Android之context讲解
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目录
context
Context，中文直译为“上下文”.
主要有三个作用：
1、它描述的是一个应用程序环境的信息，即上下文。
2、该类是一个抽象(abstract class)类，Android提供了该抽象类的具体实现类。
3、通过它我们可以获取应用程序的资源和类，也包括一些应用级别操作，例如：启动一个Activity，发送广播，接受Intentx信心等。
Context分为：
- activity : activity其实就是Context,在一般需要使用Context引用情况,直接使用它是最好的.
- Service : 与activity一样.
- Application : 应用Context,一个app只有一个此Context,不建议随便调用,否则会让某些类持有后,这些类无法被释放.使用的情况只有一种:某个功能或框架需要全局初始化,并且全局调用
- baseContext : 基础底层上下文,Application还是baseContext的封装,所以与Application一样,不建议随便调用
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context数量
一个应用程序中到底有多少个Context呢？
其实根据上面的Context类型我们就已经可以得出答案了。
Context一共有Application、Activity和Service三种类型，因此一个应用程序中Context数量的计算公式就可以这样写：
Context数量 = Activity数量 + Service数量 + 1
上面的1代表着Application的数量，因为一个应用程序中可以有多个Activity和多个Service，但是只能有一个Application。
源码解析
Context 是一个抽象类, 提供了一组通用的API。：
public abstract class Context {
...
public abstract Object getSystemService(String name); //获得系统级服务
public abstract void startActivity(Intent intent); //通过一个Intent启动Activity
public abstract ComponentName startService(Intent service); //启动Service
//根据文件名得到SharedPreferences对象
public abstract SharedPreferences getSharedPreferences(String name,int mode);
...
}ContextImpl 类是Context类的实现类，实现了Context类的功能:
/**
* Common implementation of Context API, which provides the base
* context object for Activity and other application components.
*/
class ContextImpl extends Context{
//所有Application程序公用一个mPackageInfo对象
/*package*/ ActivityThread.PackageInfo mPackageInfo;
@Override
public Object getSystemService(String name){
...
else if (ACTIVITY_SERVICE.equals(name)) {
return getActivityManager();
}
else if (INPUT_METHOD_SERVICE.equals(name)) {
return InputMethodManager.getInstance(this);
}
}
@Override
public void startActivity(Intent intent) {
...
//开始启动一个Activity
mMainThread.getInstrumentation().execStartActivity(
getOuterContext(), mMainThread.getApplicationThread(), null, null, intent, -1);
}
}ContextWrapper类是对Context类的一种包装，该类的构造函数包含了一个真正的Context引用，即ContextIml：
public class ContextWrapper extends Context {
Context mBase; //该属性指向一个ContextIml实例，一般在创建Application、Service、Activity时赋值
//创建Application、Service、Activity，会调用该方法给mBase属性赋值
protected void attachBaseContext(Context base) {
if (mBase != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Base context already set");
}
mBase = base;
}
@Override
public void startActivity(Intent intent) {
mBase.startActivity(intent); //调用mBase实例方法
}
}Context实例创建
Application Context
Application创建时候会执行到H类，然后调用handleLaunchActivity函数：
private void handleLaunchActivity(ActivityClientRecord r, Intent customIntent, String reason) {
……
Activity a = performLaunchActivity(r, customIntent);
if (a != null) {
r.createdConfig = new Configuration(mConfiguration);
reportSizeConfigurations(r);
Bundle oldState = r.state;
handleResumeActivity(r.token, false, r.isForward,
!r.activity.mFinished && !r.startsNotResumed, r.lastProcessedSeq, reason);
if (!r.activity.mFinished && r.startsNotResumed) {
performPauseActivityIfNeeded(r, reason);
if (r.isPreHoneycomb()) {
r.state = oldState;
}
}
} else {
……
}
}执行进入performLaunchActivity函数：
private Activity performLaunchActivity(ActivityClientRecord r, Intent customIntent) {
……
Application = r.packageInfo.makeApplication(false, mInstrumentation);
……
return activity;
}执行makeApplication函数：
public Application makeApplication(boolean forceDefaultAppClass,
Instrumentation instrumentation) {
if (mApplication != null) {
return mApplication;
}
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "makeApplication");
Application app = null;
String appClass = mApplicationInfo.className;
if (forceDefaultAppClass || (appClass == null)) {
appClass = "android.app.Application";
}
try {
// 执行class loader
java.lang.ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader();
if (!mPackageName.equals("android")) {
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER,
"initializeJavaContextClassLoader");
initializeJavaContextClassLoader();
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
}
// 创建appContext
ContextImpl appContext = ContextImpl.createAppContext(mActivityThread, this);
// 创建app
app = mActivityThread.mInstrumentation.newApplication(
cl, appClass, appContext);
// 关联app和appContext
appContext.setOuterContext(app);
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mActivityThread.mInstrumentation.onException(app, e)) {
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to instantiate application " + appClass
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
mActivityThread.mAllApplications.add(app);
mApplication = app;
if (instrumentation != null) {
try {
instrumentation.callApplicationOnCreate(app);
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!instrumentation.onException(app, e)) {
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to create application " + app.getClass().getName()
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
}
// Rewrite the R 'constants' for all library apks.
