Shodan渗透测试手册

半月弧

修改于 2020-03-06 14:01:56

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修改于 2020-03-06 14:01:56

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什么是shodan?

Shodan是一个让你探索互联网的工具;发现连接设备或网络服务、监控网络安全、进行全局统计等。

shodan接口

可以通过著名的网站、官方的python命令行界面工具和库、多种语言的各种社区驱动库以及官方的REST API与Shodan进行交互。

CLI工具

官方的shodan命令行界面(CLI)是用python编写的，以便在您的终端中快速使用。

安装

安装在像pyenv这样的虚拟python环境中

$ easy_install shodan

一旦你安装了shodan CLI工具，要设置你的API令牌只需做:

$ shodan init <YOUR_API_KEY>

命令解释

有十几个简单的命令:

help: 常见的帮助命令

info: 如果你已经设置了你的API令牌，你可以检查你还剩多少credits(QueryCredit用于搜索Shodan，Scan Credits用于扫描ip）

一个搜索请求消耗1个QueryCredit，而扫描1个IP消耗1个ScanCredit。

count: 返回搜索查询的结果数目。

download: 搜索Shodan并将结果下载到一个文件中，其中每一行都是JSON格式。

默认情况下，它将只下载1000个结果，如果你想下载更多，看看-limit标志。下载命令允许您保存结果，然后使用parse命令处理它们。Export credits是用来下载数据从网站的速度:1个export credit让你下载多达10000个结果。它们是一次性的，这意味着一旦你使用它们，它们不会在月初自动更新。但是如果你没有export credit，你可以使用一个query credit来保存100个结果。

host： 查看有关主机的信息，如主机位于何处、打开了哪些端口以及哪个组织拥有IP。

myip: 返回您的面向internet的IP地址。

parse: 使用parse来分析使用download命令生成的文件。

它允许您过滤出感兴趣的字段，将JSON转换为CSV，并且对于通过管道传输到其他脚本非常友好。

search: 这个命令允许您搜索Shodan并以一种终端友好的方式查看结果。

默认情况下，它将显示IP、端口、主机名和数据。您可以使用-fields参数打印您感兴趣的任何横幅字段。

一个简单的查询不会消耗任何积分，但如果你使用搜索过滤器或请求页面2和更多，积分将被消耗.

不需要积分的查询示例:

shodan search --fields ip_str,port,os smb

查询的例子，将花费1个积分(因为使用过滤器):

$ shodan search --fields ip_str,port,org,info product:mongodb

scan: 使用Shodan扫描一个IP/网络块。

启动扫描将花费积分: 1个scan credit让你扫描一个IP

默认情况下，扫描结果将显示在stdout中，但是您可以将其保存到一个文件中，以便以后能够解析它。

$ shodan scan submit --filename 104.27.154.244_scan.json.gz 104.27.154.244 

$ shodan scan list 列出scan列表
  
$ shodan scan internet 8080 wemo-http  可用的协议和模块可以用shodan扫描协议列出。

stats: 提供关于搜索查询的摘要信息

默认情况下，你只会得到前10名，而不是所有的:

但是我们可以自定义这个行为:

Shodan网站

主页面

Shodan的主要界面是搜索引擎。

它显示每个主机的摘要、匹配查询的主机总数(如CLI的count命令)和一些统计信息(如stats命令)。

一旦您选择了一个主机，您将能够看到一个列表，影响主机的漏洞，开放端口和开放端口的信息。

下载数据

在你进行搜索后，会有一个下载结果按钮:

然后，您将能够下载JSON、CSV或XML格式的搜索结果。

生成报告

该网站允许您根据搜索查询生成报告。

该报告包含图形/图表，为您提供了如何在Internet上分布结果的大图视图。这个功能是免费的，任何人都可以使用。

要生成报告，请单击搜索结果页面中的Create report按钮:

Maps

https://maps.shodan.io/

搜索Shodan数据库的map接口的工作方式类似于CLI的stats命令，但是根据主机的物理位置将结果显示在交互式映射中。

由于它不会显示超过1000个结果，您将不得不放大和缩小或移动来显示其他结果。

Exploits

exploit是一个搜索引擎，它可以同时在各种漏洞数据库中查找exploit。

Developer dashboard

您的开发人员仪表板显示您的credits消费和API计划。

网络监控

https://monitor.shodan.io/dashboard

跟踪你暴露在互联网上的设备。设置通知，启动扫描，并获得你所连接的完全可见性。

monitor仪表板允许您跟踪您的设备，在检测到可疑内容时向您发出警报，启动扫描并显示在合成仪表板上发现的内容。

首先，添加一个IP、一个范围或一个域来监视和选择一个通知服务。

然后你可以管理你的资产，从这里你可以启动扫描或修改触发规则。

您可以选择哪种事件将触发警报。

然后指示板显示公开的服务。

ICS Radar

https://ics-radar.shodan.io/

Honeypot score

https://honeyscore.shodan.io/ 将一个蜜糖评分的IP地址

它只是一个抽象的API像honeyscore命令的CLI:

$ shodan honeyscore 46.244.103.227

Shodan 2000

Sodan 2000是一个类似于tron的接口，它随机显示一个主机。

Community queries

您可以研究由社区的其他用户导出和共享的查询。

共享查询有一个标题、一个描述和标记，因此您可以轻松地浏览它们。

Restful API

Shodan附带了一个REST API，它可以用于构建基于Shodan的web应用程序服务。

API的基本URL是:https://api.shodan。io和所有API方法的速率限制为1 req/sec。该API是经过身份验证的，因此如果您忘记提供您的API密钥，您将得到一个HTTP 401错误。

这里是一个例子：

curl -s https://api.shodan.io/api-info?key={YOUR_API_KEY} | jq
curl -s https://api.shodan.io/shodan/host/1.1.1.1?key={YOUR_API_KEY} | jq

详细的API文档在这里：https://developer.shodan.io/api

Libraries

要将您的工具与Shodan API连接起来，您可以使用其中一个libraries。

官方版本是用Python编写的，但是也有Ruby、PHP、Haskell、Rust、Perl、Nodejs, Go, PowerShell, Java和c#

的社区库。

Python – shodan-python

Ruby – shodanz

Node.js – shodan-client

Python – shodan-python

安装

$ easy_install shodan

下面我们来初始化shodan api key

import shodan 

SHODAN_API_KEY = 'API key here' 

api = shodan.Shodan(SHODAN_API_KEY)

例子1：查询sample

try: 
    # Search Shodan 
    results = api.search('apache') 

    ## Show results 
    print('Results found: {}'.format(results['total'])) 
    for result in results['matches']: 
        print('IP: {}'.format(result['ip_str'])) 
    print(result['data']) 
    print('') 
except shodan.APIError as e: 
    print('Error: {}'.format(e))

输出

IP: 65.99.237.196 
HTTP/1.1 200 OK 
Date: Sat, 25 Jan 2020 16:07:19 GMT 
Server: Apache 
Transfer-Encoding: chunked 
Content-Type: text/html 



IP: 212.72.184.58 
HTTP/1.1 200 OK 
Date: Sat, 25 Jan 2020 16:07:29 GMT 
Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Debian) mod_python/3.3.1 Python/2.7.3 mod_ssl/2.2.22 OpenSSL/1.0.1t 
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.4.45-0+deb7u14 
Expires: Mon, 26 Jul 1997 05:00:00 GMT 
Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate 
Pragma: no-cache 
Last-Modified: Sat, 25 Jan 2020 16:07:29 GMT 
Vary: Accept-Encoding 
Transfer-Encoding: chunked 
Content-Type: text/html

例子2：主机的可用端口:

try: 
  # Lookup the host 
  host = api.host('1.1.1.1') 

  # Print general info 
  print(""" 
           IP: {} 
           Organization: {} 
           Operating System: {} 
        """.format(host['ip_str'], host.get('org', 'n/a'), host.get('os', 'n/a'))) 

   # Print all banners 
      for item in host['data']: 
            print(""" 
                     Port: {} 
                     Banner: {} 
                  """.format(item['port'], item['data'])) 
except shodan.APIError as e: 
    print('Error: {}'.format(e))

