Matplotlib 1.4W+字基础教程来了（收藏吃灰去吧~~）

star一、Matplotlib使用Tips
    Matplotlib获取帮助途径
    绘图十规则
    常见绘图设置问题
二、图形快速绘制
    star1、line plot【折线图】
    star2、scatter plot【散点图】
    star3、bar plot【条形图】
    star4、imshow plot【格子图】
    5、contour plot【等高线图】
    6、quiver plot【箭头】
    star7、pie plot【饼图】
    star8、text plot【添加文本】
    9、fill_between plot【曲线填充图】
    10、step plot【阶梯图】
    star11、box plot【箱图】
    12、errorbar plot【误差棒】
    star13、hist plot【直方图】
    star14、violin plot【小提琴图】
    15、barbs plot【风羽图】
    16、even plot【栅格图】
    17、hexbin plot【二元直方图】
    18、xcorr plot【相关图】
star三、多子图绘制
    subplot 
    add_gridspec 
    add_axes
    make_axes_locatable 
star四、文本text设置
    文本位置 
    文本属性：字体|字号|磅值
    star五、注释设置 
    注释箭头形状设置
    注释箭头弯曲度设置
star五、坐标轴刻度Tick设置 
    刻度间距设置 
    刻度标签格式化输出 
star六、图例(legend)设置
starstar七、Colors和Colormaps
star八、line和marker设置
star九、子图与figure之间位置

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])


X = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
Y = 4+2*np.sin(2*X)
ax.plot(X, Y, color="C1", linewidth=0.75)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)
plt.show()

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])


np.random.seed(3)
X = 4+np.random.normal(0, 1.25, 24)
Y = 4+np.random.normal(0, 1.25, len(X))
ax.scatter(X, Y, 55, zorder=10,
           edgecolor="white", facecolor="C1", linewidth=0.25)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)
plt.show()

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])
np.random.seed(3)
X = 0.5 + np.arange(8)
Y = np.random.uniform(2, 7, len(X))
ax.bar(X, Y, bottom=0, width=1, 
       edgecolor="white", facecolor="C1", linewidth=0.25)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])
np.random.seed(3)
I = np.zeros((8,8,4))
I[:,:] = mpl.colors.to_rgba("C1")
I[...,3] = np.random.uniform(0.25,1.0,(8,8))
ax.imshow(I, extent=[0,8,0,8], interpolation="nearest")
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.grid(linewidth=0.25, color="white")
plt.show()

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(1)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-3, 3, 256), np.linspace(-3, 3, 256))
Z = (1 - X/2. + X**5 + Y**3)*np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)
Z = Z - Z.min()
colors = np.zeros((5,4))
colors[:] = mpl.colors.to_rgba("C1")
colors[:,3] = np.linspace(0.15, 0.85, len(colors))
plt.contourf(Z, len(colors), extent=[0,8,0,8], colors=colors)
plt.contour(Z, len(colors), extent=[0,8,0,8], colors="white", linewidths=0.125,
            nchunk=10)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
plt.show()

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(1)
T = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 8)
X, Y = 4 + 1*np.cos(T), 4 + 1*np.sin(T)
U, V = 1.5*np.cos(T), 1.5*np.sin(T)
plt.quiver(X, Y, U, V, color="C1",
           angles='xy', scale_units='xy', scale=0.5, width=.05)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125, color="0.75")
plt.show()

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

X = 1,2,3,4
colors = np.zeros((len(X),4))
colors[:] = mpl.colors.to_rgba("C1")
colors[:,3] = np.linspace(0.25, 0.75, len(X))
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.25, color="0.75")
ax.pie(X, colors=["white",]*len(X), radius=3, center=(4,4), 
        wedgeprops = {"linewidth": 0.25, "edgecolor": "white"}, frame=True)
ax.pie(X, colors=colors, radius=3, center=(4,4), 
        wedgeprops = {"linewidth": 0.25, "edgecolor": "white"}, frame=True)

plt.show()

