这个为生信学习打造的开源 Python 文字教程真香！！！

        D:
        cd PBR_training
        jupyter notebook
        pause

# 假如我们有如下FASTA格式的文件，我们想把多行序列合并为一行，怎么做？for line in open("data/test2.fa"):
    print(line.strip())

>NM_001011874 gene=Xkr4 CDS=151-2091
gcggcggcgggcgagcgggcgctggagtaggagctggggagcggcgcggccggggaaggaagccagggcg
aggcgaggaggtggcgggaggaggagacagcagggacaggTGTCAGATAAAGGAGTGCTCTCCTCCGCTG
CCGAGGCATCATGGCCGCTAAGTCAGACGGGAGGCTGAAGATGAAGAAGAGCAGCGACGTGGCGTTCACC
CCGCTGCAGAACTCGGACAATTCGGGCTCTGTGCAAGGACTGGCTCCAGGCTTGCCGTCGGGGTCCGGAG
>NM_001195662 gene=Rp1 CDS=55-909
AAGCTCAGCCTTTGCTCAGATTCTCCTCTTGATGAAACAAAGGGATTTCTG
TGGACAGTTTATCCAGGAAGGTACCCCTGCCCTTTGGGGTAAGGAACATCAGCACGCCCCGTGGACGACA
CAGCATCACCAGGCTGGAGGAGCTAGAGGACGGCAAGTCTTATGTGTGCTCCCACAATAAGAAGGTGCTG
>NM_011283 gene=Rp1 CDS=128-6412
AATAAATCCAAAGACATTTGTTTACGTGAAACAAGCAGGTTGCATATCCAGTGACGTTTATACAGACCAC
ACAAACTATTTACTCTTTTCTTCGTAAGGAAAGGTTCAACTTCTGGTCTCACCCAAAATGAGTGACACAC
CTTCTACTAGTTTCTCCATGATTCATCTGACTTCTGAAGGTCAAGTTCCTTCCCCTCGCCATTCAAATAT
CACTCATCCTGTAGTGGCTAAACGCATCAGTTTCTATAAGAGTGGAGACCCACAGTTTGGCGGCGTTCGG
CGCCCTCGGCCCTGGCTGAGTAGTCGCTCCATAAGCACGCATGTGCAGCTCTGTCCTGCAACTGCCAATA
TGTCCACCATGGCACCTGGCATGCTCCGTGCCCCAAGGAGGCTCGTGGTCTTCCGGAATGGTGACCCGAA
>NM_0112835 gene=Rp1 CDS=128-6412
AATAAATCCAAAGACATTTGTTTACGTGAAACAAGCAGGTTGCATATCCAGTGACGTTTATACAGACCAC
ACAAACTATTTACTCTTTTCTTCGTAAGGAAAGGTTCAACTTCTGGTCTCACCCAAAATGAGTGACACAC
CTTCTACTAGTTTCTCCATGATTCATCTGACTTCTGAAGGTCAAGTTCCTTCCCCTCGCCATTCAAATAT
CACTCATCCTGTAGTGGCTAAACGCATCAGTTTCTATAAGAGTGGAGACCCACAGTTTGGCGGCGTTCGG
TGTCCACCATGGCACCTGGCATGCTCCGTGCCCCAAGGAGGCTCGTGGTCTTCCGGAATGGTGACCCGAA

aDict = {}for line in open('data/test2.fa'):    if line[0] == '>':
        key = line.strip()
        aDict[key] = []    else:
        aDict[key].append(line.strip())#------------------------------------------for key, valueL in list(aDict.items()):
    print(key)
    print(''.join(valueL))

>NM_001011874 gene=Xkr4 CDS=151-2091
gcggcggcgggcgagcgggcgctggagtaggagctggggagcggcgcggccggggaaggaagGAACTCGGACAATTCGGGCTCTGTGCAAGGACTGGCTCCAGGCTTGCCGTCGGGGTCCGGAG
>NM_001195662 gene=Rp1 CDS=55-909
AAGCTCAGCCTTTGCTCAGATTCTCCTCTTGATGAAACAAAGGGATTTCTGCACATGCTTTCTTATGTGTGCTCCCACAATAAGAAGGTGCTG
>NM_011283 gene=Rp1 CDS=128-6412
AATAAATCCAAAGACATTTGTTTACGTGAAACAAGCAGGTTGCATATCCAGTGACGTTTATACACAGGCGCCCTCGGCCCTGGCTGAGTAGTCGCTCCATAAGCACGCATGTGCAGCTCTGTCCTGCAACTGCCAATATGTCCACCATGGCACCTGGCATGCTCCGTGCCCCAAGGAGGCTCGTGGTCTTCCGGAATGGTGACCCGAA
>NM_0112835 gene=Rp1 CDS=128-6412
AATAAATCCAAAGACATTTGTTTACGTGAAACAAGCAGGTTGCATATCCAGTATATGTCCACCATGGCACCTGGCATGCTCCGTGCCCCAAGGAGGCTCGTGGTCTTCCGGAATGGTGACCCGAA

print "不合适的缩进会引发错误，b前不该有的缩进"a = 'No indent'
 b = '我前面有个空格……'

  File "<ipython-input-123-085115ffae95>", line 3
    b = '我前面有个空格……'
    ^
IndentationError: unexpected indent

print "不合适的缩进，print是for的子语句，应该有缩进，却漏掉了"a = [1,2,3]for i in a:print "我应该被缩进，我从属于for循环!!!\n"

  File "<ipython-input-2-1b9e89963ac3>", line 5
    print "我应该被缩进，我从属于for循环!!!\n"
        ^
IndentationError: expected an indented block

a = [1,2, 3]if a:    for i in a:        print i       print i + 1, "为什么我的缩进跟其它行不一样呢，我的空格被谁吃了？"
         print i + 1, "为什么我的缩进跟其它行不一样呢，谁给了我个空格？"

  File "<ipython-input-203-1af46ff5a29f>", line 5
    print i + 1, "为什么我的缩进跟其它行不一样呢，我的空格被谁吃了？"

^
IndentationError: unindent does not match any outer indentation level

2 + 2

4

2 + 3 +5

10

2 + 3 * 5

17

(2 + 3) * 5

25

# 整除23 // 7

3

# 取余数23 % 7

2

print("Hello, Python!")

Hello, Python!

myname = input("Your name: ")
print("Hello", myname)

Your name: ct
Hello ct

# 变量名命名:为清晰表达，驼峰式，下划线式LookLikeThis = 1look_like_this = 'a'

type(2)

int

type(2.5)

float

type("Hello, everyone")

str

type([1,2,3])

list

# 类型转换函数str()
int()
float()

# 字符和数字不同42 != "42"

True

42 == int("42")

True

# This is my first python program！myName = input("Hello, what is your name?")
print('It is  good to meet you,' + myName)
print('The length of your name is ' + str(len(myName)))

myAge = input('What is your age?')
print('You will be ' + str(int(myAge) + 1) + ' in a year.')

hello, world
What is your name?ct
It is  good to meet you,ct
The length of your name is 2
What is your age?23
You will be 24 in a year.

a = Falsea

False

b = Trueb

True

42 == 40

False

42 == "42"

False

30 == 30

True

# 注意赋值(一个=)和比较(==)的区别a = 'hello'a == 'hello'

True

(3 > 2) and (5 < 6)

True

(3 < 2) or (5 < 6)