输出

IP: 1.1.1.1 
Organization: Mountain View Communications 
Operating System: None 


Port: 80 
Banner: HTTP/1.1 409 Conflict 
Date: Sat, 25 Jan 2020 15:55:54 GMT 
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 
Transfer-Encoding: chunked 
Connection: close 
Set-Cookie: __cfduid=d6241813d879cf2a39d03f5d6ce5a1abc1579967754; expires=Mon, 24-Feb-20 15:55:54 GMT; path=/; domain=.www.1yhaoduo.com; HttpOnly; SameSite=Lax 
Cache-Control: max-age=6 
Expires: Sat, 25 Jan 2020 15:56:00 GMT 
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN 
Vary: Accept-Encoding 
Server: cloudflare 
CF-RAY: 55ab6f23aee09cbd-AMS 


Port: 443 
Banner: HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently 
Date: Sat, 25 Jan 2020 15:47:19 GMT 
Transfer-Encoding: chunked 
Connection: keep-alive 
Cache-Control: max-age=3600 
Expires: Sat, 25 Jan 2020 16:47:19 GMT 
Location: https://get.vitalsource.com/ 
Expect-CT: max-age=604800, report-uri="https://report-uri.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/beacon/expect-ct" 
Vary: Accept-Encoding 
Server: cloudflare 
CF-RAY: 55ab628f3b05acca-OTP 


Port: 53 
Banner: \x00\x00\x80\x83\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\t_services\x07_dns-sd\x04_udp\x05local\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x00\x06\x00\x01\x00\x00(\xac\x00@\x01a\x0croot-servers\x03net\x00\x05nstld\x0cverisign-grs\x03com\x00xf\xf1\xd4\x00\x00\x07\x08\x00\x00\x03\x84\x00\t:\x80\x00\x01Q\x80

例子3: 显示状态

# The list of properties we want summary information on 
FACETS = [ 
    ('org', 3), 
    'domain', 
    'port', 
    'asn', 
    ('country', 10), 
] 

FACET_TITLES = { 
    'org': 'Top 3 Organizations', 
    'domain': 'Top 5 Domains', 
    'port': 'Top 5 Ports', 
    'asn': 'Top 5 Autonomous Systems', 
    'country': 'Top 10 Countries', 
} 

try: 
    # Query 
    query = 'apache 2.4' 

    # Count results 
    result = api.count(query, facets=FACETS) 

    print('Shodan Summary Information') 
    print('Query: %s' % query) 
    print('Total Results: %s\n' % result['total']) 

    # Print the summary info from the facets 
    for facet in result['facets']: 
        print(FACET_TITLES[facet]) 

        for term in result['facets'][facet]: 
            print('%s: %s' % (term['value'], term['count'])) 

        # Print an empty line between summary info 
        print('') 

except shodan.APIError as e: 
    print('Error: {}'.format(e))

输出：

Shodan Summary Information 
Query: apache 2.4 
Total Results: 64678 

Top 3 Organizations 
Liquid Web, L.L.C: 23199 
Amazon.com: 7588 
Hetzner Online GmbH: 1818 

Top 5 Domains 
amazonaws.com: 10679 
telecom.net.ar: 1661 
your-server.de: 1243 
t-ipconnect.de: 664 
vultr.com: 443 

Top 5 Ports 
80: 21212 
443: 19890 
8080: 3024 
10000: 1723 
8081: 1366 

Top 5 Autonomous Systems 
as53824: 13848 
as32244: 9351 
as16509: 6294 
as24940: 1759 
as7303: 1453 

Top 10 Countries 
US: 31090 
DE: 5833 
CN: 4554 
BR: 3010 
AR: 1809 
JP: 1475 
GB: 1168 
IN: 1009 
FR: 756 
CA: 613

官方参考手册：https://shodan.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

Ruby – shodanz

略

Node.js – shodan-client

略

Plugins

Firefox

Shodan.io

此附加组件检索Shodan收集的数据。你正在浏览的当前网站的io。它不仅显示组织等一般信息，还显示开放的端口。

Chromium

Shodan

Shodan插件告诉你网站的主机在哪里(国家、城市)，谁拥有IP，还有其他哪些服务/端口是开放的。

Chrome的Shodan插件会自动检查Shodan是否有当前网站的任何信息。网站是否也运行FTP, DNS, SSH或一些不寻常的服务?有了这个插件，你可以看到所有的信息，Shodan已经收集了一个给定的网站/域。