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.25, color="0.75")
ax.text(4, 4, "TEXT", color="C1", size=38, weight="bold",
        ha="center", va="center", rotation=25)

plt.show()

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])


np.random.seed(1)
X = np.linspace(0, 8, 16)
Y1 = 3 + 4*X/8 + np.random.uniform(0.0, 0.5, len(X))
Y2 = 1 + 2*X/8 + np.random.uniform(0.0, 0.5, len(X))
plt.fill_between(X, Y1, Y2, color="C1", alpha=.5, linewidth=0)
plt.plot(X, (Y1+Y2)/2, color="C1", linewidth=0.5)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125, color="0.75")

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

X = np.linspace(0, 10, 16)
Y = 4+2*np.sin(2*X)
ax.step(X, Y, color="C1", linewidth=0.75)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(10)
D = np.random.normal((3,5,4), (1.25, 1.00, 1.25), (100,3))
VP = ax.boxplot(D, positions=[2,4,6], widths=1.5, patch_artist=True,
                showmeans=False, showfliers=False,
                medianprops = {"color": "white",
                               "linewidth": 0.25},
                boxprops = {"facecolor": "C1",
                            "edgecolor": "white",
                            "linewidth": 0.25},
                whiskerprops = {"color": "C1",
                                "linewidth": 0.75},
                capprops = {"color": "C1",
                            "linewidth": 0.75})
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(1)
X = [2,4,6]
Y = [4,5,4]
E = np.random.uniform(0.5, 1.5, 3)
ax.errorbar(X, Y, E, color="C1", linewidth=0.75, capsize=1)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(1)
X = 4 + np.random.normal(0,1.5,200)
ax.hist(X, bins=8, facecolor="C1", linewidth=0.25, edgecolor="white",)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 80), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,80,10))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(10)
D = np.random.normal((3,5,4), (0.75, 1.00, 0.75), (200,3))
VP = ax.violinplot(D, [2,4,6], widths=1.5,
                   showmeans=False, showmedians=False, showextrema=False)
for body in VP['bodies']:
    body.set_facecolor('C1')
    body.set_alpha(1)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(1)
X = [[2,4,6]]
Y = [[1.5,3,2]]
U = -np.ones((1,3))*0
V = -np.ones((1,3))*np.linspace(50,100,3)
ax.barbs(X,Y,U,V, barbcolor="C1", flagcolor="C1", length=15, linewidth=0.5)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(1)
X = [2,4,6]
D = np.random.gamma(4, size=(3, 50))
ax.eventplot(D, colors="C1", orientation="vertical", lineoffsets=X, linewidth=0.45)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(1)
X = np.random.uniform(1.5,6.5,100)
Y = np.random.uniform(1.5,6.5,100)
C = np.random.uniform(0,1,10000)
ax.hexbin(X, Y, C, gridsize=4, linewidth=0.25, edgecolor="white",
          cmap=plt.get_cmap("Wistia"), alpha=1.0)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] =False
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(3)
Y = np.random.uniform(-4, 4, 250)
X = np.random.uniform(-4, 4, 250)
ax.xcorr(X, Y, usevlines=True, maxlags=6, normed=True, lw=2,
         color="C1")
ax.set_xlim(-8, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(-8,8,2))
ax.set_ylim(-.25, .25), ax.set_yticks(np.linspace(-.25,.25,9))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)
plt.show()

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
margin = 0.01
fig.subplots_adjust(left=margin, right=1-margin, top=1-margin, bottom=margin)
mpl.rc('axes', linewidth=.5)


nrows, ncols = 3,3
for i in range(nrows*ncols):
    ax = plt.subplot(ncols, nrows, i+1)
    ax.set_xticks([]), ax.set_yticks([])