True

not True

False

代码块1

代码块

代码块2

#条件name = input('Please enter a name and click Enter\n')if name == 'ehbio':    print ('hello ehbio')else :    print ('You are not ehbio')

a = 0if a < 5:
    print('Hello, world')
    a = a + 1

Hello, world

a = 0while a < 5:
    print('Hello, world')
    a = a + 1

Hello, world
Hello, world
Hello, world
Hello, world
Hello, world

print("数值变量")
a = 5   #注意等号两边的空格，为了易于辨识，操作符两侧最好有空格，数量不限print(a)

print()
print("The type of a is", type(a))#print "这是保留节目，通常判断变量的类型使用的不是type是isinstance."#print "a is an int, ", isinstance(a,int)# 再次赋值就是覆盖a = 6print(a)

数值变量
5

The type of a is <class 'int'>
6

# 判断print("比较数值的大小")
a = 5# 注意大于号两边的空格，为了易于辨识，操作符两侧最好有空格，数量不限if a > 4:
    print("a is larger than 4.")elif a == 4:
    print("a is equal to 4.")else:
    print("a is less than 4")

比较数值的大小
a is larger than 4.

print("给定数值变量a和b的值，通过判断和重新赋值使得a的值小，b的值大")
a = 5b = 3if a > b:
    a,b = b,a#-------------------print(a)
print(b)

给定数值变量a和b的值，通过判断和重新赋值使得a的值小，b的值大
3
5

print('''#数值运算, 符合传统的优先级，需要使用括号来改变优先级，
和小学学的数学一模一样！！''')
a = 5b = 3print("a + b =", a + b)
print("a * b =", a * b)
print("a / b =", a / b)  # 1print("2 * (a+b) =", 2 * (a + b))
print("取余数：a % b =", a % b)
print("取余数是很好的判断循环的地方，因为每个固定的周期余数就会循环一次")

#数值运算, 符合传统的优先级，需要使用括号来改变优先级，
和小学学的数学一模一样！！
a + b = 8
a * b = 15
a / b = 1.6666666666666667
2 * (a+b) = 16
取余数：a % b = 2
取余数是很好的判断循环的地方，因为每个固定的周期余数就会循环一次

print("字符串变量")# 注意引号的配对a = "Hello, welcome to Python"#a = 123#a = str(a)print("The string a is:", a)
print()# 占位符print("The length of this string <%s> is %d" % (a, len(a)))
print()

print("The type of a is", type(a))

字符串变量
The string a is: Hello, welcome to Python

The length of this string <Hello, welcome to Python> is 24

The type of a is <class 'str'>

a = "大事赖独断而不赖众谋"print("The string a is:", a)
print()# len函数：获得字符串长度print("The length of this string <%s> is %d" % (a, len(a)))
print()

The string a is: 大事赖独断而不赖众谋

The length of this string <大事赖独断而不赖众谋> is 10

a = "Hello, welcome to Python"print("取出字符串的第一个字符、最后一个字符、中间部分字符")
print("The first character of a is %s\n" % a[0])

print("The first five characters of a are %s\n" % a[0:5])

print("The last character of a is %s\n" % a[-1])
print("The last character of a is %s\n" % a[len(a) - 1])
print("\n这部分很重要啊，字符串的索引和切片操作是及其常用的。")

取出字符串的第一个字符、最后一个字符、中间部分字符
The first character of a is H

The first five characters of a are Hello

The last character of a is n

The last character of a is n


这部分很重要啊，字符串的索引和切片操作是及其常用的。

a = "oaoaoaoa"print("遍历字符串")for i in a:
    print(i)

print("输出符合特定要求的字符的位置")
print()
pos = 0for i in a:
    pos += 1
    if i == 'o':
        print(pos)    #-------------------#-----------------------print('''\n知道吗？不经意间我们写出了Python的
一个内置的标准函数find或者index,而且功能还更强大''')

print('''\n自己尝试实现程序语言内建的函数是学习程序语言
的很好方法。''')

遍历字符串
o
a
o
a
o
a
o
a
输出符合特定要求的字符的位置

1
3
5
7

知道吗？不经意间我们写出了Python的
一个内置的标准函数find或者index,而且功能还更强大

自己尝试实现程序语言内建的函数是学习程序语言
的很好方法。

print("我们看看用内置函数如何找到所有 o 的位置\n")
a = "oaoaoaoa"print("内置函数find只能确定最先出现的 o 的位置")
pos = a.find('o')

print("因此，我们要在发现 o 之后，截取其后的字符串，再执行find操作")while 1:
    print(pos + 1)
    new = a[pos + 1:].find('o')    if new == -1:        break
    pos = new + pos + 1# help(str)

我们看看用内置函数如何找到所有 o 的位置

内置函数find只能确定最先出现的 o 的位置
因此，我们要在发现 o 之后，截取其后的字符串，再执行find操作
1
3
5
7

print()
print("利用split分割字符串\n")
str1 = "a b c d e f g"strL = str1.split(' ')
print(strL)
print("\n使用split命令就可以把字符串分成列表了，想取用哪一列都随便你了。")# 使用下面的命令查看可以对字符串进行的操作# help(str)

利用split分割字符串

['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']

使用split命令就可以把字符串分成列表了，想取用哪一列都随便你了。

print("字符串的连接\n")

a = "Hello"b = "Python"c = a + ', ' + b
print(c)
print("\n原来字符串相加就可以连起来啊！\n")
print('''注意，这不是连接字符串最好的方式。
考虑到字符串是不可修改的，每次连接操作都是新开辟一个内存空间，
把字符串存到里面，这样的连接操作执行几十万次会很影响运行速度。''')

字符串的连接

Hello, Python

原来字符串相加就可以连起来啊！

注意，这不是连接字符串最好的方式。
考虑到字符串是不可修改的，每次连接操作都是新开辟一个内存空间，
把字符串存到里面，这样的连接操作执行几十万次会很影响运行速度。

print('''去除字符串中特定的字符。通常我们在文件中读取的一行都包含换行符，
linux下为\\n \n''')  # \\转义字符a = "oneline\n"print("Currently, the string <a> is **", a, "**. \
\n The length of string <a> is **", len(a), "**. \
\n 我为什么换到下一行了？\n")

a = a.strip()
print("Currently, the string <a> is **", a, "**. \
\n The length of string <a> is **", len(a), "**. \
\n 删掉了换行符后，少了个字符，而且没换行！\n")

a = a.strip('o')
print("Currently, the string <a> is **", a, "**. \
\n The length of string <a> is **", len(a), "**. \
又少了个字符！！\n")

a = a.strip('one')
print("Currently, the string <a> is **", a, "**. \
\n The length of string <a> is **", len(a), "**. \
又少字符了！！\n")

去除字符串中特定的字符。通常我们在文件中读取的一行都包含换行符，
linux下为\n 

Currently, the string <a> is ** oneline
 **. 
 The length of string <a> is ** 8 **. 
 我为什么换到下一行了？

Currently, the string <a> is ** oneline **. 
 The length of string <a> is ** 7 **. 
 删掉了换行符后，少了个字符，而且没换行！

Currently, the string <a> is ** neline **. 
 The length of string <a> is ** 6 **. 又少了个字符！！