SparseArray<String> packageIdentifiers = getAssets().getAssignedPackageIdentifiers();
final int N = packageIdentifiers.size();
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
final int id = packageIdentifiers.keyAt(i);
if (id == 0x01 || id == 0x7f) {
continue;
}
rewriteRValues(getClassLoader(), packageIdentifiers.valueAt(i), id);
}
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
return app;
}先来看一下ContextImpl的createAppContext函数：
static ContextImpl createAppContext(ActivityThread mainThread, LoadedApk packageInfo) {
if (packageInfo == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("packageInfo");
ContextImpl context = new ContextImpl(null, mainThread, packageInfo, null, null, null, 0,
null);
context.setResources(packageInfo.getResources());
return context;
}这里创建了一个新的ContextImpl对象，并返回。
继续看下newApplication函数：
public Application newApplication(ClassLoader cl, String className, Context context)
throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException,
ClassNotFoundException {
return newApplication(cl.loadClass(className), context);
}
static public Application newApplication(Class<?> clazz, Context context)
throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException,
ClassNotFoundException {
Application app = (Application)clazz.newInstance();
app.attach(context);
return app;
}最后其实是通过反射执行了application类，并执行了attach函数：
/**
* @hide
*/
/* package */ final void attach(Context context) {
attachBaseContext(context);
mLoadedApk = ContextImpl.getImpl(context).mPackageInfo;
}继续看一下setOuterContext函数：
final void setOuterContext(Context context) {
mOuterContext = context;
}这里就将生成的App对象，传给了ContextImpl。
这样就生成了app的context 以及对应的ContextImpl。
Activity Context
继续看一下activity的。
activity的context创建也是执行了performLaunchActivity函数：
private Activity performLaunchActivity(ActivityClientRecord r, Intent customIntent) {
……
ContextImpl appContext = createBaseContextForActivity(r);
Activity activity = null;
try {
java.lang.ClassLoader cl = appContext.getClassLoader();
// 根据类名字，创建activity对象
activity = mInstrumentation.newActivity(
cl, component.getClassName(), r.intent);
StrictMode.incrementExpectedActivityCount(activity.getClass());
r.intent.setExtrasClassLoader(cl);
r.intent.prepareToEnterProcess();
if (r.state != null) {
r.state.setClassLoader(cl);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(activity, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to instantiate activity " + component
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
try {
Application app = r.packageInfo.makeApplication(false, mInstrumentation);
if (localLOGV) Slog.v(TAG, "Performing launch of " + r);
if (localLOGV) Slog.v(
TAG, r + ": app=" + app
+ ", appName=" + app.getPackageName()
+ ", pkg=" + r.packageInfo.getPackageName()
+ ", comp=" + r.intent.getComponent().toShortString()
+ ", dir=" + r.packageInfo.getAppDir());
if (activity != null) {
CharSequence title = r.activityInfo.loadLabel(appContext.getPackageManager());
Configuration config = new Configuration(mCompatConfiguration);
if (r.overrideConfig != null) {
config.updateFrom(r.overrideConfig);
}
if (DEBUG_CONFIGURATION) Slog.v(TAG, "Launching activity "
+ r.activityInfo.name + " with config " + config);
Window window = null;
if (r.mPendingRemoveWindow != null && r.mPreserveWindow) {
window = r.mPendingRemoveWindow;
r.mPendingRemoveWindow = null;
r.mPendingRemoveWindowManager = null;
}
appContext.setOuterContext(activity);
// 执行activity的attach函数
activity.attach(appContext, this, getInstrumentation(), r.token,
r.ident, app, r.intent, r.activityInfo, title, r.parent,
r.embeddedID, r.lastNonConfigurationInstances, config,
r.referrer, r.voiceInteractor, window, r.configCallback);
if (customIntent != null) {
activity.mIntent = customIntent;
}
……
return activity;
