查看Linux服务器硬件信息的操作命令

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用户9105998

修改于 2021-11-22 13:27:49

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修改于 2021-11-22 13:27:49

文章被收录于专栏：运维技能分享运维技能分享

Linux服务器配置文档找不到，你还在为查询Linux服务器硬件信息发愁吗？学会这些命令，让你轻松查看Linux服务器的CPU，内存，硬盘，SN序列号等信息，根本就不用去机房。

一、查看CPU信息

CPU信息常常包括查看CPU型号信息，物理CPU个数，每个物理CPU中core的个数(即核数)，逻辑CPU个数信息。默认Linux服务器中，这些信息都保存在/proc/cpuinfo文件中，通过cat命令结合grep命令我们可以很容易查询出来。

1、查看CPU型号信息

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep name | cut -f2 -d: | uniq -c
     32  Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2650 v2 @ 2.60GHz

这其中的32是逻辑CPU的个数，Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2650 v2 @ 2.60GHz是CPU型号信息及频率。

2、查看物理CPU个数

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo| grep "physical id"| sort| uniq| wc -l
2

上面命令执行后，结果为2,这就是物理CPU个数。

3、每个物理CPU中核数

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo| grep "cpu cores"| uniq
cpu cores   : 8

可以从结果中看出，每个cpu核数是8。

4、查看逻辑CPU的个数

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo| grep "processor"| wc -l
32

5、整体查看CPU相关信息

lscpu

输出结果:

[root@localhost ~]# lscpu
Architecture:          x86_64            #cpu架构
CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit        
Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                32                #逻辑CPU核数
On-line CPU(s) list:   0-31
Thread(s) per core:    2                 #每核超线程数
Core(s) per socket:    8                 #每个cpu核数
Socket(s):             2                 #物理cpu个数
NUMA node(s):          2
Vendor ID:             GenuineIntel      #cpu产商 intel
CPU family:            6
Model:                 62
Model name:            Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2650 v2 @ 2.60GHz
Stepping:              4
CPU MHz:               1200.000          #cpu主频 
BogoMIPS:              5187.29
Virtualization:        VT-x              #支持cpu虚拟化技术
L1d cache:             32K
L1i cache:             32K
L2 cache:              256K
L3 cache:              20480K
NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0-7,16-23
NUMA node1 CPU(s):     8-15,24-31

结合上面的信息，我们需要了解的CPU的物理数，CPU核数，物理核数，超线程数概念关系如下：

CPU总核数(16) = 物理CPU个数(2) * 每颗物理CPU的核数(8)

CPU总逻辑数(32) = 物理CPU个数(2) * 每颗物理CPU的核数(8) * 超线程数(2)

二、查看内存信息

在Linux系统中查看linux内存的大小时，我们最长用到的命令就是free命令。free命令可以查看当前内存大小及使用情况，但如果要查看更多关于内存的物理信息，例如内存条数，内存插槽数，内存速率等信息，我们就需要dmidecode命令。

dmidecode命令工具用于获取服务器的硬件信息，不用到机房打开机箱查看设备型号，使用该命令来查找硬件详细信息。

1、查看内存使用情况

[root@localhost ~]# free -h
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:           62G        60G       2.7G       1.2M       483M        56G
-/+ buffers/cache:       3.1G        59G
Swap:          31G         0B        31G

-h以人类可读的方式显示，即后边会自动带上单位。

2、查询内存(RAM)信息通过以下命令，可以查询机器最大支持的内存总量**

[root@localhost ~]# dmidecode -t 16
# dmidecode 2.12
SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x002B, DMI type 16, 23 bytes
Physical Memory Array
    Location: System Board Or Motherboard
    Use: System Memory
    Error Correction Type: Multi-bit ECC
    Maximum Capacity: 768 GB
    Error Information Handle: Not Provided
    Number Of Devices: 12

这里可以查看到当前服务器允许扩容的最大内存，从输出结果可以看出，该机器理论上支持的最大内存为768G。

3、查看可用内存大小

首先我们可以通过cat命令查看/proc/meminfo文件内容获取内存大小信息。

[root@localhost ~]# grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo
MemTotal:       65890032 kB

4、查看内存大小、内存数、内存插槽数

[root@localhost ~]# dmidecode|grep -P -A5 "Memory Device" |grep Size
    Size: 16384 MB
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: 16384 MB
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: 16384 MB
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: 16384 MB
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed
    Size: No Module Installed

从上面的结果可以看出，插槽总数为24，内存数量为4，总大小为4 x 16384 MB = 65536 MB ，65536 MB /1024 = 64G。

5、查看内存速率

[root@localhost ~]# dmidecode|grep -A16 "Memory Device"|grep 'Speed' | grep -v "Unknown"
    Speed: 1600 MHz
    Speed: 1600 MHz
    Speed: 1600 MHz
    Speed: 1600 MHz

