代码整洁之道

用户8568307

发布于 2022-04-18 14:31:01

2160

发布于 2022-04-18 14:31:01

文章被收录于专栏：PHP全栈技术PHP全栈技术

真了

使用有意义且可发音的变量名

Bad:

$ymdstr = $moment->format('y-m-d');

Good:

$currentDate = $moment->format('y-m-d');

对同一类型的变量使用相同的词汇表

Bad:

getUserInfo();
getUserData();
getUserRecord();
getUserProfile();

Good:

getUser();

使用可搜索的名称(第一部分)

Bad:

$result = $serializer->serialize($data, 448);

Good:

$json = $serializer->serialize($data, JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES | JSON_PRETTY_PRINT | JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE);

使用可搜索的名称（第二部分）

Bad:

class User
{
    // What the heck is 7 for?
    public $access = 7;
}

// What the heck is 4 for?
if ($user->access & 4) {
    // ...
}

// What's going on here?
$user->access ^= 2;

Good:

class User
{
    public const ACCESS_READ = 1;

    public const ACCESS_CREATE = 2;

    public const ACCESS_UPDATE = 4;

    public const ACCESS_DELETE = 8;

    // User as default can read, create and update something
    public $access = self::ACCESS_READ | self::ACCESS_CREATE | self::ACCESS_UPDATE;
}

if ($user->access & User::ACCESS_UPDATE) {
    // do edit ...
}

// Deny access rights to create something
$user->access ^= User::ACCESS_CREATE;

避免嵌套太深，尽早返回

Bad:

function isShopOpen($day): bool
{
    if ($day) {
        if (is_string($day)) {
            $day = strtolower($day);
            if ($day === 'friday') {
                return true;
            } elseif ($day === 'saturday') {
                return true;
            } elseif ($day === 'sunday') {
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
        return false;
    }
    return false;
}

Good:

function isShopOpen(string $day): bool
{
    if (empty($day)) {
        return false;
    }

    $openingDays = ['friday', 'saturday', 'sunday'];

    return in_array(strtolower($day), $openingDays, true);
}

不要添加不必要的上下文

Bad:

class Car
{
    public $carMake;

    public $carModel;

    public $carColor;

    //...
}

Good:

class Car
{
    public $make;

    public $model;

    public $color;

    //...
}

函数参数（理想情况下为2个或更少）

#限制函数参数的数量是非常重要的，因为它使测试函数更容易。有三个以上的参数会导致组合爆炸，你必须用每个单独的参数测试大量不同的情况。

#零参数是理想的情况。一个或两个参数是可以的，应该避免三个参数。除此之外的任何东西都应该得到巩固。通常，如果您有两个以上的参数，那么您的函数尝试做的太多了。在没有的情况下，大多数情况下，更高级别的对象作为参数就足够了。

Bad:

class Questionnaire
{
    public function __construct(
        string $firstname,
        string $lastname,
        string $patronymic,
        string $region,
        string $district,
        string $city,
        string $phone,
        string $email
    ) {
        // ...
    }
}

Good:

class Name
{
    private $firstname;

    private $lastname;

    private $patronymic;

    public function __construct(string $firstname, string $lastname, string $patronymic)
    {
        $this->firstname = $firstname;
        $this->lastname = $lastname;
        $this->patronymic = $patronymic;
    }

    // getters ...
}

class City
{
    private $region;

    private $district;

    private $city;

    public function __construct(string $region, string $district, string $city)
    {
        $this->region = $region;
        $this->district = $district;
        $this->city = $city;
    }

    // getters ...
}

class Contact
{
    private $phone;

    private $email;

    public function __construct(string $phone, string $email)
    {
        $this->phone = $phone;
        $this->email = $email;
    }

    // getters ...
}

class Questionnaire
{
    public function __construct(Name $name, City $city, Contact $contact)
    {
        // ...
    }
}

函数名应该说明它们的作用

Bad:

class Email
{
    //...