Currently, the string <a> is ** li **. 
 The length of string <a> is ** 2 **. 又少字符了！！

print("字符串的替换\n")

a = "Hello, Python"b = a.replace("Hello", "Welcome")
print("原始字符串是:", a)
print()
print("替换后的字符串是:", b)
print()

c = a.replace("o", "O")
print(c)
print("所有的o都被替换了！\n")

print("如果我只替换第一个o怎么办呢？\n")
c = a.replace("o", "O", 1)
print(c)

字符串的替换

原始字符串是: Hello, Python

替换后的字符串是: Welcome, Python

HellO, PythOn
所有的o都被替换了！

如果我只替换第一个o怎么办呢？

HellO, Python

# 中文替换也可以a = "忙处事为，常向闲中先检点，过举自稀；动时念想，预从静里密操持，非心自息。"print(a.replace('；', '\n'))

忙处事为，常向闲中先检点，过举自稀
动时念想，预从静里密操持，非心自息。

print("字符串帮助，查看字符串可用函数")
help(str)

print("大小写判断和转换")
a = 'Sdsdsd'print("All elements in <%s> is lowercase: %s" % (a, a.islower()))
print("Transfer all elments in <%s> to lowerse <%s>" % (a, a.lower()))
print("Transfer all elments in <%s> to upperse <%s>" % (a, a.upper()))

大小写判断和转换
All elements in <Sdsdsd> is lowercase: False
Transfer all elments in <Sdsdsd> to lowerse <sdsdsd>
Transfer all elments in <Sdsdsd> to upperse <SDSDSD>

print("这个是个保留节目，有兴趣的看，无兴趣的跳过不影响学习")
print('''字符串是不可修改的，
同一个变量名字赋不同的只实际是产生了多个不同的变量。
不同的变量名字赋同样的值，用于比较时相等，但引用不同的区域''')

b = "123456"# print bprint("The memory index of b is", id(b))for i in range(1, 15, 2):
    b = b + '123456'
    # print b
    print("The memory index of b is", id(b))

这个是个保留节目，有兴趣的看，无兴趣的跳过不影响学习
字符串是不可修改的，
同一个变量名字赋不同的只实际是产生了多个不同的变量。
不同的变量名字赋同样的值，用于比较时相等，但引用不同的区域
The memory index of b is 139844870936200
The memory index of b is 139844868463728
The memory index of b is 139844870954056
The memory index of b is 139844863857088
The memory index of b is 139844863857088
The memory index of b is 139845221506544
The memory index of b is 139844869671408
The memory index of b is 139844868660840

print("字符串转数组")
print()
str1 = "ACTG"print(list(str1))
a = list(str1)

print()
print("字符串转数组之后就可以逆序了，得到其反向序列")
print()
a.reverse()
print(''.join(a))

字符串转数组

['A', 'C', 'T', 'G']

字符串转数组之后就可以逆序了，得到其反向序列

GTCA

print("数字字符串转数值")
a = '123'print(a + '1', int(a) + 1)
a = '123.5'print()# print a + 1print(float(a) + 1)
print('''从文件或命令行参数中取出的数字都是字符串形式出现，
做四则运算时要先用int 或 float转换。''')

数字字符串转数值
1231 124

124.5
从文件或命令行参数中取出的数字都是字符串形式出现，
做四则运算时要先用int 或 float转换。

print("字符串倍增")
a = "ehbio "a * 4

字符串倍增

'ehbio ehbio ehbio ehbio '

# 倍增不可以是小数a * 3.1

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-21-c65dd4dac397> in <module>()
----> 1 a * 3.1


TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'float'

# 模拟登陆账号, 用户名 Bob, 密码fishwhile True:
    name = input('Who are you?\n> ')    if name != 'Bob':        continue  # 将程序跳转到开头
    password = input('Hello, Bob. What is your password? (password: fish)\n> ')    if password == 'fish':        break # 跳出所在循环或最内层循环print('Acess granted!')

Who are you?
> Bob
Hello, Bob. What is your password? (password: fish)
> fish
Acess granted!

# 如果只给一个参数，则是从0-给定参数(不包括)，步长为1for i in range(4):
    print(i)

0
1
2
3

# 1: start; 10: end (不包括); 2: stepfor i in range(1,10,2):
    print(i)

1
3
5
7
9

# 步长也可以为负值，从大到小for i in range(10,1,-2):
    print(i)

10
8
6
4
2

# 高斯的1+2+3+...+100=?total = 0# 参数是101，为什么呢？for i in range(101):
    total = total + i
print(total)

5050

# 高斯优化后的end = 100sum_all = int((1+end) * end / 2)#else:#    sum_all = end * (end -1 ) / 2 + endprint(sum_all)

5050

# 纯暴力解法for x in range(0, 101):    for y in range(0, 101):        for z in range(0, 101):            if x + y + z == 100 and 5 * x + 3 * y + 0.5 * z == 100:
                print(x, y, z)

0 20 80
5 11 84
10 2 88

# 优化后的暴力解法# 限定box和pen的最大数目，也就是全部钱只买他们，最多能买多少个？max_box = int(100 / 5) + 1max_pen = int(100 / 3) + 1for box_num in range(max_box):    # 需要买的物品总数是固定的，
    for pen_num in range(max_pen - box_num):
        eraser_num = 100 - box_num - pen_num        if 5 * box_num + 3 * pen_num + 0.5 * eraser_num == 100:
            print((box_num, pen_num, eraser_num))

(0, 20, 80)
(5, 11, 84)
(10, 2, 88)

print("#构建一个数组")
aList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(aList)
print("\n数组可以用下标或区域进行索引\n")
print("The first element is %d." % aList[0])
print()
print("The last element is %d." % aList[-1])
print()
print("The first two elements are", aList[:2])
print("\n数组索引和切片操作与字符串是一样一样的，而且都很重要。")

#构建一个数组
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

数组可以用下标或区域进行索引

The first element is 1.

The last element is 5.

The first two elements are [1, 2]

数组索引和切片操作与字符串是一样一样的，而且都很重要。

aList = []
print("#append: 向数组中增加元素")
aList.append(6)
print(aList)

print("\n#extend: 向数组中增加一个数组")
print()
bList = ['a', 'b', 'c']
aList.extend(bList)
print(aList)

#向数组中增加元素
[6]

#向数组中增加一个数组

[6, 'a', 'b', 'c']

aList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 5]
print("在数组中删除元素")
aList.remove(3)  # 只删除第一个匹配的 3print()
print(aList)

aList.pop(3)  # 移除元素的下标为3的字符print()
print(aList)
print('''\npop和remove是不一样的，remove是移除等于给定值的元素，
pop是移除给定位置的元素\n''')

在数组中删除元素

[1, 2, 4, 3, 5]

[1, 2, 4, 5]

pop和remove是不一样的，remove是移除等于给定值的元素，
pop是移除给定位置的元素

aList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print("#遍历数组的每个元素")
print()for ele in aList:
    print(ele)

print("\n#输出数组，并输出大于3的元素")
print()for ele in aList:    if ele > 3:
        print(ele)

#遍历数组的每个元素

1
2
3
4
5
#输出数组中大于3的元素

4
5

aList = [i for i in range(30)]
print("#输出数组中大于3,且小于10的元素")
print()for ele in aList:    if ele > 3 and ele < 10:  # 逻辑与，当两个条件都符合时才输出
        print(ele)

#输出数组中大于3,且小于10的元素

4
5
6
7
8
9

aList = [i for i in range(30)]
print("#输出数组中大于25,或小于5的元素")
print()for ele in aList:    if ele > 25 or ele < 5:  # 逻辑或，当两个条件满足一个时就输出
        print(ele)

