常用模块补充，内置函数，异常处理

import shutil
shutil.copyfileobj(open('old.xml','r'), open('new.xml', 'w'))

shutil.copymode('f1.log', 'f2.log') #目标文件必须存在

import shutil  
shutil.copy('f1.log', 'f2.log')

import shutil  
shutil.copy2('f1.log', 'f2.log')

import shutil
  
shutil.copytree('folder1', 'folder2', ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*')) #目标目录不能存在，#注意对folder2目录父级目录要有可写权限，ignore的意思是排除 

import shutil  
shutil.rmtree('folder1')

import shutil  
shutil.move('folder1', 'folder3')

#1、将 /data 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录
import shutil
ret = shutil.make_archive("data_bak", 'gztar', root_dir='/data')
   
#2、将 /data下的文件打包放置 /tmp/目录
import shutil
ret = shutil.make_archive("/tmp/data_bak", 'gztar', root_dir='/data') 

import zipfile

# 压缩
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w')
z.write('a.log')
z.write('data.data')
z.close()

# 解压
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r')
z.extractall(path='.')
z.close()

import tarfile

# 压缩
>>> t=tarfile.open('/tmp/egon.tar','w')
>>> t.add('/test1/a.py',arcname='a.bak')
>>> t.add('/test1/b.py',arcname='b.bak')
>>> t.close()


# 解压
>>> t=tarfile.open('/tmp/egon.tar','r')
>>> t.extractall('/egon')
>>> t.close()

import shelve

f=shelve.open(r'sheve.txt')
# f['stu1_info']={'name':'egon','age':18,'hobby':['piao','smoking','drinking']}
# f['stu2_info']={'name':'gangdan','age':53}
# f['school_info']={'website':'http://www.pypy.org','city':'beijing'}

print(f['stu1_info']['hobby'])
f.close()

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<data>
    <country name="Liechtenstein">
        <rank updated="yes">2</rank>
        <year>2008</year>
        <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
        <neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
        <neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
    </country>
    <country name="Singapore">
        <rank updated="yes">5</rank>
        <year>2011</year>
        <gdppc>59900</gdppc>
        <neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
    </country>
    <country name="Panama">
        <rank updated="yes">69</rank>
        <year>2011</year>
        <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
        <neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/>
        <neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/>
    </country>
</data>

# print(root.iter('year')) #全文搜索
# print(root.find('country')) #在root的子节点找，只找一个
# print(root.findall('country')) #在root的子节点找，找所有

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
 
tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")
root = tree.getroot()
print(root.tag)
 
#遍历xml文档
for child in root:
    print('========>',child.tag,child.attrib,child.attrib['name'])
    for i in child:
        print(i.tag,i.attrib,i.text)
 
#只遍历year 节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
    print(node.tag,node.text)
#---------------------------------------

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
 
tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")
root = tree.getroot()
 
#修改
for node in root.iter('year'):
    new_year=int(node.text)+1
    node.text=str(new_year)
    node.set('updated','yes')
    node.set('version','1.0')
tree.write('test.xml')
 
 
#删除node
for country in root.findall('country'):
   rank = int(country.find('rank').text)
   if rank > 50:
     root.remove(country)
 
tree.write('output.xml')

#在country内添加（append）节点year2
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
tree = ET.parse("a.xml")
root=tree.getroot()
for country in root.findall('country'):
    for year in country.findall('year'):
        if int(year.text) > 2000:
            year2=ET.Element('year2')
            year2.text='新年'
            year2.attrib={'update':'yes'}
            country.append(year2) #往country节点下添加子节点

tree.write('a.xml.swap')

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
 
 
new_xml = ET.Element("namelist")
name = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"yes"})
age = ET.SubElement(name,"age",attrib={"checked":"no"})
sex = ET.SubElement(name,"sex")
sex.text = '33'
name2 = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"no"})
age = ET.SubElement(name2,"age")
age.text = '19'
 
et = ET.ElementTree(new_xml) #生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8",xml_declaration=True)
 
ET.dump(new_xml) #打印生成的格式

[mogu] #section
name="mogu"  #k , v 的形式
password="123"
salary=3.1
is_cool=True

[xiaoming] #section
name="xiaoming"
password="123456"
salary=3.2
is_sb=True

import configparser

config=configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('user.ini')