    public function handle(): void
    {
        mail($this->to, $this->subject, $this->body);
    }
}

$message = new Email(...);
// What is this? A handle for the message? Are we writing to a file now?
$message->handle();

Good:

class Email
{
    //...

    public function send(): void
    {
        mail($this->to, $this->subject, $this->body);
    }
}

$message = new Email(...);
// Clear and obvious
$message->send();

不要将标志用作函数参数

#函数应该做一件事。如果函数遵循基于布尔值的不同代码路径，则将其拆分。

Bad:

function createFile(string $name, bool $temp = false): void
{
    if ($temp) {
        touch('./temp/' . $name);
    } else {
        touch($name);
    }
}

Good:

function createFile(string $name): void
{
    touch($name);
}

function createTempFile(string $name): void
{
    touch('./temp/' . $name);
}

封装条件句

Bad:

if ($article->state === 'published') {
    // ...
}

Good:

if ($article->isPublished()) {
    // ...
}

避免使用否定条件

Bad:

function isDOMNodeNotPresent(DOMNode $node): bool
{
    // ...
}

if (! isDOMNodeNotPresent($node)) {
    // ...
}

Good:

function isDOMNodePresent(DOMNode $node): bool
{
    // ...
}

if (isDOMNodePresent($node)) {
    // ...
}

避免条件句

Bad:

class Airplane
{
    // ...

    public function getCruisingAltitude(): int
    {
        switch ($this->type) {
            case '777':
                return $this->getMaxAltitude() - $this->getPassengerCount();
            case 'Air Force One':
                return $this->getMaxAltitude();
            case 'Cessna':
                return $this->getMaxAltitude() - $this->getFuelExpenditure();
        }
    }
}

Good:

interface Airplane
{
    // ...

    public function getCruisingAltitude(): int;
}

class Boeing777 implements Airplane
{
    // ...

    public function getCruisingAltitude(): int
    {
        return $this->getMaxAltitude() - $this->getPassengerCount();
    }
}

class AirForceOne implements Airplane
{
    // ...

    public function getCruisingAltitude(): int
    {
        return $this->getMaxAltitude();
    }
}

class Cessna implements Airplane
{
    // ...

    public function getCruisingAltitude(): int
    {
        return $this->getMaxAltitude() - $this->getFuelExpenditure();
    }
}

多态：一个类，被多个子类继承，如果这个类的某个方法，在多个子类中，表现出不同的功能，我们称这种行为为多态（同一个类的不同子类表现出不同的形态）

反正我是从没这样改过…

避免类型检查（第1部分）

Bad:

function travelToTexas($vehicle): void
{
    if ($vehicle instanceof Bicycle) {
        $vehicle->pedalTo(new Location('texas'));
    } elseif ($vehicle instanceof Car) {
        $vehicle->driveTo(new Location('texas'));
    }
}

Good:

function travelToTexas(Vehicle $vehicle): void
{
    $vehicle->travelTo(new Location('texas'));
}

Bad:

function combine($val1, $val2): int
{
    if (! is_numeric($val1) || ! is_numeric($val2)) {
        throw new Exception('Must be of type Number');
    }

    return $val1 + $val2;
}

Good:

function combine(int $val1, int $val2): int
{
    return $val1 + $val2;
}

删除死代码

没用代码就删掉，如果需要可以去版本记录里面找

Bad:

function oldRequestModule(string $url): void
{
    // ...
}

function newRequestModule(string $url): void
{
    // ...
}

$request = newRequestModule($requestUrl);
inventoryTracker('apples', $request, 'www.inventory-awesome.io');

Good:

function requestModule(string $url): void
{
    // ...
}

$request = requestModule($requestUrl);
inventoryTracker('apples', $request, 'www.inventory-awesome.io');

使用对象封装

当您想在获取对象属性之外做更多的事情时，您不必查找和更改代码库中的每个访问器。

使执行集合时添加验证变得简单。

获取和设置时，易于添加日志记录和错误处理。

继承此类后，可以覆盖默认功能。

您可以延迟加载对象的属性，比如说从服务器获取它。(不是很明白- -)