#输出数组中大于25,或小于5的元素

0
1
2
3
4
26
27
28
29

aList = [i for i in range(30)]
print("#输出数组中不大于3的元素")
print()for ele in aList:    # 逻辑非，当不符合给定条件时才输出。
    # 对于这个例子就是ele不大于3时才输出，相当于 if ele <= 3:
    if not ele > 3:
        print(ele)

#输出数组中大于3,且小于10的元素

0
1
2
3

print("连接数组的每个元素（每个元素必须为字符串）")
aList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]# print '\t'.join(aList) #wrongprint(aList)
aList = [str(i) for i in aList]
print(aList)
print('\t'.join(aList))

print(':'.join(aList))
print(''.join(aList))

print('''\n先把字符串存到列表，再使用join连接，
是最合适的连接大量字符串的方式''')

连接数组的每个元素（每个元素必须为字符串）
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
['1', '2', '3', '4', '5']
1    2    3    4    5
1:2:3:4:5
12345

先把字符串存到列表，再使用join连接，
是最合适的连接大量字符串的方式

aList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print("数组反序")
aList.reverse()
print(aList)

print("数组元素排序")
aList.sort()
print(aList)# print "lambda排序，保留节目"#aList.sort(key=lambda x: x*(-1))# print aList

数组反序
[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
数组元素排序
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print("构建一个集合")
aSet = set([1, 2, 3])
print(aSet)

print("增加一个元素")
aSet.add(4)
print(aSet)
aSet.add(3)
print(aSet)

构建一个集合
{1, 2, 3}
增加一个元素
{1, 2, 3, 4}
{1, 2, 3, 4}

print("采用转换为集合去除列表中的重复元素")
aList = [1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2, 4, 3, 3, 6]
print(aList)
print(set(aList))
print(list(set(aList)))

采用转换为集合去除列表中的重复元素
[1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2, 4, 3, 3, 6]
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

print("\n使用range，产生一系列的字符串\n")for i in range(16):    if i % 4 == 0:
        print(i)
print("\n通过指定步长产生4的倍数的数\n")for i in range(0, 16, 4):
    print(i)

使用range，产生一系列的字符串

0
4
8
12

通过指定步长产生4的倍数的数

0
4
8
12

print("#构建一个字典")
aDict = {1: 2, 3: 4, 'a': 'b', 'd': 'c'}

print("打印字典")
print(aDict)

print("向字典中添加键值对")
aDict[5] = 6aDict['e'] = 'f'print(aDict)

#构建一个字典
打印字典
{1: 2, 3: 4, 'a': 'b', 'd': 'c'}
向字典中添加键值对
{1: 2, 3: 4, 'a': 'b', 'd': 'c', 5: 6, 'e': 'f'}

print()
aDict = {1: 2, 3: 4, 'a': 'b', 'd': 'c'}
print("输出字典的键值对(key-value)")for key, value in list(aDict.items()):
    print(key, value)

输出字典的键值对(key-value)
1 2
3 4
a b
d c

print("有序输出字典的键值对(key-value)")
aDict = {'1': 2, '3': 4, 'a': 'b', 'd': 'c'}
keyL = list(aDict.keys())
print(keyL)# Python3中不支持int型和str型的比较# 需要先都转换为str型# keyL = [str(i) for i in keyL]keyL.sort()
print(keyL)for key in keyL:
    print(key, aDict[key])

有序输出字典的键值对(key-value)
['1', '3', 'a', 'd']
['1', '3', 'a', 'd']
1 2
3 4
a b
d c

print("字典的value可以是一个列表")
a = 'key'b = 'key2'aDict = {}
print(aDict)
aDict[a] = []
print(aDict)
aDict[a].append(1)
aDict[a].append(2)
print(aDict)
aDict[b] = [3, 4, 5]

print()for key, subL in list(aDict.items()):
    print(key)    for item in subL:
        print("\t%s" % item)

print("这个在存取读入的文件时会很有用的，下面的实战练习会用到这个。")

字典的value可以是一个列表
{}
{'key': []}
{'key': [1, 2]}

key
    1
    2
key2
    3
    4
    5
这个在存取读入的文件时会很有用的，下面的实战练习会用到这个。

aDict = {'菜根谭': '事理因人言而悟者，有悟还有迷，总不如自悟之了了；意兴从外境而得者，有得还有失，总不如自得之休休。'}
print(aDict['菜根谭'])

事理因人言而悟者，有悟还有迷，总不如自悟之了了；意兴从外境而得者，有得还有失，总不如自得之休休。

print("字典的value也可以是字典")
a = 'key'b = 'key2'aDict = {}
print(aDict)
aDict[a] = {}
print(aDict)
aDict[a]['subkey'] = 'subvalue'print(aDict)
aDict[b] = {1: 2, 3: 4}#aDict[(a,b)] = 2#aDict['a'] = 2#aDict['b'] = 2print()for key, subD in list(aDict.items()):
    print(key)    for subKey, subV in list(subD.items()):
        print("\t%s\t%s" % (subKey, subV))

print("\n这个在存取读入的文件时会很有用的，下面的实战练习会用到这个。")

字典的value也可以是字典
{}
{'key': {}}
{'key': {'subkey': 'subvalue'}}

key
    subkey    subvalue
key2
    1    2
    3    4

这个在存取读入的文件时会很有用的，下面的实战练习会用到这个。

a = input("Please input a string and type enter\n> ")

print("The string you typed in is: ", a)

Please input a string
> sheng xin bao dian
The string you typed in is:  sheng xin bao dian

print("这是一个保留例子，仅供玩耍\n")
lucky_num = 5c = 0while True:
    b = int(input("Please input a number to check if you are \
lucky enough to guess right: \n"))    if b == lucky_num:
        print("\nYour are so smart!!! ^_^ ^_^")        #----------------------------------------------------
    #--------------------------------------------------------
    else:
        print("\nSorry, but you are not right. %>_<%")        while 1:
            c = input("Do you want to try again? [Y/N] \n")            if c == 'Y':
                try_again = 1
                break
            elif c == 'N':
                try_again = 0
                break
            else:
                print("I can not understand you, please check your input. \n")                continue
        #----------------------------------------------------
        if try_again:
            print("\nHere comes another run. Enjoy!\n")            continue
        else:
            print("\nBye-bye\n")            break

这是一个保留例子，仅供玩耍

Please input a number to check if you are lucky enough to guess right: 
2

Sorry, but you are not right. %>_<%
Do you want to try again? [Y/N] 
Y

Here comes another run. Enjoy!

Please input a number to check if you are lucky enough to guess right: 
5

Your are so smart!!! ^_^ ^_^
Please input a number to check if you are lucky enough to guess right: 
1

Sorry, but you are not right. %>_<%
Do you want to try again? [Y/N] 
N

Bye-bye

import os
os.getcwd()# os.chdir("path")

'/MPATHB/ct/ipython/notebook'

print("新建一个文件")

context = '''The best way to learn python contains two steps:
1. Rember basic things mentionded here masterly.