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
margin = 0.01
fig.subplots_adjust(left=margin, right=1-margin, top=1-margin, bottom=margin)
mpl.rc('axes', linewidth=.5)

gs = fig.add_gridspec(3, 3)
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(gs[0, :], xticks=[], yticks=[])
ax2 = fig.add_subplot(gs[1, :-1], xticks=[], yticks=[])
ax3 = fig.add_subplot(gs[1:, -1], xticks=[], yticks=[])
ax4 = fig.add_subplot(gs[-1, 0], xticks=[], yticks=[])
ax5 = fig.add_subplot(gs[-1, -2], xticks=[], yticks=[])

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
margin = 0.01
fig.subplots_adjust(left=margin, right=1-margin, top=1-margin, bottom=margin)
mpl.rc('axes', linewidth=.5)

margin = 0.0125
ax1 = fig.add_axes([margin,margin,1-2*margin,1-2*margin], xticks=[], yticks=[])
ax2 = ax1.inset_axes([0.5, 0.5, 0.4, 0.4], xticks=[], yticks=[])

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
margin = 0.01
fig.subplots_adjust(left=margin, right=1-margin, top=1-margin, bottom=margin)
mpl.rc('axes', linewidth=.5)

from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import make_axes_locatable
margin = 0.0125
ax = fig.add_axes([margin,margin,1-2*margin,1-2*margin], xticks=[], yticks=[])
divider = make_axes_locatable(ax)
cax = divider.new_horizontal(size="10%", pad=0.025)
fig.add_axes(cax)
cax.set_xticks([]), cax.set_yticks([])
plt.show()

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

dpi = 100
fig = plt.figure(dpi=100)
ax = fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1], frameon=False,
                  xlim=(0,4.25), ylim=(0,1.5), xticks=[], yticks=[])

fontsize = 48
renderer = fig.canvas.get_renderer()
horizontalalignment = "left"
verticalalignment = "center"
position = (0.25, 1.5/2)
color = "0.25"

# Compute vertical and horizontal alignment offsets
text = ax.text(0, 0, "Matplotlib", fontsize=fontsize)
yoffset = {}
for alignment in ["top", "center", "baseline", "bottom"]:
    text.set_verticalalignment(alignment)
    y = text.get_window_extent(renderer).y0/dpi
    yoffset[alignment] = y

xoffset = {}
for alignment in ["left", "center", "right"]:
    text.set_horizontalalignment(alignment)
    x = text.get_window_extent(renderer).x0/dpi
    xoffset[alignment] = x

# Actual positioning of the text
text.set_horizontalalignment(horizontalalignment)
text.set_verticalalignment(verticalalignment)
text.set_position(position)


for name,y in yoffset.items():
    y = position[1] - y + yoffset[verticalalignment]
    plt.plot([0.1, 3.75], [y, y], linewidth=0.5, color=color)
    plt.text(3.75, y, " "+name, color=color,
             ha="left", va="center", size="x-small")

for name,x in xoffset.items():
    x = position[0] - x + xoffset[horizontalalignment]
    plt.plot([x,x], [0.25, 1.25], linewidth=0.5, color=color)
    plt.text(x, 0.24, name, color = color,
             ha="center", va="top", size="x-small")

P = []
for x in xoffset.values():
    x = position[0] - x + xoffset[horizontalalignment]
    for y in yoffset.values():
        y = position[1] - y + yoffset[verticalalignment]
        P.append((x,y))
P = np.array(P)

ax.scatter(P[:,0], P[:,1], s=10, zorder=10,
           facecolor="white", edgecolor=color, linewidth=0.75)

epsilon = 0.05
plt.text(P[3,0]+epsilon, P[3,1]-epsilon, "(0,0)",
         color=color, ha="left", va="top", size="xx-large")
plt.text(P[8,0]-epsilon, P[8,1]+epsilon, "(1,1)",
         color=color, ha="right", va="bottom", size="xx-large")

plt.show()