从上面的结果我们们可以看出，所有内存的速率都是1600 MHz。

三、查看硬盘信息

查看挂接的分区状态

1、查看挂接的分区状态

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l |grep Disk
Disk /dev/sda: 1197.8 GB, 1197759004672 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0005efcd

2、查看硬盘和分区分布

[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  1.1T  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0 31.3G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3   8:3    0  1.1T  0 part /
sr0     11:0    1 1024M  0 rom

3、查看硬盘和分区的详细信息

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 1197.8 GB, 1197759004672 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 145619 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0005efcd

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          64      512000   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              64        4144    32768000   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3            4144      145620  1136405504   83  Linux

4、查看挂接的分区状态

[root@localhost ~]# mount | column -t
/dev/sda3  on  /                         type  ext4         (rw)
proc       on  /proc                     type  proc         (rw)
sysfs      on  /sys                      type  sysfs        (rw)
devpts     on  /dev/pts                  type  devpts       (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
tmpfs      on  /dev/shm                  type  tmpfs        (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0")
/dev/sda1  on  /boot                     type  ext4         (rw)
none       on  /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc  type  binfmt_misc  (rw)
none       on  /sys/kernel/config        type  configfs     (rw)
sunrpc     on  /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs   type  rpc_pipefs   (rw)
nfsd       on  /proc/fs/nfsd             type  nfsd         (rw)

5、查看硬盘使用情况

[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem     Type   Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3      ext4   1.1T  355G  658G  36% /
tmpfs          tmpfs   32G   68K   32G   1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1      ext4   477M   40M  412M   9% /boot

四、查看网卡信息

1、查看网卡硬件信息

[root@localhost ~]#  lspci | grep -i 'eth'
02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation I350 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
02:00.1 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation I350 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
07:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation I350 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
07:00.1 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation I350 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)

查看系统的所有网络接口

ifconfig -a
ip link show

查看某个网络接口的详细信息，例如eth0的详细参数和指标

[root@localhost ~]# ethtool eth0
Settings for eth0:
    Supported ports: [ TP ]
    Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
                            100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
                            1000baseT/Full
    Supported pause frame use: Symmetric
    Supports auto-negotiation: Yes
    Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
                            100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
                            1000baseT/Full
    Advertised pause frame use: Symmetric
    Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
    Speed: 1000Mb/s
    Duplex: Full
    Port: Twisted Pair
    PHYAD: 1
    Transceiver: internal
    Auto-negotiation: on
    MDI-X: off (auto)
    Supports Wake-on: pumbg
    Wake-on: g
    Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)
                   drv probe link
    Link detected: yes

六、其它硬件信息

dmidecode命令不仅仅可以查看内存等信息，另外这个命令强大到几乎可以查任何硬件信息包括设备型号、bios 、cpu、主板、处理器、内存、缓存详细信息等等都例举出来。

1、查看服务器型号、序列号

[root@localhost ~]# dmidecode|grep "System Information" -A9|egrep  "Manufacturer|Product|Serial"
    Manufacturer: FUJITSU
    Product Name: PRIMERGY RX200 S8
    Serial Number: MANS012234

2、查看主板型号

[root@localhost ~]# dmidecode |grep -A16 "System Information$"
System Information
    Manufacturer: FUJITSU
    Product Name: PRIMERGY RX200 S8
    Version: GS01
    Serial Number: MANS012234
    UUID: 2B5C344E-4406-E411-9EFE-70E284092502
    Wake-up Type: Power Switch
    SKU Number: S26361-K1455-Vxxx
    Family: SERVER

Handle 0x0002, DMI type 2, 15 bytes
Base Board Information
    Manufacturer: FUJITSU
    Product Name: D3302-A1
    Version: S26361-D3302-A100 GS02
    Serial Number: 5556W06001G4280004BJ0D1
    Asset Tag:

3、查看BIOS信息

[root@localhost ~]# dmidecode -t bios
# dmidecode 2.12
SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes
BIOS Information
    Vendor: FUJITSU // American Megatrends Inc.
    Version: V4.6.5.4 R1.8.0 for D3302-A1x
    Release Date: 06/23/2014
    Address: 0xF0000
    Runtime Size: 64 kB
    ROM Size: 13248 kB
    Characteristics:
        PCI is supported
        BIOS is upgradeable
        BIOS shadowing is allowed
        Boot from CD is supported
        Selectable boot is supported
        EDD is supported
        Print screen service is supported (int 5h)
        Serial services are supported (int 14h)
        Printer services are supported (int 17h)
        ACPI is supported
        USB legacy is supported
        BIOS boot specification is supported
        Targeted content distribution is supported
        UEFI is supported
    BIOS Revision: 1.8

Handle 0x0114, DMI type 13, 22 bytes
BIOS Language Information
    Language Description Format: Abbreviated
    Installable Languages: 1
        enUS
    Currently Installed Language: enUS

如果要了解更多关于dmidecode，不妨在命令终端中输入dmidecode --help查看该命令的具体使用说明。

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