在Ubuntu 18.04 LTS上安装Python 3.7

用户6543014

发布于 2020-04-02 11:35:52

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发布于 2020-04-02 11:35:52

Python是最受欢迎和随需应变的通用编程语言之一。它是一种解释性的高级编程语言，支持多种编程范例，包括过程式，面向对象和函数式编程。由于其全面的标准库，它通常被描述为“py自带着电池”。

它被广泛使用，并且是一种非常通用的编程语言，因为它被初学者和科学家用于不同类型的活动。它用于系统编程和脚本编写、重复任务自动化、构建网站和Web应用程序、机器学习算法、数据分析等等。

在本教程中，我们将学习如何在Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Bionic Beaver中安装Python 3.7。我们将包括在Ubuntu 18.04机器上安装它的两种主要方法，一种是通过deadsnake PPA使用APT包管理器，另一种是通过源代码编译。

使用APT（和PPA）在ubuntu上安装Python 3 .7

默认情况下，Ubuntu 18.04随附Python 3.6.9。通过运行以下命令，您可以获得python版本：

python3 --version
Python 3.6.9

python3-版本Python 3.6.9首先，我们需要确保更新Ubuntu 18.04计算机的Ubuntu软件包存储库索引。这可以通过执行以下命令来完成：

$ sudo apt update

更新更新完成后，我们需要确保在计算机上安装了“ software-properties-common”软件包，以便可以将PPA添加到计算机中。

$ sudo apt install software-properties-common

现在，我们可以使用以下命令轻松添加Deadsnakes PPA：

$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa

最后，将必需的PPA添加到我们的Ubuntu 18.04计算机中后，我们现在可以简单地使用apt命令安装Python 3.7。

apt notify命令中的-y选项可将自动yes选项设置为提示。

$ sudo apt install python3.7 -y

Output
$ sudo apt install python3.7 -y
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libpython3.7-minimal libpython3.7-stdlib python3-distutils python3-lib2to3
  python3.7-minimal
Suggested packages:
  python3.7-venv python3.7-doc binfmt-support
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libpython3.7-minimal libpython3.7-stdlib python3-distutils python3-lib2to3
  python3.7 python3.7-minimal
0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 321 not upgraded.
Need to get 4,792 kB of archives.
After this operation, 26.6 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://ppa.launchpad.net/deadsnakes/ppa/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libpython3.7-minimal amd64 3.7.7-1+bionic1 [596 kB]
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 python3-lib2to3 all 3.6.9-1~18.04 [77.4 kB]
Get:3 http://ppa.launchpad.net/deadsnakes/ppa/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 python3.7-minimal amd64 3.7.7-1+bionic1 [1,839 kB]
Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 python3-distutils all 3.6.9-1~18.04 [144 kB]
Get:5 http://ppa.launchpad.net/deadsnakes/ppa/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libpython3.7-stdlib amd64 3.7.7-1+bionic1 [1,784 kB]
Get:6 http://ppa.launchpad.net/deadsnakes/ppa/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 python3.7 amd64 3.7.7-1+bionic1 [351 kB]
Fetched 4,792 kB in 7s (737 kB/s)                                              
Selecting previously unselected package libpython3.7-minimal:amd64.
(Reading database ... 134446 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../0-libpython3.7-minimal_3.7.7-1+bionic1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libpython3.7-minimal:amd64 (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package python3.7-minimal.
Preparing to unpack .../1-python3.7-minimal_3.7.7-1+bionic1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking python3.7-minimal (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libpython3.7-stdlib:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../2-libpython3.7-stdlib_3.7.7-1+bionic1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libpython3.7-stdlib:amd64 (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package python3-lib2to3.
Preparing to unpack .../3-python3-lib2to3_3.6.9-1~18.04_all.deb ...
Unpacking python3-lib2to3 (3.6.9-1~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package python3-distutils.
Preparing to unpack .../4-python3-distutils_3.6.9-1~18.04_all.deb ...
Unpacking python3-distutils (3.6.9-1~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package python3.7.
Preparing to unpack .../5-python3.7_3.7.7-1+bionic1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking python3.7 (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.60ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.23-1ubuntu3.18.04.2) ...
Setting up libpython3.7-minimal:amd64 (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ...
Setting up python3.7-minimal (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ...
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-11ubuntu1.1) ...
Setting up python3-lib2to3 (3.6.9-1~18.04) ...
Setting up python3-distutils (3.6.9-1~18.04) ...
Setting up libpython3.7-stdlib:amd64 (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ...
Setting up python3.7 (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ...

