详述 ThreadLocal 的实现原理及其使用方法

/**
 * This class provides thread-local variables.  These variables differ from
 * their normal counterparts in that each thread that accesses one (via its
 * {@code get} or {@code set} method) has its own, independently initialized
 * copy of the variable.  {@code ThreadLocal} instances are typically private
 * static fields in classes that wish to associate state with a thread (e.g.,
 * a user ID or Transaction ID).
 */

 public void set(T value) {
      //获取当前线程
      Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
      //实际存储的数据结构类型
      ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
      //如果存在map就直接set，没有则创建map并set
      if (map != null)
          map.set(this, value);
      else
          createMap(t, value);
  }
  
ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
      //thread中维护了一个ThreadLocalMap
      return t.threadLocals;
 }
 
void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
      //实例化一个新的ThreadLocalMap，并赋值给线程的成员变量threadLocals
      t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
}

    /* ThreadLocal values pertaining to this thread. This map is maintained
     * by the ThreadLocal class. */
    ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;

//Entry为ThreadLocalMap静态内部类，对ThreadLocal的若引用
//同时让ThreadLocal和储值形成key-value的关系
static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
    /** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
    Object value;

    Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
           super(k);
            value = v;
    }
}

//ThreadLocalMap构造方法
ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocal<?> firstKey, Object firstValue) {
        //内部成员数组，INITIAL_CAPACITY值为16的常量
        table = new Entry[INITIAL_CAPACITY];
        //位运算，结果与取模相同，计算出需要存放的位置
        //threadLocalHashCode比较有趣
        int i = firstKey.threadLocalHashCode & (INITIAL_CAPACITY - 1);
        table[i] = new Entry(firstKey, firstValue);
        size = 1;
        setThreshold(INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}

//在某一线程声明了ABC三种类型的ThreadLocal
ThreadLocal<A> sThreadLocalA = new ThreadLocal<A>();
ThreadLocal<B> sThreadLocalB = new ThreadLocal<B>();
ThreadLocal<C> sThreadLocalC = new ThreadLocal<C>();

//ThreadLocalMap中set方法。
  private void set(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value) {

            // We don't use a fast path as with get() because it is at
            // least as common to use set() to create new entries as
            // it is to replace existing ones, in which case, a fast
            // path would fail more often than not.

            Entry[] tab = table;
            int len = tab.length;
            //获取索引值，这个地方是比较特别的地方
            int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);

            //遍历tab如果已经存在则更新值
            for (Entry e = tab[i];
                 e != null;
                 e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
                ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();

                if (k == key) {
                    e.value = value;
                    return;
                }

                if (k == null) {
                    replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);
                    return;
                }
            }
            
            //如果上面没有遍历成功则创建新值
            tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);
            int sz = ++size;
            //满足条件数组扩容x2
            if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)
                rehash();
        }

    //ThreadLocal中threadLocalHashCode相关代码.
    
    private final int threadLocalHashCode = nextHashCode();

    /**
     * The next hash code to be given out. Updated atomically. Starts at
     * zero.
     */
    private static AtomicInteger nextHashCode =
        new AtomicInteger();

    /**
     * The difference between successively generated hash codes - turns
     * implicit sequential thread-local IDs into near-optimally spread
     * multiplicative hash values for power-of-two-sized tables.
     */
    private static final int HASH_INCREMENT = 0x61c88647;

    /**
     * Returns the next hash code.
     */
    private static int nextHashCode() {
        //自增
        return nextHashCode.getAndAdd(HASH_INCREMENT);
    }

//ThreadLocal中get方法
public T get() {
    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
    if (map != null) {
        ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
        if (e != null) {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            T result = (T)e.value;
            return result;
        }
    }
    return setInitialValue();
}
    
//ThreadLocalMap中getEntry方法
private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
       int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1);
       Entry e = table[i];
       if (e != null && e.get() == key)
            return e;
       else
            return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e);
   }

    ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
        return t.threadLocals;
    }

        private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
            int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1);
            Entry e = table[i];
            if (e != null && e.get() == key)
                return e;
            else
                return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e);
        }

        private Entry getEntryAfterMiss(ThreadLocal<?> key, int i, Entry e) {
            Entry[] tab = table;
            int len = tab.length;

            while (e != null) {
                ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
                if (k == key)
                    return e;
                if (k == null)
                    expungeStaleEntry(i);
                else
                    i = nextIndex(i, len);
                e = tab[i];
            }
            return null;
        }

       /**
         * Expunge a stale entry by rehashing any possibly colliding entries
         * lying between staleSlot and the next null slot.  This also expunges
         * any other stale entries encountered before the trailing null.  See
         * Knuth, Section 6.4
         *
         * @param staleSlot index of slot known to have null key
         * @return the index of the next null slot after staleSlot
         * (all between staleSlot and this slot will have been checked
         * for expunging).
         */
        private int expungeStaleEntry(int staleSlot) {
            Entry[] tab = table;
            int len = tab.length;

            // expunge entry at staleSlot
            tab[staleSlot].value = null;
            tab[staleSlot] = null;
            size--;

            // Rehash until we encounter null
            Entry e;
            int i;
            for (i = nextIndex(staleSlot, len);
                 (e = tab[i]) != null;
                 i = nextIndex(i, len)) {
                ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
                if (k == null) {
                    e.value = null;
                    tab[i] = null;
                    size--;
                } else {
                    int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);
                    if (h != i) {
                        tab[i] = null;

                        // Unlike Knuth 6.4 Algorithm R, we must scan until
                        // null because multiple entries could have been stale.
                        while (tab[h] != null)
                            h = nextIndex(h, len);
                        tab[h] = e;
                    }
                }
            }
            return i;
        }

@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Counter{
	private int count;
}

ThreadLocal<Counter> threadLocal = new ThreadLocal<>();
threadLocal.set(new Counter(0));
Counter counter = threadLocal.get();

ThreadLocal<Counter> threadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Counter>() {
    @Override
    protected Counter initialValue() {
        return new Counter(0);
    }
};

@Slf4j
public class MyThreadLocal<T> extends ThreadLocal<T>{
    public T get() {
        try {
            return super.get();
        } catch (Exception e) {
           log.error("获取ThreadLocal值失败！");
           return null;
        } finally {
            super.remove();
        }
    }
}