#查看所有的标题
res=config.sections() #['mogu', 'xiaoming']
print(res)

#查看标题'mogu'下所有key=value的key
options=config.options('mogu')
print(options) # ['name', 'password', 'salary', 'is_cool']

#查看标题'mogu'下所有key=value的(key,value)格式
item_list=config.items('mogu')
print(item_list) #[('name', '"mogu"'), ('password', '"123"'), ('salary', '3.1'), ('is_cool', 'True')]

#查看标题section1下user的值=>字符串格式
val=config.get('mogu','salary')
print(val) # '3.1'

#查看标题section1下age的值=>整数格式
val1=config.getint('mogu','password')
print(val1) #123

#查看标题section1下is_admin的值=>布尔值格式
val2=config.getboolean('mogu','is_cool')
print(val2) #True

#查看标题section1下salary的值=>浮点型格式
val3=config.getfloat('mogu','salary')
print(val3) #3.1

#删除整个标题section2
config.remove_section('xiaoming')

#删除标题'mogu'下的某个k1和k2
config.remove_option('mogu','name')
config.remove_option('mogu','salary')

#判断是否存在某个标题
print(config.has_section('mogu'))

#判断标题'mogu'下是否有user
print(config.has_option('mogu',''))


#添加一个标题
config.add_section('zhangsan')

#在标题zhangsan下添加name=xiaosan,age=58的配置
config.set('zhangsan','name','xiaosan')
config.set('zhangsan','age','58') #报错,必须是字符串


#最后将修改的内容写入文件,完成最终的修改
config.write(open('user.ini','w'))

import configparser

config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config["DEFAULT"] = {'ServerAliveInterval': '45',
                     'Compression': 'yes',
                     'CompressionLevel': '9'}

config['bitbucket.org'] = {}
config['bitbucket.org']['User'] = 'hg'
config['topsecret.server.com'] = {}
topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com']
topsecret['Host Port'] = '50022'  # mutates the parser
topsecret['ForwardX11'] = 'no'  # same here
config['DEFAULT']['ForwardX11'] = 'yes'
with open('example.ini', 'w') as configfile:
    config.write(configfile)

import subprocess
cmd=input('输入命令吧：').strip()
obj=subprocess.Popen(
    '%s'%cmd,
    shell=True,
    stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
    stderr=subprocess.PIPE
)

res=obj.stdout.read()
print(res.decode('gbk'))

print('='*30)
res1=obj.stderr.read()
print(res1.decode('gbk'))

 1 import  subprocess
 2 
 3 '''
 4 sh-3.2# ls /Users/egon/Desktop |grep txt$
 5 mysql.txt
 6 tt.txt
 7 事物.txt
 8 '''
 9 
10 res1=subprocess.Popen('ls /Users/jieli/Desktop',shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
11 res=subprocess.Popen('grep txt$',shell=True,stdin=res1.stdout,
12                  stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
13 
14 print(res.stdout.read().decode('utf-8'))
15 
16 
17 #等同于上面,但是上面的优势在于,一个数据流可以和另外一个数据流交互,可以通过爬虫得到结果然后交给grep
18 res1=subprocess.Popen('ls /Users/jieli/Desktop |grep txt$',shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
19 print(res1.stdout.read().decode('utf-8'))
20 
21 
22 #windows下:
23 # dir | findstr 'test*'
24 # dir | findstr 'txt$'
25 import subprocess
26 res1=subprocess.Popen(r'dir C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\test\函数备课',shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
27 res=subprocess.Popen('findstr test*',shell=True,stdin=res1.stdout,
28                  stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
29 
30 print(res.stdout.read().decode('gbk')) #subprocess使用当前系统默认编码，得到结果为bytes类型，在windows下需要用gbk解码

#语法错误示范一
if
#语法错误示范二
def test:
    pass
#语法错误示范三
class Foo
    pass
#语法错误示范四
print(haha

#TypeError:int类型不可迭代
for i in 3:
    pass
#ValueError
num=input(">>: ") #输入hello
int(num)
#NameError
aaa
#IndexError
l=['bb','aa']
l[3]
#KeyError
dic={'name':'mogu'}
dic['age']
# AttributeError
class Foo:pass
Foo.x
#ZeroDivisionError:无法完成计算
res1=1/0
res2=1+'str'