现在，为了确保python是否成功安装，我们可以检查下python版本。

$ python3.7 -V
Python 3.7.7

从源代码在ubuntu上安装Python 3.7

在这种方法中，我们将学习如何通过从源代码编译Python 3.7在Ubuntu 18.04计算机中安装它。如果要继续进行，我们需要确保满足某些先决条件。首先，我们需要确保编译源代码所需的构建工具已安装在我们的计算机中。

为此，我们首先需要更新apt的本地存储库索引，如下所示：

$ sudo apt update

随着本地存储库索引的更新，我们现在将安装编译和安装python3.7所需的依赖项。为此，我们需要执行以下命令：

$ sudo apt install -y build-essential wget zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libgdbm-dev libnss3-dev libssl-dev libreadline-dev libffi-dev

一旦所有依赖项都已安装并准备就绪，我们将使用wget命令从官方python网站下载Python 3.7的最新版本，如下所示：

$ wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.7/Python-3.7.7.tgz
--2020-03-17 16:19:44--  https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.7/Python-3.7.7.tgz
Resolving www.python.org (www.python.org)... 151.101.8.223, 2a04:4e42:2::223
Connecting to www.python.org (www.python.org)|151.101.8.223|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 23161893 (22M) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘Python-3.7.7.tgz’

Python-3.7.7.tgz    100%[===================>]  22.09M  2.50MB/s    in 9.2s

2020-03-17 16:19:54 (2.41 MB/s) - ‘Python-3.7.7.tgz’ saved [23161893/23161893]

在撰写本教程的过程中，python 3.7的发布是在最新版本3.7.7下发布的。因此，我们将仅使用tar命令下载并提取tgz文件。

$ tar -xf Python-3.7.7.tgz

从tgz文件中提取源代码之后，我们现在将cd进入目录，然后执行configure脚本以评估是否满足了编译所需的依赖项关系。启用优化标志优化python二进制文件并将代码执行增加10-20%。

$ cd Python-3.7.7

$ ./configure --enable-optimizations
checking if the dirent structure of a d_type field... yes
checking for the Linux getrandom() syscall... yes
checking for the getrandom() function... yes
checking for pkg-config... no
checking for openssl/ssl.h in /usr/local/ssl... no
checking for openssl/ssl.h in /usr/lib/ssl... no
checking for openssl/ssl.h in /usr/ssl... no
checking for openssl/ssl.h in /usr/pkg... no
checking for openssl/ssl.h in /usr/local... no
checking for openssl/ssl.h in /usr... yes
checking whether compiling and linking against OpenSSL works... yes
checking for X509_VERIFY_PARAM_set1_host in libssl... yes
checking for --with-ssl-default-suites... python
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating Makefile.pre
config.status: creating Misc/python.pc
config.status: creating Misc/python-config.sh
config.status: creating Modules/ld_so_aix
config.status: creating pyconfig.h
creating Modules/Setup
creating Modules/Setup.local
creating Makefile

成功执行configure脚本后，我们现在将通过使用带有altinstall参数的make命令在Ubuntu 18.04 LTS计算机中安装python 3.7。altinstall参数可确保未将其安装为系统默认的python版本。

$ sudo make altinstall
changing mode of /usr/local/bin/idle3.7 to 755
changing mode of /usr/local/bin/pyvenv-3.7 to 755
changing mode of /usr/local/bin/pydoc3.7 to 755
changing mode of /usr/local/bin/2to3-3.7 to 755
rm /usr/local/lib/python3.7/lib-dynload/_sysconfigdata_m_linux_x86_64-linux-gnu.py
rm -r /usr/local/lib/python3.7/lib-dynload/__pycache__
Creating directory /usr/local/share/man/man1
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./Misc/python.man \
  /usr/local/share/man/man1/python3.7.1
if test "xupgrade" != "xno"  ; then \
  case upgrade in \
    upgrade) ensurepip="--altinstall --upgrade" ;; \
    install|*) ensurepip="--altinstall" ;; \
  esac; \
   ./python -E -m ensurepip \
    $ensurepip --root=/ ; \
fi
Looking in links: /tmp/tmp06ih2lq9
Collecting setuptools
Collecting pip
Installing collected packages: setuptools, pip
Successfully installed pip-19.2.3 setuptools-41.2.0

现在，我们可以通过如下检查其版本来检查python 3.7是否已成功安装。