2. Practise with real demands.
'''print("以写入模式(w)打开一个文件并命名为(Test_file.txt)")
fh = open("Test_file.txt", "w")
print(context, file=fh)# fh.write(context)fh.close()  # 文件操作完成后必须关闭文件句柄

新建一个文件
以写入模式(w)打开一个文件并命名为(Test_file.txt)

print("以只读模式(r)读入一个名为(Test_file.txt)的文件")

print()for line in open("Test_file.txt"):
    print(line)

以只读模式(r)读入一个名为(Test_file.txt)的文件

The best way to learn python contains two steps:

1. Rember basic things mentionded here masterly.



2. Practise with real demands.

print('''避免中间空行的输出。
从文件中读取的每一行都带有一个换行符，
而Python的print默认会在输出结束时加上换行符，
因此打印一行会空出一行。为了解决这个问题，有下面两套方案。''')

print("在print语句后加上逗号(,)可以阻止Python对每次输出自动添加的换行符")
print()for line in open("Test_file.txt"):
    print(line, end=' ')

print()

print("去掉每行自身的换行符")for line in open("Test_file.txt"):
    print(line.strip())

避免中间空行的输出。
从文件中读取的每一行都带有一个换行符，
而Python的print默认会在输出结束时加上换行符，
因此打印一行会空出一行。为了解决这个问题，有下面两套方案。
在print语句后加上逗号(,)可以阻止Python对每次输出自动添加的换行符

The best way to learn python contains two steps:
 1. Rember basic things mentionded here masterly.

 2. Practise with real demands.


去掉每行自身的换行符
The best way to learn python contains two steps:
1. Rember basic things mentionded here masterly.

2. Practise with real demands.

#自定义函数def print_hello():
    print("Hello, you!")

print_hello()

Hello, you!

def hello(who):
    print("Hello, %s!" % who)

hello('you')
hello('me')

Hello, you!
Hello, me!

#自定义函数def sum_num(a, b):
    c = a + b    return c

d = sum_num(3, 4)
d

7

var = 1def variable_test():
    var = 2print("var before running variable_test()", var)
variable_test()
print("var after running variable_test()", var)

var before running variable_test() 1
var after running variable_test() 1

var = 1def variable_test():
    global var
    var = 2print("var before running variable_test()", var)
variable_test()
print("var after running variable_test()", var)

var before running variable_test() 1
var after running variable_test() 2

# 全局变量在局部作用域中使用def spam():
    print("eggs in spam",eggs)

eggs = 28spam()

eggs in spam 28

# 全局变量在局部作用域中使用# 但若局部也有其定义，容易引发未定义冲突def spam():
    print(eggs)
    eggs = 29eggs = 28spam()
print(eggs)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

UnboundLocalError                         Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-22-61f9fdfeb6fe> in <module>()
      6 
      7 eggs = 28
----> 8 spam()
      9 print(eggs)

<ipython-input-22-61f9fdfeb6fe> in spam()
      1 # 全局变量在局部作用域中使用
      2 def spam():
----> 3     print(eggs)
      4     eggs = 29
      5 

UnboundLocalError: local variable 'eggs' referenced before assignment

# 尽量避免名称相同的局部变量和全局变量def spam():
    eggs = 'spam local'
    print("eggs in spam",eggs)  # 输出spam localdef bacon():
    eggs = 'bacon local'
    print("eggs in bacon", eggs)  # 输出bacon local
    spam()
    print("eggs in bacon after running spam", eggs)  # 输出bacon localeggs = 'global'bacon()
print("Global eggs", eggs)

eggs in bacon bacon local
eggs in spam spam local
eggs in bacon after running spam bacon local
Global eggs global

print("把之前写过的语句块稍微包装下就是函数了\n")def findAll(string, pattern):
    posL = []
    pos = 0
    for i in string:
        pos += 1
        if i == pattern:
            posL.append(pos)    #-------------------
    return posL#------END of findAll-------a = findAll("ABCDEFDEACFBACACA", "A")
print(a)
print(findAll("ABCDEFDEACFBACACA", "B"))

把之前写过的语句块稍微包装下就是函数了

[1, 9, 13, 15, 17]
[2, 12]

def read(file):
    aDict = {}    for line in open(file):        if line[0] == '>':
            name = line.strip()
            aDict[name] = []        else:
            aDict[name].append(line.strip())    #----------------------------------
    for name, lineL in list(aDict.items()):
        aDict[name] = ''.join(lineL)    return aDict

print(read("data/test1.fa"))
read("data/test2.fa")

{'>NM_001011874 gene=Xkr4 CDS=151-2091': 'gcggcggcgggcgagcgggcgctggagtaggagctggggagcggcgcggccggggaaggaagccagggcg', '>NM_001195662 gene=Rp1 CDS=55-909': 'AGGTCTCACCCAAAATGAGTGACACACCTTCTACTAGTTTCTCCATGATTCATCTGACTTCTGAAGGTCA', '>NM_0112835 gene=Rp15 CDS=128-6412': 'AATAAATCCAAAGACATTTGTTTACGTGAAACAAGCAGGTTGCATATCCAGTGACGTTTATACAGACCAC', '>NM_011283 gene=Rp1 CDS=128-6412': 'AATAAATCCAAAGACATTTGTTTACGTGAAACAAGCAGGTTGCATATCCAGTGACGTTTATACAGACCAC'}

{'>NM_001011874 gene=Xkr4 CDS=151-2091': 'gcggcggcgggcgagcgggcgctggagtaggagctggggagcggcgcggccggggaaggaaGTCGGGGTCCGGAG',
 '>NM_001195662 gene=Rp1 CDS=55-909': 'AAGCTCAGCCTTTGCTCAGATTCTCCTCTTGATGAAACAAAGGGATTTCTGCACCAGGCTGGAGGAGCTAGAGGACGGCAAGTCTTATGTGTGCTCCCACAATAAGAAGGTGCTG',
 '>NM_011283 gene=Rp1 CDS=128-6412': 'AATAAATCCAAAGACATTTGTTTACGTGAAACAAGCAGGTTGCATATCCAGTGGTCTTCCGGAATGGTGACCCGAA',
 '>NM_0112835 gene=Rp1 CDS=128-6412': 'AATAAATCCAAAGACATTTGTTTACGTGAAACAAGCAGGTTGCATATCCAGTGGTCTTCCGGAATGGTGACCCGAA'}

import os
os.getcwd()#help(os.getcwd)#os.remove(r'D:\project\github\PBR_training\script\splitName.py')#os.system('rm file')

'/MPATHB/ct/ipython/notebook'

from os import getcwd
getcwd()

'/MPATHB/ct/ipython/notebook'

%%writefile testSys.pyimport sys
print(sys.argv)

Writing testSys.py

%run testSys 'abc' 1

['testSys.py', 'abc', '1']

%%writefile cat.pyimport sysdef read_print_file(filename):
    for line in open(filename):
        print(line, end="")#------END read_print_file--------------------------#main函数及其调用部分是我个人写程序的固定格式，照搬就可以def main(): #一般主程序会包含在main函数中，在文件的最后调用main函数即可运行程序
    if len(sys.argv) < 2:  #如果命令行参数不足两个，则提示操作
        #一般提示信息输出到标准错误
        print("Usage: python %s filename" % sys.argv[0], file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(0)
    file = sys.argv[1]
    read_print_file(file)#--------END main------------------#这句话是说只有在文件被执行时才调用main函数。如果这个文件被其它文件调用，则不执行main函数。if __name__ == '__main__': 
    main()