Shodan搜索查询语法

Banner and properties

在Shodan的词汇表中，banner是包含服务信息的对象。

在官方文件中，下面的例子是一个简化的banner:

{ 
"data": "Moxa Nport Device 
         Status: Authentication disabled 
         Name: NP5232I_4728 
         MAC: 00:90:e8:47:10:2d", 
"ip_str": "46.252.132.235", 
"port": 4800, 
"org": "Starhub Mobile", 
"location": { 
  "country_code": "SG" 
  } 
}

字典中的每个键都被称为一个属性(data、ip_str、port等)。每个属性存储关于服务的不同类型的信息。默认情况下，如果没有提供过滤器，Shodan只查看data属性。

过滤条件

要使用其他属性搜索数据，我们必须使用过滤器。

搜索过滤器是特殊的关键字，用来告诉Shodan您希望搜索特定的属性。过滤器的格式是key:value。

一些例子:

要搜索位于Starhub移动网络中的设备，请执行以下操作:

org:”Starhub Mobile”

搜寻位于新加坡的装置:

country:SG

当然它们可以结合起来:

org:”Starhub Mobile” country:SG

Properties/filters说明书

这里是banner的完整属性列表(来源: 官方文档）

常用的参数：

Property	[Type] Description
asn	[String] The autonomous system number (ex. “AS4837”).
data	[String] Contains the banner information for the service.
ip	[Integer] The IP address of the host as an integer.
ip_str	[String] The IP address of the host as a string.
ipv6	[String] The IPv6 address of the host as a string. If this is present then the “ip” and “ip_str” fields wont be.
port	[Integer] The port number that the service is operating on.
timestamp	[String] The timestamp for when the banner was fetched from the device in the UTC timezone. Example: “2014-01-15T05:49:56.283713”
hostnames	[String[]] An array of strings containing all of the hostnames that have been assigned to the IP address for this device.
domains	[String[]] An array of strings containing the top-level domains for the hostnames of the device. This is a utility property in case you want to filter by TLD instead of subdomain. It is smart enough to handle global TLDs with several dots in the domain (ex. “co.uk”)
location	[Object] An object containing all of the location information for the device.
location.area_code	[Integer]The area code for the device’s location. Only available for the US.
location.city	[String] The name of the city where the device is located.
location.country_code	[String] The 2-letter country code for the device location.
location.country_code3	[String] The 3-letter country code for the device location.
location.country_name	[String] The name of the country where the device is located.
location.dma_code	[Integer] The designated market area code for the area where the device is located. Only available for the US.
location.latitude	[Double] The latitude for the geolocation of the device.
location.longitude	[Double] The longitude for the geolocation of the device.
location.postal_code	[String] The postal code for the device’s location.
location.region_code	[String] The name of the region where the device is located.
opts	[Object] Contains experimental and supplemental data for the service. This can include the SSL certificate, robots.txt and other raw information that hasn’t yet been formalized into the Banner Specification.
org	[String] The name of the organization that is assigned the IP space for this device.
isp	[String] The ISP that is providing the organization with the IP space for this device. Consider this the “parent” of the organization in terms of IP ownership.
os	[String] The operating system that powers the device.
transport	[String] Either “udp” or “tcp” to indicate which IP transport protocol was used to fetch the information

Optional Properties

Property	[Type] Description
uptime	[Integer] The number of minutes that the device has been online.
link	[String] The network link type. Possible values are: “Ethernet or modem”, “generic tunnel or V**”, “DSL”, “IPIP or SIT”, “SLIP”, “IPSec or GRE”, “VLAN”, “jumbo Ethernet”, “Google”, “GIF”, “PPTP”, “loopback”, “AX.25 radio modem”.
title	[String] The title of the website as extracted from the HTML source.
html	[String] The raw HTML source for the website.
product	[String] The name of the product that generated the banner.
version	[String] The version of the product that generated the banner.
devicetype	[String] The type of device (webcam, router, etc.).
info	[String] Miscellaneous information that was extracted about the product.
cpe	[String] The relevant Common Platform Enumeration for the product or known vulnerabilities if available. For more information on CPE and the official dictionary of values visit the CPE Dictionary.