}跟踪下createBaseContextForActivity函数：
private ContextImpl createBaseContextForActivity(ActivityClientRecord r) {
……
ContextImpl appContext = ContextImpl.createActivityContext(
this, r.packageInfo, r.activityInfo, r.token, displayId, r.overrideConfig);
……
return appContext;
}函数中执行了ContextImpl的createActivityContext函数(Application时候执行的createAppContext函数)：
static ContextImpl createActivityContext(ActivityThread mainThread,
LoadedApk packageInfo, ActivityInfo activityInfo, IBinder activityToken, int displayId,
Configuration overrideConfiguration) {
……
ContextImpl context = new ContextImpl(null, mainThread, packageInfo, activityInfo.splitName,
activityToken, null, 0, classLoader);
// Clamp display ID to DEFAULT_DISPLAY if it is INVALID_DISPLAY.
displayId = (displayId != Display.INVALID_DISPLAY) ? displayId : Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY;
final CompatibilityInfo compatInfo = (displayId == Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY)
? packageInfo.getCompatibilityInfo()
: CompatibilityInfo.DEFAULT_COMPATIBILITY_INFO;
final ResourcesManager resourcesManager = ResourcesManager.getInstance();
context.setResources(resourcesManager.createBaseActivityResources(activityToken,
packageInfo.getResDir(),
splitDirs,
packageInfo.getOverlayDirs(),
packageInfo.getApplicationInfo().sharedLibraryFiles,
displayId,
overrideConfiguration,
compatInfo,
classLoader));
context.mDisplay = resourcesManager.getAdjustedDisplay(displayId,
context.getResources());
return context;
}也是创建了一个ContextImp对象，并加载了一些其他资源。
然后执行newActivity函数创建activity：
public Activity newActivity(Class<?> clazz, Context context,
IBinder token, Application application, Intent intent, ActivityInfo info,
CharSequence title, Activity parent, String id,
Object lastNonConfigurationInstance) throws InstantiationException,
IllegalAccessException {
Activity activity = (Activity)clazz.newInstance();
ActivityThread aThread = null;
activity.attach(context, aThread, this, token, 0 /* ident */, application, intent,
info, title, parent, id,
(Activity.NonConfigurationInstances)lastNonConfigurationInstance,
new Configuration(), null /* referrer */, null /* voiceInteractor */,
null /* window */, null /* activityConfigCallback */);
return activity;
}后续执行ContextImp的setOuterContext函数将activity和ContextImp对象关联起来。
Server Context
Server Context和Activity Context基本一致:
private void handleCreateService(CreateServiceData data) {
// If we are getting ready to gc after going to the background, well
// we are back active so skip it.
unscheduleGcIdler();
LoadedApk packageInfo = getPackageInfoNoCheck(
data.info.applicationInfo, data.compatInfo);
Service service = null;
try {
java.lang.ClassLoader cl = packageInfo.getClassLoader();
service = (Service) cl.loadClass(data.info.name).newInstance();
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(service, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to instantiate service " + data.info.name
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
try {
if (localLOGV) Slog.v(TAG, "Creating service " + data.info.name);
ContextImpl context = ContextImpl.createAppContext(this, packageInfo);
context.setOuterContext(service);
Application app = packageInfo.makeApplication(false, mInstrumentation);
service.attach(context, this, data.info.name, data.token, app,
ActivityManager.getService());
service.onCreate();
mServices.put(data.token, service);
try {
ActivityManager.getService().serviceDoneExecuting(
data.token, SERVICE_DONE_EXECUTING_ANON, 0, 0);
} catch (RemoteException e) {
throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(service, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to create service " + data.info.name
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
}参考
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