Writing cat.py

%run cat

Usage: python cat.py filename

%run cat data/test1.fa

>NM_001011874 gene=Xkr4 CDS=151-2091
gcggcggcgggcgagcgggcgctggagtaggagctggggagcggcgcggccggggaaggaagccagggcg
>NM_001195662 gene=Rp1 CDS=55-909
AGGTCTCACCCAAAATGAGTGACACACCTTCTACTAGTTTCTCCATGATTCATCTGACTTCTGAAGGTCA
>NM_0112835 gene=Rp15 CDS=128-6412
AATAAATCCAAAGACATTTGTTTACGTGAAACAAGCAGGTTGCATATCCAGTGACGTTTATACAGACCAC
>NM_011283 gene=Rp1 CDS=128-6412
AATAAATCCAAAGACATTTGTTTACGTGAAACAAGCAGGTTGCATATCCAGTGACGTTTATACAGACCAC

%%writefile skeleton.py#!/usr/bin/env pythondesc = '''
Functional description:

'''import sysimport osfrom time import localtime, strftime 
timeformat = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"from optparse import OptionParser as OPdef cmdparameter(argv):
    if len(argv) == 1:        global desc        print >>sys.stderr, desc
        cmd = 'python ' + argv[0] + ' -h'
        os.system(cmd)
        sys.exit(0)
    usages = "%prog -i file"
    parser = OP(usage=usages)
    parser.add_option("-i", "--input-file", dest="filein",
        metavar="FILEIN", help="The name of input file. \
Standard input is accepted.")
    parser.add_option("-v", "--verbose", dest="verbose",
        default=0, help="Show process information")
    parser.add_option("-d", "--debug", dest="debug",
        default=False, help="Debug the program")
    (options, args) = parser.parse_args(argv[1:])    assert options.filein != None, "A filename needed for -i"
    return (options, args)#--------------------------------------------------------------------def main():
    options, args = cmdparameter(sys.argv)    #-----------------------------------
    file = options.filein
    verbose = options.verbose
    debug = options.debug    #-----------------------------------
    if file == '-':
        fh = sys.stdin    else:
        fh = open(file)    #--------------------------------
    for line in fh:        pass
    #-------------END reading file----------
    #----close file handle for files-----
    if file != '-':
        fh.close()    #-----------end close fh-----------
    if verbose:
        print("--Successful %s" % strftime(timeformat, localtime()), 
              file=sys.stderr)if __name__ == '__main__':
    startTime = strftime(timeformat, localtime())
    main()
    endTime = strftime(timeformat, localtime())
    fh = open('python.log', 'a')
    print("%s\n\tRun time : %s - %s " % \
        (' '.join(sys.argv), startTime, endTime), file=sys.stderr)
    fh.close()

Writing skeleton.py

%run skeleton -h

Usage: skeleton.py -i file

Options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -i FILEIN, --input-file=FILEIN
                        The name of input file. Standard input is accepted.
  -v VERBOSE, --verbose=VERBOSE
                        Show process information
  -d DEBUG, --debug=DEBUG
                        Debug the program

if True:
    print('yes')if True: print('yes')

x = 5y = 3if x > y:
    print(y)else:
    print(x)#-------------print((y if y < x else x))
print(x)

yes
yes
3
3
5

aList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
bList = []for i in aList:
    bList.append(i * 2)#-----------------------------------#nameL = [line.strip() for line in open(file)]bList = [i * 2 for i in aList]
print(bList)

[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

print("列表解析可以做判断的")
aList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
bList = [i * 2 for i in aList if i % 2 != 0]
print(bList)

列表综合可以做判断的
[2, 6, 10]

print("列表解析也可以嵌套的")
aList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
bList = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
bList = [i * j for i in aList for j in bList]# for i in aList:#    for j in bList:#        print i * jprint(bList)

列表综合也可以嵌套的
[5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 15, 12, 9, 6, 3, 20, 16, 12, 8, 4, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5]

aList = ['a', 'b', 'a', 'c']
aDict = {i:aList.count(i) for i in aList}
aDict

{'a': 2, 'b': 1, 'c': 1}

bDict = {i:j*2 for i,j in aDict.items()}
bDict

{'a': 4, 'b': 2, 'c': 2}

a = 1b = 2assert a == b, "a is %s, b is %s" % (a, b)if a == b:    passelse:
    print("a is %s, b is %s" % (a, b))

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

AssertionError                            Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-75-9c43179b4557> in <module>()
      1 a = 1
      2 b = 2
----> 3 assert a == b, "a is %s, b is %s" % (a, b)
      4 
      5 if a == b:

AssertionError: a is 1, b is 2

a = 'b1'a.isalpha()

False

a = 'b c'a.isalpha()

False

a = 'bc1'a.isalnum()

True

a = '1a'a.isalnum()

True

','.join(['i', 'love', 'python'])

'i,love,python'

'***'.join(['i', 'love', 'python'])

'i***love***python'

"linux R perl C python".split()

['linux', 'R', 'perl', 'C', 'python']

'hello'.rjust(10)

'     hello'

'hello'.rjust(20,'*')

'***************hello'

'hello'.center(20,'-')

'-------hello--------'

def printPicnic(itemsDict, leftWidth, rightWidth):
    print('PICNIC ITEMS'.center(leftWidth + rightWidth, '-'))    for k, v in itemsDict.items():
        print(k.ljust(leftWidth, '.') + str(v).rjust(rightWidth))

picnicItems = {'sandwiches': 4, 'apples': 12, 'cups': 4, 'cookies': 8000}
printPicnic(picnicItems, 12, 5)
printPicnic(picnicItems, 20, 6)

---PICNIC ITEMS--
sandwiches..    4
apples......   12
cups........    4
cookies..... 8000
-------PICNIC ITEMS-------
sandwiches..........     4
apples..............    12
cups................     4
cookies.............  8000

spam = '    hello    'spam

'    hello    '

spam.strip()

'hello'

spam.rstrip()

'    hello'

spam.lstrip()

'hello    '

a = 'Hello world, welcome to python world'a.strip('d')

'Hello world, welcome to python worl'

print("求和函数")def f(x, y): return x + y

print(f([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]))
print(f(10, 15))

求和函数
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
25

print("单个参数的map, lambda调用")
aList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print([x**2 for x in aList])

print("多个参数的map, lambda调用")def f(x, y): return x + y

print(list(map(f, [1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6])))

print("参数为字符串")
print([x.upper() for x in 'acdf'])

单个参数的map, lambda调用
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
多个参数的map, lambda调用
[5, 7, 9]
参数为字符串
['A', 'C', 'D', 'F']

print("输出所有的奇数")
aList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print([x for x in aList if x % 2])

输出所有的奇数
[1, 3, 5]

from functools import reduce
print("列表求和")
aList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(reduce(lambda a, b: a + b, aList))

列表求和
15

from functools import reduce
print("列表取最大值")
aList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(reduce(lambda a, b: a if a > b else b, aList))

列表取最大值
5

a = 'print("Executing a string as a command")'exec(a)

Executing a string as a command

a = '(2 + 3) * 5'eval(a)

25

# 示例，寻找起始密码子import re
cds = "ATGACGCTCGGACGACTAATG"start_codon = re.compile('ATG')
start_codon_match = start_codon.match(cds)
start_codon_match.group()

'ATG'

# 如果前面有UTR，起始密码子不在第一位，则match找不到mRNA = "GTCAATGACGCTCGGACGACTAATG"start_codon_match = start_codon.match(mRNA)if start_codon_match:
    print(start_codon_match.group())else:
    print("No start codon found at the beginning of the given sequence.")

No start codon at the beginning of the given sequence.