AttributeError   # 试图访问一个对象没有的树形，比如foo.x，但是foo没有属性x
IOError          # 输入/输出异常；基本上是无法打开文件
ImportError      # 无法引入模块或包；基本上是路径问题或名称错误
IndentationError # 语法错误（的子类） ；代码没有正确对齐
IndexError       # 下标索引超出序列边界，比如当x只有三个元素，却试图访问x[5]
KeyError         # 试图访问字典里不存在的键
KeyboardInterrupt# Ctrl+C被按下
NameError        # 使用一个还未被赋予对象的变量
SyntaxError      # Python代码非法，代码不能编译(个人认为这是语法错误，写错了）
TypeError        # 传入对象类型与要求的不符合
UnboundLocalError# 试图访问一个还未被设置的局部变量，基本上是由于另有一个同名的全局变量，导致你以为正在访问它
ValueError       # 传入一个调用者不期望的值，即使值的类型是正确的

ArithmeticError
AssertionError
AttributeError
BaseException
BufferError
BytesWarning
DeprecationWarning
EnvironmentError
EOFError
Exception
FloatingPointError
FutureWarning
GeneratorExit
ImportError
ImportWarning
IndentationError
IndexError
IOError
KeyboardInterrupt
KeyError
LookupError
MemoryError
NameError
NotImplementedError
OSError
OverflowError
PendingDeprecationWarning
ReferenceError
RuntimeError
RuntimeWarning
StandardError
StopIteration
SyntaxError
SyntaxWarning
SystemError
SystemExit
TabError
TypeError
UnboundLocalError
UnicodeDecodeError
UnicodeEncodeError
UnicodeError
UnicodeTranslateError
UnicodeWarning
UserWarning
ValueError
Warning
ZeroDivisionError

AGE=10
while True:
    age=input('>>: ').strip()
    if age.isdigit(): #只有在age为字符串形式的整数时,下列代码才不会出错,该条件是可预知的
        age=int(age)
        if age == AGE:
            print('you got it')
            break

#基本语法为
try:
    被检测的代码块
except 异常类型：
    try中一旦检测到异常，就执行这个位置的逻辑
#举例
try:
    f=open('a.txt')
    g=(line.strip() for line in f)
    print(next(g))
    print(next(g))
    print(next(g))
    print(next(g))
    print(next(g))
except StopIteration:
    f.close()

#1 异常类只能用来处理指定的异常情况，如果非指定异常则无法处理。
s1 = 'hello'
try:
    int(s1)
except IndexError as e: # 未捕获到异常，程序直接报错
    print e

#2 多分支
s1 = 'hello'
try:
    int(s1)
except IndexError as e:
    print(e)
except KeyError as e:
    print(e)
except ValueError as e:
    print(e)

#3 万能异常Exception
s1 = 'hello'
try:
    int(s1)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

#4 多分支异常与万能异常
#4.1 如果你想要的效果是，无论出现什么异常，我们统一丢弃，或者使用同一段代码逻辑去处理他们，那么骚年，大胆的去做吧，只有一个Exception就足够了。
#4.2 如果你想要的效果是，对于不同的异常我们需要定制不同的处理逻辑，那就需要用到多分支了。

#5 也可以在多分支后来一个Exception
s1 = 'hello'
try:
    int(s1)
except IndexError as e:
    print(e)
except KeyError as e:
    print(e)
except ValueError as e:
    print(e)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

#6 异常的其他机构
s1 = 'hello'
try:
    int(s1)
except IndexError as e:
    print(e)
except KeyError as e:
    print(e)
except ValueError as e:
    print(e)
#except Exception as e:
#    print(e)
else:
    print('try内代码块没有异常则执行我')
finally:
    print('无论异常与否,都会执行该模块,通常是进行清理工作')

#7 主动触发异常
try:
    raise TypeError('类型错误')
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

#8 自定义异常
class EgonException(BaseException):
    def __init__(self,msg):
        self.msg=msg
    def __str__(self):
        return self.msg

try:
    raise EgonException('类型错误')
except EgonException as e:
    print(e)

#9 断言:assert 条件
assert 1 == 1  
assert 1 == 2

#10 总结try..except

1：把错误处理和真正的工作分开来
2：代码更易组织，更清晰，复杂的工作任务更容易实现；
3：毫无疑问，更安全了，不至于由于一些小的疏忽而使程序意外崩溃了；