#注释(annotate)
#https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.annotate.html
import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


fig = plt.figure(figsize=(6,1))
#ax = plt.subplot(111, frameon=False, aspect=.1)
# b = 0.0
ax = fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1], frameon=False, aspect=1)



plt.scatter([5.5],[0.75], s=100, c="k")
plt.xlim(0,6), plt.ylim(0,1)
plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])

plt.annotate("Annotation", (5.5,.75), (0.1,.75), size=16, va="center",
             arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.05))

plt.text( 5.5, 0.6, "xy\nycoords", size=10, va="top", ha="center", color=".5")
plt.text( .75, 0.6, "xytext\ntextcoords", size=10, va="top", ha="center", color=".5")
plt.show()

##注释(annotate)箭头类型
#https://matplotlib.org/tutorials/text/annotations.html
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as mpatches

styles = mpatches.ArrowStyle.get_styles()
def demo_con_style(ax, connectionstyle):
    ax.text(.05, .95, connectionstyle.replace(",", ",\n"),
            family="Source Code Pro",
            transform=ax.transAxes, ha="left", va="top", size="x-small")

fig, ax = plt.subplots(dpi=100, frameon=False)
ax.axis("off")
for i,style in enumerate(mpatches.ArrowStyle.get_styles()):
    x0, y0 = 5 + 5*(i%3), -(i//3)
    x1, y1 = 1 + 5*(i%3), -(i//3)
    ax.plot([x0, x1], [y0, y1], ".", color="0.25")
    ax.annotate("",
                xy=(x0, y0), xycoords='data',
                xytext=(x1, y1), textcoords='data',
                arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle=style,
                                color="black",
                                shrinkA=5, shrinkB=5,
                                patchA=None, patchB=None,
                                connectionstyle="arc3,rad=0"))
    ax.text( (x1+x0)/2, y0-0.2, style,
             family = "Source Code Pro", ha="center", va="top")
plt.show()

#注释(annotate)箭头线型
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def demo_con_style(ax, connectionstyle):
    x1, y1 = 0.3, 0.2
    x2, y2 = 0.8, 0.6
    ax.plot([x1, x2], [y1, y2], ".")
    ax.annotate("",
                xy=(x1, y1), xycoords='data',
                xytext=(x2, y2), textcoords='data',
                arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="->", color="0.5",
                                shrinkA=5, shrinkB=5,
                                patchA=None, patchB=None,
                                connectionstyle=connectionstyle),
                )
    ax.text(.05, .95, connectionstyle.replace(",", ",\n"),
            family="Source Code Pro",
            transform=ax.transAxes, ha="left", va="top", size="x-small")

fig, axs = plt.subplots(3, 3, dpi=100)
demo_con_style(axs[0, 0], "arc3,rad=0")
demo_con_style(axs[0, 1], "arc3,rad=0.3")
demo_con_style(axs[0, 2], "angle3,angleA=0,angleB=90")
demo_con_style(axs[1, 0], "angle,angleA=-90,angleB=180,rad=0")
demo_con_style(axs[1, 1], "angle,angleA=-90,angleB=180,rad=25")
demo_con_style(axs[1, 2], "arc,angleA=-90,angleB=0,armA=0,armB=40,rad=0")
demo_con_style(axs[2, 0], "bar,fraction=0.3")
demo_con_style(axs[2, 1], "bar,fraction=-0.3")
demo_con_style(axs[2, 2], "bar,angle=180,fraction=-0.2")

for ax in axs.flat:
    ax.set(xlim=(0, 1), ylim=(0, 1), xticks=[], yticks=[], aspect=1)
fig.tight_layout(pad=0.2)
plt.show()

#https://matplotlib.org/api/ticker_api.html
#刻度间距设置
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.ticker as ticker