# 如果前面有UTR，起始密码子不在第一位，则需要使用searchmRNA = "GTCAATGACGCTCGGACGACTAATG"start_codon_match = start_codon.search(mRNA)if start_codon_match:
    print(start_codon_match.group())else:
    print("No start codon found in the given sequence.")

ATG

# 如果想找出所有的终止子，则使用findallmRNA="ATGATGTAAUAATAGUGA"stop_codon = re.compile('[TU]AA|[TU]AG|[TU]GA')
stop_codon.findall(mRNA)

['TGA', 'TAA', 'UAA', 'TAG', 'UGA']

# 匹配某一个motif，# 要求motif#    第1位为A，#    第2位任意字符，#    第3位为T，#    中间间隔3-5个任意碱基，#    随后一位是GseqL = ["ACGTACGT", "ACTCCCG","ACTCCGGG","AGTTTTTG"]# . 表示任意字符 (不包括换行)# {3,5} 表示前面的字符出现次数为3-5次pattern = re.compile("A.T.{3,5}G")

print("Matched", "\t","Matched part")for seq in seqL:
    match = pattern.search(seq)    if match:
        print(seq, "\t",match.group())

Matched      Matched part
ACTCCCG      ACTCCCG
ACTCCGGG      ACTCCGGG
AGTTTTTG      AGTTTTTG

# []都熟悉了，# \s: 表示所有的空白，包括空格，TAB键，换行等# +：表示前面的字符出现1次或多次pattern = re.compile("[,\s]+")

seq = "A B  C D , E, F"pattern.split(seq)

['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F']

# root和leaf是样品名字# 第一个下划线后面的是生物重复 rep1, rep2# 第二个下划线后的1和2分别代表双端测序的左端和右端。fqL = ["root_rep1_1.fq.gz", "root_rep1_2.fq.gz", 
       "root_rep2_1.fq.gz","root_rep2_2.fq.gz", 
       "leaf_rep1_1.fq.gz", "leaf_rep1_2.fq.gz", 
       "leaf_rep2_1.fq.gz","leaf_rep2_2.fq.gz"]# * 表示前面字符出现任意多次# () 在这表示记忆匹配，可以使用下标获取# \ 是转义字符， \.把.转化为一个正常字符，即这儿匹配的是一个真正的.，# 而不是任意字符pattern = re.compile("(.*)_(.*)_[12]\.fq\.gz")for fq in fqL:
    match = pattern.search(fq)
    sample = match.group(1)
    rep    = match.group(2)
    print(sample,rep)

root rep1
root rep1
root rep2
root rep2
leaf rep1
leaf rep1
leaf rep2
leaf rep2

# 把下面的名字转为姓在后，名在前nameL = ["Chen Tong", "Liu Yongxin", "Wang Ying"]# \w: 表示单词字符，等同于[A-Za-z0-9_]pattern = re.compile("(\w+) (\w+)")# \2, \1 表示记忆匹配的第一个和第二个，具体的计数方式已最左侧括号为准，# 最左第一个括号是\1, 第二个是\2.for name in nameL:
    print(pattern.sub(r"\2 \1", name))

Tong Chen
Yongxin Liu
Ying Wang

import matplotlib.pyplot as pltimport numpy as npimport pandas as pdfrom numpy.random import randn

x = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 23, 45, 45, 56]
y = [2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 23, 45, 56, 78]

fig = plt.figure()
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(2, 2, 1)  # 创建4个图的Figure对象，最后的1为选中第一个ax2 = fig.add_subplot(2, 2, 2)
ax3 = fig.add_subplot(2, 2, 3)
ax4 = fig.add_subplot(2, 2, 4)

ax1.hist(x, y)
ax2.scatter(x, y)
ax4.plot(x, y)

plt.show()

fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 3)
axes

array([[<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x000000000B5D88D0>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x0000000009A87FD0>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x000000000B3467B8>],
       [<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x0000000009CF0390>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x000000000B6CC080>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x000000000B5D9978>]], dtype=object)

创建2 X 3图像，可以相当于对二维数组进行索引
参数            说明
nrows           subplot行数
ncols           subplot列数
sharex          所有图使用相同的x轴
sharey          所有图使用相同的y轴
subplot_kw      用于创建各subplot的关键字字典
```|

### 调整subplot周围间距

```python
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, sharex=True, sharey=True)
for i in range(2):
    for j in range(2):
        axes[i, j].hist(randn(500), bins=50, color='k', alpha=0.5)
plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0, hspace=0)
plt.show()

fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, sharex=True, sharey=True)for i in range(2):    for j in range(2):
        axes[i, j].hist(randn(500), bins=50, color='k', alpha=0.5)
plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=1, hspace=1)
plt.show()

"""
绘制绿色虚线
ax.plot(x,y,'g--')
另一种方式
ax.plot(x,y,linestyle='--',color='g')
标记点（maker）
"""fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2)

axes[0].plot(randn(10), 'g--')  # green ---axes[1].plot(randn(10), 'ko--')  # k：black o：圆点plt.show()

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)
ax.plot(randn(100))
plt.show()

"""修改上图的轴"""fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)
ax.plot(randn(100))

ticks = ax.set_xticks([0, 25, 50, 75, 100])  # 设置刻度labels = ax.set_xticklabels(
    ['first', 'second', 'third', 'forth', 'fifth'], rotation=30, fontsize='small')  # 设置x轴标签ax.set_title('my first matplot plot')  # 设置图片标题ax.set_xlabel('Stages')  # 设置x轴名称plt.show()

https://matplotlib.org/api/legend_api.html?highlight=legend#module-matplotlib.legend
‘best’            0
‘upper right’    1
‘upper left’    2
‘lower left’    3
‘lower right’    4
‘right’            5
‘center left’    6
‘center right’    7
‘lower center’    8
‘upper center’    9
‘center’        10
bbox_to_anchor=（0.5,0.8）
bbox_to_anchor被赋予的二元组中，第一个数值用于控制legend的左右移动，值越大越向右边移动，
第二个数值用于控制legend的上下移动，值越大，越向上移动

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)

ax.plot(randn(10), 'k', label='one')  # 画一条线，k黑色ax.plot(randn(10), 'g--', label='two')  # 画第二条线，g绿色 - -类型ax.plot(randn(10), 'ro--', label='three')  # 画第三条线红色 ，类型 ...ax.legend(loc=0, bbox_to_anchor=(0.5, 0.9))

plt.show()

x = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12]
y = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11]
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)#ax = figax.plot(x, y, 'r--')

ax.text(2, 4, 'hello python')
plt.show()

x = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12]
y = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11]
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)
ax.plot(x, y, 'r--')

ax.text(2, 4, 'hello python')# bbox_inches减除当前图片周围空白部分plt.savefig('figpath.jpg', dpi=300, bbox_inches='tight')