SSL Properties

Property	[Type] Description
ssl.cert	[Object] The parsed certificate properties that includes information such as when it was issued, the SSL extensions, the issuer, subject etc.
ssl.cipher	[Object] Preferred cipher for the SSL connection
ssl.chain	[Array] An array of certificates, where each string is a PEM-encoded SSL certificate. This includes the user SSL certificate up to its root certificate.
ssl.dhparams	[Object] The Diffie-Hellman parameters if available: “prime”, “public_key”, “bits”, “generator” and an optional “fingerprint” if we know which program generated these parameters.
ssl.versions	[Array] A list of SSL versions that are supported by the server. If a version isnt supported the value is prefixed with a “-”. Example: [“TLSv1”, “-SSLv2”] means that the server supports TLSv1 but doesnt support SSLv2.

Miscellaneous

网站的测试版提供了两个有用的网页:

Filters – 过滤器/属性备忘单列表
Examples – A list of search query examples

Shodan使用例子

以下是CLI的例子:

容易发生心脏出血的设备数量
$ shodan count vuln:cve-2014-0160 
80467


获取域的子域列表
$ shodan domain cnn.com 
CNN.COM 

A 151.101.193.67 
A 151.101.129.67 
A 151.101.65.67 
A 151.101.1.67 
... 
newsroom.blogs CNAME cnnnewsroom.wordpress.com 
newsstream.blogs CNAME cnninewsstream.wordpress.com 
now CNAME www.cnn.com 
ntm.blogs CNAME ntm.blogs.cnn.com.edgesuite.net 
olympics.blogs CNAME olympics.blogs.cnn.com.edgesuite.net 
olympics.edition CNAME cnn.site.scribblelive.com 
on A 157.166.224.172 
outfront.blogs CNAME cnnoutfront.wordpress.com 
pagingdrgupta.blogs CNAME cnnpagingdrgupta.wordpress.com 
parkerspitzer.blogs CNAME cnnparkerspitzer.wordpress.com 
...

为您的网络创建一个私有的firehose并订阅它

$ shodan alert create mynetwork 198.20.58.0/24 && shodan stream --alerts=all

找出中国最常见的十大漏洞

继续使用一些常见的查询方式：

D-Link Internet Camera DCS-5300 series, without authentication

$ shodan search 'd-Link Internet Camera, 200 OK'

FTP server with anonymous authentication enabled

$ shodan search '230 login successful port:21'

Databases

# MySQL 
$ shodan search 'product:MySQL' 

# MongoDB 
$ shodan search 'product:MongoDB' 

# elastic 
$ shodan search 'port:9200 json' 

# Memcached 
$ shodan search 'product:Memcached' 

# CouchDB 
$ shodan search 'product:CouchDB' 

# PostgreSQL 
$ shodan search 'port:5432 PostgreSQL' 

# Riak 
$ shodan search 'port:8087 Riak' 

# Redis 
$ shodan search 'product:Redis' 

# Cassandra 
$ shodan search 'product:Cassandra'

Games

# Minecraft 
$ shodan search 'Minecraft Server port:25565' 

# Counter-Strike: Global Offensive 
$ shodan search 'product:"Counter-Strike Global Offensive"' 

# Starbound 
$ shodan search 'product:Starbound' 

# ARK: Survival Evolved 
$ shodan search 'product:"ARK Survival Evolved"'

工业控制系统

# XZERES Wind Turbine 
$ shodan search 'title:"xzeres wind"' 

# PIPS Automated License Plate Reader 
$ shodan search 'html:"PIPS Technology ALPR Processors"' 

# Modbus 
$ shodan search 'port:502' 

# Niagara Fox 
$ shodan search 'port:1911,4911 product:Niagara' 

# GE-SRTP 
$ shodan search 'port:18245,18246 product:"general electric"' 

# MELSEC-Q 
$ shodan search 'port:5006,5007 product:mitsubishi' 

# CODESYS 
$ shodan search 'port:2455 operating system' 

# S7 
$ shodan search 'port:102' 

# BACnet 
$ shodan search 'port:47808' 

# HART-IP 
$ shodan search 'port:5094 hart-ip' 

# Omron FINS 
$ shodan search 'port:9600 response code' 

# IEC 60870-5-104 
$ shodan search 'port:2404 asdu address' 

# DNP3 
$ shodan search 'port:20000 source address' 

# EtherNet/IP 
$ shodan search 'port:44818' 

# PCWorx 
$ shodan search 'port:1962 PLC' 

# Crimson v3.0 
$ shodan search 'port:789 product:"Red Lion Controls"' 

# ProConOS 
$ shodan search 'port:20547 PLC'

And now, some dorks from dalmoz:

ASCII video examples

Shodan on asciinema.org

Hacked Ubiquiti Networks Device

$ shodan search 'hacked-router-help-sos'

Surveillance cameras, user: admin, no password

$ shodan search 'hacked-router-help-sos'

Home routers’ storage/attached USB storage

$ shodan search 'IPC$ all storage devices'

PBX phone gateways without authentication

$ shodan search 'port:23 console gateway -password'

Lantronix ethernet adapter’s admin interface without password

$ shodan search 'Press Enter for Setup Mode port:9999'

Polycom video-conference system no-auth shell

$ shodan search '"polycom command shell"'

VNC servers without authentication

$ shodan search '"authentication disabled" port:5900,5901'

NPort serial-to-eth / MoCA devices without password

$ shodan search 'nport -keyin port:23'

Some PenTestIT queries:

Default Jenkins installations

$ shodan search 'http.favicon.hash:81586312'

SonarQube installations

$ shodan search 'http.favicon.hash:1485257654'

IBM WebSphere version disclosure

$ shodan search 'WASRemoteRuntimeVersion'

使用Shodan的安全工具

https://developer.shodan.io/apps
https://github.com/BullsEye0/shodan-eye
https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/gather/shodan_search
https://github.com/s0md3v/Striker
https://github.com/lanmaster53/recon-ng
https://github.com/smicallef/spiderfoot
https://github.com/DefensePointSecurity/threat_note
https://github.com/OWASP/Amass
https://github.com/woj-ciech/Kamerka-GUI
https://github.com/random-robbie/My-Shodan-Scripts
https://github.com/jakejarvis/awesome-shodan-queries
https://github.com/pielco11/fav-up

ShodanSploit

它允许您在终端上使用所有Shodan调用并进行详细查询。

Github repository: https://github.com/shodansploit/shodansploit

安装：

git clone https://github.com/ismailtasdelen/shodansploit.git
cd shodansploit
python shodansploit.py
docker run -t ismailtasdelen/shodansploit

Menu:

[1] GET > /shodan/host/{ip} 

[2] GET > /shodan/host/count

[3] GET > /shodan/host/search 

[4] GET > /shodan/host/search/tokens 

[5] GET > /shodan/ports 

[6] GET > /shodan/exploit/author

[7] GET > /shodan/exploit/cve

[8] GET > /shodan/exploit/msb

[9] GET > /shodan/exploit/bugtraq-id

[10] GET > /shodan/exploit/osvdb

[11] GET > /shodan/exploit/title

[12] GET > /shodan/exploit/description

[13] GET > /shodan/exploit/date

[14] GET > /shodan/exploit/code

[15] GET > /shodan/exploit/platform

[16] GET > /shodan/exploit/port

[17] GET > /dns/resolve

[18] GET > /dns/reverse 

[19] GET > /labs/honeyscore/{ip}

[20] GET > /account/profile 

[21] GET > /tools/myip 

[22] GET > /tools/httpheaders

[23] GET > /api-info 

[24] Exit

Fav-Up

使用Shodan通过favicon查找真正的IP

安装:

At least python3.6 is required due to spicy syntax.
git clone https://github.com/pielco11/fav-up.git 
pip3 install -r requirements.txt

Command overview:

Favicon-file:
python3 favUp.py –favicon-file favicon.ico -sc
Favicon-url
python3 favUp.py –favicon-url https://domain.behind.cloudflare/assets/favicon.ico -sc
Web
python3 favUp.py –web domain.behind.cloudflare -sc

Module

from favUp import FavUp


f = FavUp()          

f.shodanCLI = True

f.web = "domain.behind.cloudflare"

f.show = True 

f.run()


for result in f.faviconsList:

    print(f"Real-IP: {result['found_ips']}")

    print(f"Hash: {result['favhash']}")

Articles of advanced uses

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