# Setup a plot such that only the bottom spine is shown
def setup(ax):
    ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
    ax.spines['left'].set_color('none')
    ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.NullLocator())
    ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
    ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
    ax.tick_params(which='major', width=1.00)
    ax.tick_params(which='major', length=5)
    ax.tick_params(which='minor', width=0.75)
    ax.tick_params(which='minor', length=2.5)
    ax.set_xlim(0, 5)
    ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
    ax.patch.set_alpha(0.0)


fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
fig.patch.set_alpha(0.0)
n = 8

fontsize = 18
family = "Source Code Pro"

# Null Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 1)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.NullLocator())
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.NullLocator())
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.NullLocator()",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Multiple Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 2)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.5))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.1))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.MultipleLocator(0.5)",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Fixed Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 3)
setup(ax)
majors = [0, 1, 5]
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.FixedLocator(majors))
minors = np.linspace(0, 1, 11)[1:-1]
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.FixedLocator(minors))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.FixedLocator([0, 1, 5])",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Linear Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 4)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.LinearLocator(3))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.LinearLocator(31))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.LinearLocator(numticks=3)",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Index Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 5)
setup(ax)
ax.plot(range(0, 5), [0]*5, color='white')
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.IndexLocator(base=.5, offset=.25))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.IndexLocator(base=0.5, offset=0.25)",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Auto Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 6)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.AutoLocator())
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.AutoMinorLocator())
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.AutoLocator()",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# MaxN Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 7)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MaxNLocator(4))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MaxNLocator(40))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.MaxNLocator(n=4)",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Log Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 8)
setup(ax)
ax.set_xlim(10**3, 10**10)
ax.set_xscale('log')
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.LogLocator(base=10.0, numticks=15))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.LogLocator(base=10, numticks=15)",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Push the top of the top axes outside the figure because we only show the
# bottom spine.
plt.subplots_adjust(left=0.05, right=0.95, bottom=0.05, top=1.05)

# 刻度格式化输出
# https://matplotlib.org/api/ticker_api.html
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.ticker as ticker

# Setup a plot such that only the bottom spine is shown
def setup(ax):
    ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
    ax.spines['left'].set_color('none')
    ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.NullLocator())
    ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
    ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
    ax.tick_params(which='major', width=1.00, length=5)
    ax.tick_params(which='minor', width=0.75, length=2.5, labelsize=10)
    ax.set_xlim(0, 5)
    ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
    ax.patch.set_alpha(0.0)


fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
fig.patch.set_alpha(0.0)
n = 7

fontsize = 18
family = "Source Code Pro"

# Null formatter
ax = fig.add_subplot(n, 1, 1)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1.00))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.25))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(ticker.NullFormatter())
ax.xaxis.set_minor_formatter(ticker.NullFormatter())
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.NullFormatter()", family=family,
        fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Fixed formatter
ax = fig.add_subplot(n, 1, 2)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1.0))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.25))
majors = ["", "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5"]
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(ticker.FixedFormatter(majors))
minors = [""] + ["%.2f" % (x-int(x)) if (x-int(x))
                 else "" for x in np.arange(0, 5, 0.25)]
ax.xaxis.set_minor_formatter(ticker.FixedFormatter(minors))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.FixedFormatter(['', '0', '1', ...])",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)


# FuncFormatter can be used as a decorator
@ticker.FuncFormatter
def major_formatter(x, pos):
    return "[%.2f]" % x


ax = fig.add_subplot(n, 1, 3)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1.00))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.25))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(major_formatter)
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, 'ticker.FuncFormatter(lambda x, pos: "[%.2f]" % x)',
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)


