'的元素
for k in dic:
  if 'k' in k:
 del dic[k] # dictionary changed size during iteration, 在循环迭
代的时候不允许进⾏删除操作
print(dic)

dic = {'k1': 'alex', 'k2': 'wusir', 's1': '⾦⽼板'}
dic_del_list = []
# 删除key中带有'k'的元素
for k in dic:
 if 'k' in k:
 dic_del_list.append(k)
for el in dic_del_list:
 del dic[el]
print(dic)

lst1 = ["⾦⽑狮王", "紫衫⻰王", "⽩眉鹰王", "⻘翼蝠王"]
lst2 = lst1
print(lst1)
print(lst2)
lst1.append("杨逍")
print(lst1)
print(lst2)
结果:
['⾦⽑狮王', '紫衫⻰王', '⽩眉鹰王', '⻘翼蝠王', '杨逍']
['⾦⽑狮王', '紫衫⻰王', '⽩眉鹰王', '⻘翼蝠王', '杨逍']


dic1 = {"id": 123, "name": "谢逊"}
dic2 = dic1
print(dic1)
print(dic2)
dic1['name'] = "范瑶"
print(dic1)
print(dic2)
结果:
{'id': 123, 'name': '谢逊'}
{'id': 123, 'name': '谢逊'}
{'id': 123, 'name': '范瑶'}
{'id': 123, 'name': '范瑶'}

lst1 = ["何炅", "杜海涛","周渝⺠"]
lst2 = lst1.copy()
lst1.append("李嘉诚")
print(lst1)
print(lst2)
print(id(lst1), id(lst2))
结果:
两个lst完全不⼀样. 内存地址和内容也不⼀样. 发现实现了内存的拷⻉
lst1 = ["何炅", "杜海涛","周渝⺠", ["麻花藤", "⻢芸", "周笔畅"]]
lst2 = lst1.copy()
lst1[3].append("⽆敌是多磨寂寞")
print(lst1)
print(lst2)
print(id(lst1[3]), id(lst2[3]))
结果:
['何炅', '杜海涛', '周渝⺠', ['麻花藤', '⻢芸', '周笔畅', '⽆敌是多磨寂寞']]
['何炅', '杜海涛', '周渝⺠', ['麻花藤', '⻢芸', '周笔畅', '⽆敌是多磨寂寞']]
4417248328 4417248328

import copy
lst1 = ["何炅", "杜海涛","周渝⺠", ["麻花藤", "⻢芸", "周笔畅"]]
lst2 = copy.deepcopy(lst1)
lst1[3].append("⽆敌是多磨寂寞")
print(lst1)
print(lst2)
print(id(lst1[3]), id(lst2[3]))
结果:
['何炅', '杜海涛', '周渝⺠', ['麻花藤', '⻢芸', '周笔畅', '⽆敌是多磨寂寞']]
['何炅', '杜海涛', '周渝⺠', ['麻花藤', '⻢芸', '周笔畅']]
4447221448 4447233800

a = [1, 2]
a[1] = a
print(a[1])　　

name = 'meet'
s_id = id(name)   # 通过内置方法获取name变量对应的值在内存中的编号
print(s_id)       # 2055782908568 这就是name在内存中的编号

根据提示我们从官方文档找到了这样的说法：
A Python program is constructed from code blocks. A block is a piece of Python program text that is executed as a unit. The following are blocks: a module, a function body, and a class definition. Each command typed interactively is a block. A script file (a file given as standard input to the interpreter or specified as a command line argument to the interpreter) is a code block. A script command (a command specified on the interpreter command line with the ‘-c‘ option) is a code block. The string argument passed to the built-in functions eval() and exec() is a code block.
A code block is executed in an execution frame. A frame contains some administrative information (used for debugging) and determines where and how execution continues after the code block’s execution has completed.

s1 = '宝元@！#*ewq'
s2 = '宝元@！#*ewq'
print(s1 is s2)  # True

s1 = '好嗨啊,感觉自己身体要到了.932023756QQ932023756'*1
s2 = '好嗨啊,感觉自己身体要到了.932023756QQ932023756'*1
print(s1 is s2)

s1 = 'old_' * 5
s2 = 'old_' * 5
print(s1 is s2)  # True

对于整数，Python官方文档中这么说：
The current implementation keeps an array of integer objects for all integers between -5 and 256, when you create an int in that range you actually just get back a reference to the existing object. So it should be possible to change the value of 1. I suspect the behaviour of Python in this case is undefined.

对于字符串：
Incomputer science, string interning is a method of storing only onecopy of each distinct string value, which must be immutable. Interning strings makes some stringprocessing tasks more time- or space-efficient at the cost of requiring moretime when the string is created or interned. The distinct values are stored ina string intern pool. –引自维基百科

from sys import intern
a = intern('hello!@'*20)
b = intern('hello!@'*20)
print(a is b)
#指定驻留是你可以指定任意的字符串加入到小数据池中，让其只在内存中创建一个对象，多个变量都是指向这一个字符串。

# pycharm 通过运行文件的方式执行下列代码：  这是在同一个文件下也就是同一代码块下，采用同一代码块下的缓存机制。
i1 = 1000
i2 = 1000
print(i1 is i2)  # 结果为True 因为代码块下的缓存机制适用于所有数字

通过交互方式中执行下面代码：   # 这是不同代码块下，则采用小数据池的驻留机制。
>>> i1 = 1000
>>> i2 = 1000
>>> print(i1 is i2)
False  # 不同代码块下的小数据池驻留机制 数字的范围只是-5~256.

# 虽然在同一个文件中，但是函数本身就是代码块，所以这是在两个不同的代码块下，不满足小数据池（驻存机制），则指向两个不同的地址。
def func():
    i1 = 1000
    print(id(i1))  # 2288555806672

def func2():
    i1 = 1000
    print(id(i1))  # 2288557317392

func()
func2()