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
y = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36]
plt.scatter(x,  # x轴数据为汽车速度
            y,  # y轴数据为汽车的刹车距离
            s=20,  # 设置点的大小
            c='green',  # 设置点的颜色
            marker='s',  # 设置点的形状
            alpha=0.9,  # 设置点的透明度
            linewidths=0.8,  # 设置散点边界的粗细
            edgecolors='red'  # 设置散点边界的颜色
            )

plt.title('simple scatter plot')
plt.xlabel('X')  # x轴名称plt.ylabel('Y')

plt.show()  # 展示绘图

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
y = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36]

plt.plot(x,  # x轴数据
         y,  # y轴数据
         linestyle='-',  # 折线类型
         linewidth=2,  # 折线宽度
         color='blue',  # 折线颜色
         marker='o',  # 点的形状
         markersize=8,  # 点的大小
         markeredgecolor='black',  # 点的边框色
         markerfacecolor='red')  # 点的填充色# 添加标题和坐标轴标签plt.title('line plot')
plt.xlabel('X')
plt.ylabel('Y')

plt.show()

import numpy as npimport pandas as pdimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.hist(np.random.randn(50),  # 绘图数据
         bins=50,  # 指定直方图的条形数为20个
         color='red',  # 指定填充色
         edgecolor='k',  # 指定直方图的边界色
         label='histogram')  # 为直方图呈现标签plt.show()

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
y = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36]

plt.bar(x, y,
        color='steelblue',
        alpha=0.8)

plt.title('bar plot')

plt.ylim([0, 40])
plt.show()

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
y = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36]

plt.barh(x, y,
         color='steelblue',
         alpha=0.8)

plt.title('bar plot')

plt.show()

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
plt.boxplot(x,
            patch_artist=True,  # 箱体添加颜色
            labels=['boxplot'],  # 添加具体的标签名称
            showmeans=True, )# 显示图形plt.show()

np.random.seed(2)  # 设置随机种子df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(5, 4),
                  columns=(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']))
df

data = []for i in range(4):
    data.append(df.iloc[:, i])
data

[0    0.435995
 1    0.420368
 2    0.299655
 3    0.134580
 4    0.853975
 Name: A, dtype: float64, 0    0.025926
 1    0.330335
 2    0.266827
 3    0.513578
 4    0.494237
 Name: B, dtype: float64, 0    0.549662
 1    0.204649
 2    0.621134
 3    0.184440
 4    0.846561
 Name: C, dtype: float64, 0    0.435322
 1    0.619271
 2    0.529142
 3    0.785335
 4    0.079645
 Name: D, dtype: float64]

plt.boxplot(data)
plt.show()

plt.boxplot(x, notch=None, sym=None, vert=None, 
             whis=None, positions=None, widths=None, 
             patch_artist=None, meanline=None, showmeans=None, 
             showcaps=None, showbox=None, showfliers=None, 
             boxprops=None, labels=None, flierprops=None, 
             medianprops=None, meanprops=None, 
             capprops=None, whiskerprops=None)

x：指定要绘制箱线图的数据；
notch：是否是凹口的形式展现箱线图，默认非凹口；
sym：指定异常点的形状，默认为+号显示；
vert：是否需要将箱线图垂直摆放，默认垂直摆放；
whis：指定上下须与上下四分位的距离，默认为1.5倍的四分位差；
positions：指定箱线图的位置，默认为[0,1,2…]；
widths：指定箱线图的宽度，默认为0.5；
patch_artist：是否填充箱体的颜色；
meanline：是否用线的形式表示均值，默认用点来表示；
showmeans：是否显示均值，默认不显示；
showcaps：是否显示箱线图顶端和末端的两条线，默认显示；
showbox：是否显示箱线图的箱体，默认显示；
showfliers：是否显示异常值，默认显示；
boxprops：设置箱体的属性，如边框色，填充色等；
labels：为箱线图添加标签，类似于图例的作用；
filerprops：设置异常值的属性，如异常点的形状、大小、填充色等；
medianprops：设置中位数的属性，如线的类型、粗细等；
meanprops：设置均值的属性，如点的大小、颜色等；
capprops：设置箱线图顶端和末端线条的属性，如颜色、粗细等；
whiskerprops：设置须的属性，如颜色、粗细、线的类型等；

data = [0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.1]
plt.pie(data)
plt.show()

plt.pie(x, explode=None, labels=None, colors=None, 
        autopct=None, pctdistance=0.6, shadow=False, 
        labeldistance=1.1, startangle=None, 
        radius=None, counterclock=True, wedgeprops=None, 
        textprops=None, center=(0, 0), frame=False)

x：指定绘图的数据；
explode：指定饼图某些部分的突出显示，即呈现爆炸式；
labels：为饼图添加标签说明，类似于图例说明；
colors：指定饼图的填充色；
autopct：自动添加百分比显示，可以采用格式化的方法显示；
pctdistance：设置百分比标签与圆心的距离；
shadow：是否添加饼图的阴影效果；
labeldistance：设置各扇形标签（图例）与圆心的距离；
startangle：设置饼图的初始摆放角度；
radius：设置饼图的半径大小；
counterclock：是否让饼图按逆时针顺序呈现；
wedgeprops：设置饼图内外边界的属性，如边界线的粗细、颜色等；
textprops：设置饼图中文本的属性，如字体大小、颜色等；
center：指定饼图的中心点位置，默认为原点
frame：是否要显示饼图背后的图框，如果设置为True的话，需要同时控制图框x轴、y轴的范围和饼图的中心位置；

%matplotlib inlinefrom mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3dimport matplotlib.pyplot as pltfrom matplotlib import cm

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
X, Y, Z = axes3d.get_test_data(0.05)
cset = ax.contour(X, Y, Z, cmap=cm.coolwarm)
ax.clabel(cset, fontsize=9, inline=1)

plt.show()

import matplotlib as mplfrom mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3Dimport numpy as npimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt

mpl.rcParams['legend.fontsize'] = 10fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')#theta = np.linspace(-4 * np.pi, 4 * np.pi, 100)#z = np.linspace(-2, 2, 100)#r = z**2 + 1#x = r * np.sin(theta)#y = r * np.cos(theta)x = [1, 2, 3]
y = [1.5, 1, 2]
z = [2, 1, 3]
ax.plot(x, y, z, label='parametric curve')
ax.legend()

plt.show()

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3Dfrom mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d import Poly3DCollectionimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig = plt.figure()
ax = Axes3D(fig)

x = [1,2,2]
y = [1,0,2]
z = [1,2,0]
verts = [zip(x, y,z)]
ax.add_collection3d(Poly3DCollection(verts,edgecolors='red', facecolors='red'))
x = [0,1,1]
y = [0,0,1]
z = [0,1,0]
verts = [zip(x, y,z)]
verts = [[(1,1,1), (2,0,2),(2,2,0)],[(0,0,0),(1,0,1),(1,1,0)]]
ax.add_collection3d(Poly3DCollection(verts))
plt.show()

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3Dfrom mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d import Poly3DCollectionimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig = plt.figure()
ax = Axes3D(fig)

verts = [[(0.5,0.5,0.5), (1.2,0,1.2),(1.2,1.2,0)],[(0,0,0),(1,0,1),(1,1,0)]]
ax.add_collection3d(Poly3DCollection(verts, edgecolors=['blue','red'], facecolors=['blue','red']))
plt.show()

from matplotlib import pyplot as pltfrom mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d import Poly3DCollection

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

x = [0.5, 1.2, 1.2, 0, 1, 1]
y = [0.5, 0,   1.2, 0, 0, 1]
z = [0.5, 1.2, 0,   0, 1, 0]

poly3d = [[(0.5,0.5,0.5), (1.2,0,1.2),(1.2,1.2,0)],[(0,0,0),(1,0,1),(1,1,0)]]
ax.scatter(x,y,z)
ax.add_collection3d(Poly3DCollection(poly3d, edgecolors=['red','blue'], facecolors='w', linewidths=1, alpha=0.5))

plt.show()