# FormatStr formatter
ax = fig.add_subplot(n, 1, 4)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1.00))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.25))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(ticker.FormatStrFormatter(">%d<"))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.FormatStrFormatter('>%d<')",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Scalar formatter
ax = fig.add_subplot(n, 1, 5)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.AutoLocator())
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.AutoMinorLocator())
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(ticker.ScalarFormatter(useMathText=True))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.ScalarFormatter()",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# StrMethod formatter
ax = fig.add_subplot(n, 1, 6)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1.00))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.25))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(ticker.StrMethodFormatter("{x}"))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.StrMethodFormatter('{x}')",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Percent formatter
ax = fig.add_subplot(n, 1, 7)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1.00))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.25))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(ticker.PercentFormatter(xmax=5))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.PercentFormatter(xmax=5)",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Push the top of the top axes outside the figure because we only show the
# bottom spine.
fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.05, right=0.95, bottom=0.05, top=1.05)

#图例(legend)|位置
import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


fig = plt.figure(figsize=(4,4))
ax = fig.add_axes([0.15,0.15,.7,.7], frameon=True, aspect=1,
                  xticks=[], yticks=[])

def text(x, y, _text):
    color= "C1"
    if not 0 < x < 1 or not 0 < y < 1:  color = "C0"
    size = 0.15
    ax.text(x, y, _text, color="white", #bbox={"color": "C1"},
            size="xx-large", weight="bold", ha="center", va="center")
    rect = plt.Rectangle((x-size/2, y-size/2), size, size, facecolor=color,
                         zorder=-10, clip_on=False)
    ax.add_patch(rect)

def point(x, y):
    ax.scatter([x], [y], facecolor="C0", edgecolor="white",
               zorder=10, clip_on=False)

d = .1
e = .15/2

text(  d,   d, "1"), text( 0.5,   d, "2"), text(1-d,   d, "3")
text(  d, 0.5, "4"), text( 0.5, 0.5, "5"), text(1-d, 0.5, "6")
text(  d, 1-d, "7"), text( 0.5, 1-d, "8"), text(1-d, 1-d, "9")

text( -d, 1-d, "A"), text( -d, 0.5, "B"), text(  -d,   d, "C")
point(-d+e, 1-d+e), point(-d+e, 0.5), point(-d+e, d-e),

text(  d,  -d, "D"), text(0.5,  -d, "E"), text( 1-d,  -d, "F")
point(d-e, -d+e), point(0.5, -d+e), point(1-d+e, -d+e),

text(1+d,   d, "G"), text(1+d, 0.5, "H"), text( 1+d, 1-d, "I")
point(1+d-e, d-e), point(1+d-e, .5), point(1+d-e, 1-d+e),

text(1-d, 1+d, "J"), text(0.5, 1+d, "K"), text(   d, 1+d, "L")
point(1-d+e, 1+d-e), point(0.5, 1+d-e), point(d-e, 1+d-e),

plt.xlim(0,1), plt.ylim(0,1)
plt.show()

# figure中子图位置调整
#matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust
#https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust.html
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
from matplotlib.collections import PatchCollection


fig = plt.figure(dpi=120)
ax = fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1], frameon=False, aspect=1,
                  xlim=(0-5,100+10), ylim=(-10,80+5), xticks=[], yticks=[])


box = mpatches.FancyBboxPatch(
    (0,0), 100, 83,  mpatches.BoxStyle("Round", pad=0, rounding_size=2),
    linewidth=1., facecolor="0.9", edgecolor="black")
ax.add_artist(box)

box = mpatches.FancyBboxPatch(
    (0,0), 100, 75, mpatches.BoxStyle("Round", pad=0, rounding_size=0),
    linewidth=1., facecolor="white", edgecolor="black")
ax.add_artist(box)


box = mpatches.Rectangle(
    (5,5), 45, 30, zorder=10,
    linewidth=1.0, facecolor="white", edgecolor="black")
ax.add_artist(box)

box = mpatches.Rectangle(
    (5,40), 45, 30, zorder=10,
    linewidth=1.0, facecolor="white", edgecolor="black")
ax.add_artist(box)

box = mpatches.Rectangle(
    (55,5), 40, 65, zorder=10,
    linewidth=1.0, facecolor="white", edgecolor="black")
ax.add_artist(box)

