数据资源常识(3.6)数据标准(Data Standards)
数据资源常识(3.6)数据标准(Data Standards)
第二篇《数据资源概观》数据资源类型
A.数据资源(Data Resource)常识
三、行业数据资源概念(Industry Data Resources Concept)
3.5 数据资源目录(Data Resources Directory)
3.6 数据标准(Data Standards)
3.6 数据标准(Data Standards)
通过确保清楚地理解数据的表示方式以及所接收的数据采用预期的格式，标准使创建、共享和集成数据变得更加容易。数据标准(Data Standards)是描述和记录数据的规则。为了共享、交换和理解数据，我们必须对格式及其含义进行标准化。(Standards make it easier to create, share, and integratedata by making sure that there is a clear understanding of how the data arerepresented and that the data you receive are in a form that you expected. Datastandards are the rules by which data are described and recorded. In order toshare, exchange, and understand data, we must standardize the format as well asthe meaning.)(USGS, 2008) [33]
3.6.1 在哪里可以找到数据标准？
收集新数据时，应始终在适用的地方使用现有的数据标准。根据OMB通告A-119，FGDC仅在不存在等效的自愿共识标准时才开发地理空间数据标准。(When collecting new data, existing Data Standards shouldalways be used where applicable. The FGDC develops geospatial DataStandards only when no equivalent voluntary consensus standards exist, inaccordance with OMB Circular A-119.) (BLM, Chatfield, T., Selbach, R. February,2011). [34]
数据标准的一些来源是：
- USGS国家地理空间计划标准和规范 USGS NationalGeospatial Program Standards and Specifications
- FGDC国家数据标准出版物 FGDC NationalData Standards Publications
- FGDC标准工作组 FGDC Standards Working Group
- 美国综合生物分类信息系统(ITIS) U.S. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
- 美国国家植被分类(USNVC) U.S. National VegetationClassification (USNVC)
- 数据简化社区(DSC) Data Simplification Community(DSComm, prep)
3.6.2 美国地质调查局历史(History)
根据1879年国会通过的法案，美国地质调查局在随后的125年中不断发展，将其才能和知识与科学技术的进步相结合。USGS是内政部的唯一科学机构。数以千计的合作伙伴和客户都在寻找它，因为它拥有自然科学的专业知识以及广阔的地球和生物数据资源。(reatedby an act of Congress in 1879, the U.S. Geological Survey has evolved over theensuing 125 years, matching its talent and knowledge to the progress ofscience and technology. The USGS is the sole science agency for the Departmentof the Interior. It is sought out by thousands of partners and customersfor its natural science expertise and its vast earth and biological dataholdings. )
图7：USGS应对不断变化的世界的科学
1879年3月3日，我们通过《组织法》通过国会成立。我们的主要职责是绘制公共土地图，检查地质结构和评估矿产资源。在下一世纪，我们的任务扩展到包括对地下水、生态系统、环境健康、自然灾害以及气候和土地利用变化的研究。(OnMarch 3, 1879, we were established by the passing of the Organic Act throughCongress. Our main responsibilities were to map public lands, examinegeological structure, and evaluate mineral resources. Over the next century,our mission expanded to include the research of groundwater, ecosystems,environmental health, natural hazards, and climate and land use change.) (USGS, 2008) [35]
图8：USGS地形图野外训练营
前任董事(Past Directors)，我们过去的USGS董事名单。(A listing of our past USGS Directors.)
未完待续(To Be Cont.)