# Window button
X, Y = [5,10,15], [79,79,79]
plt.scatter(X, Y, s=75,  zorder=10,
            edgecolor="black", facecolor="white", linewidth=1)


# Window size extension
X, Y = [0, 0], [0, -8]
plt.plot(X, Y, color="black", linestyle=":", linewidth=1, clip_on=False)

X, Y = [100, 100], [0, -8]
plt.plot(X, Y, color="black", linestyle=":", linewidth=1, clip_on=False)

X, Y = [100, 108], [0, 0]
plt.plot(X, Y, color="black", linestyle=":", linewidth=1, clip_on=False)

X, Y = [100, 108], [75, 75]
plt.plot(X, Y, color="black", linestyle=":", linewidth=1, clip_on=False)


def ext_arrow(p0,p1,p2,p3):
    p0, p1 = np.asarray(p0), np.asarray(p1)
    p2, p3 = np.asarray(p2), np.asarray(p3)
    ax.arrow(*p0, *(p1-p0), zorder=20, linewidth=0,
             length_includes_head=True, width=.4, 
             head_width=2, head_length=2, color="black")
    ax.arrow(*p3, *(p2-p3), zorder=20, linewidth=0,
             length_includes_head=True, width=.4,
             head_width=2, head_length=2, color="black")
    plt.plot([p1[0],p2[0]], [p1[1],p2[1]], linewidth=.9, color="black")

def int_arrow(p0,p1):
    p0, p1 = np.asarray(p0), np.asarray(p1)
    ax.arrow(*((p0+p1)/2), *((p1-p0)/2), zorder=20, linewidth=0,
             length_includes_head=True, width=.4, 
             head_width=2, head_length=2, color="black")
    ax.arrow(*((p0+p1)/2), *(-(p1-p0)/2), zorder=20, linewidth=0,
             length_includes_head=True, width=.4, 
             head_width=2, head_length=2, color="black")

    

x = 0
y = 10
ext_arrow( (x-4,y), (x,y), (x+5,y), (x+9,y) )
ax.text(x+9.5, y, "left", ha="left", va="center", size="x-small", zorder=20)

x += 50
ext_arrow( (x-4,y), (x,y), (x+5,y), (x+9,y) )
ax.text(x-4.5, y, "wspace", ha="right", va="center", size="x-small", zorder=20)

x += 45
ext_arrow( (x-4,y), (x,y), (x+5,y), (x+9,y) )
ax.text(x-4.5, y, "right", ha="right", va="center", size="x-small", zorder=20)

y = 0
x = 25
ext_arrow( (x,y-4), (x,y), (x,y+5), (x,y+9) )
ax.text(x, y+9.5, "bottom", ha="center", va="bottom", size="x-small", zorder=20)

y += 35
ext_arrow( (x,y-4), (x,y), (x,y+5), (x,y+9) )
ax.text(x, y-4.5, "hspace", ha="center", va="top", size="x-small", zorder=20)

y += 35
ext_arrow( (x,y-4), (x,y), (x,y+5), (x,y+9) )
ax.text(x, y-4.5, "top", ha="center", va="top", size="x-small", zorder=20)

int_arrow((0,-5), (100,-5))
ax.text(50, -5, "figure width", backgroundcolor="white", zorder=30,
        ha="center", va="center", size="x-small")

int_arrow((105,0), (105,75))
ax.text(105, 75/2, "figure height", backgroundcolor="white", zorder=30,
        rotation = "vertical", ha="center", va="center", size="x-small")

int_arrow((55,62.5), (95,62.5))
ax.text(75, 62.5, "axes width", backgroundcolor="white", zorder=30,
        ha="center", va="center", size="x-small")

int_arrow((62.5,5), (62.5,70))
ax.text(62.5, 35, "axes height", backgroundcolor="white", zorder=30,
        rotation = "vertical", ha="center", va="center", size="x-small")
plt.show()