Bad:

class BankAccount
{
    public $balance = 1000;
}

$bankAccount = new BankAccount();

// Buy shoes...
$bankAccount->balance -= 100;

Good:

class BankAccount
{
    private $balance;

    public function __construct(int $balance = 1000)
    {
      $this->balance = $balance;
    }

    public function withdraw(int $amount): void
    {
        if ($amount > $this->balance) {
            throw new \Exception('Amount greater than available balance.');
        }

        $this->balance -= $amount;
    }

    public function deposit(int $amount): void
    {
        $this->balance += $amount;
    }

    public function getBalance(): int
    {
        return $this->balance;
    }
}

$bankAccount = new BankAccount();

// Buy shoes...
$bankAccount->withdraw($shoesPrice);

// Get balance
$balance = $bankAccount->getBalance();

使对象具有私有/受保护的成员

公共方法和属性对于更改来说是最危险的，因为一些外部代码可能很容易依赖它们，而您无法控制代码依赖它们的内容。类中的修改对类的所有用户都是危险的。

受保护修饰符和公共修饰符一样危险，因为它们在任何子类的范围内都可用。这实际上意味着public和protected之间的区别仅在于访问机制，而封装保证保持不变。类中的修改对所有子类都是危险的。

私有修饰符保证只在单个类的边界中修改代码是危险的（修改是安全的，不会产生Jenga效应）。

Bad:

class Employee
{
    public $name;

    public function __construct(string $name)
    {
        $this->name = $name;
    }
}

$employee = new Employee('John Doe');
// Employee name: John Doe
echo 'Employee name: ' . $employee->name;

Good:

class Employee
{
    private $name;

    public function __construct(string $name)
    {
        $this->name = $name;
    }

    public function getName(): string
    {
        return $this->name;
    }
}

$employee = new Employee('John Doe');
// Employee name: John Doe
echo 'Employee name: ' . $employee->getName();

喜欢组合而不是继承

Bad:

class Employee
{
    private $name;

    private $email;

    public function __construct(string $name, string $email)
    {
        $this->name = $name;
        $this->email = $email;
    }

    // ...
}

// Bad because Employees "have" tax data.
// EmployeeTaxData is not a type of Employee

class EmployeeTaxData extends Employee
{
    private $ssn;

    private $salary;

    public function __construct(string $name, string $email, string $ssn, string $salary)
    {
        parent::__construct($name, $email);

        $this->ssn = $ssn;
        $this->salary = $salary;
    }

    // ...
}

Good:

class EmployeeTaxData
{
    private $ssn;

    private $salary;

    public function __construct(string $ssn, string $salary)
    {
        $this->ssn = $ssn;
        $this->salary = $salary;
    }

    // ...
}

class Employee
{
    private $name;

    private $email;

    private $taxData;

    public function __construct(string $name, string $email)
    {
        $this->name = $name;
        $this->email = $email;
    }

    public function setTaxData(EmployeeTaxData $taxData): void
    {
        $this->taxData = $taxData;
    }

    // ...
}

避免流水似的界面

Bad:

class Car
{
    private $make = 'Honda';

    private $model = 'Accord';

    private $color = 'white';

    public function setMake(string $make): self
    {
        $this->make = $make;

        // NOTE: Returning this for chaining
        return $this;
    }

    public function setModel(string $model): self
    {
        $this->model = $model;

        // NOTE: Returning this for chaining
        return $this;
    }

    public function setColor(string $color): self
    {
        $this->color = $color;

        // NOTE: Returning this for chaining
        return $this;
    }

    public function dump(): void
    {
        var_dump($this->make, $this->model, $this->color);
    }
}

$car = (new Car())
    ->setColor('pink')
    ->setMake('Ford')
    ->setModel('F-150')
    ->dump();

Good:

class Car
{
    private $make = 'Honda';

    private $model = 'Accord';

    private $color = 'white';

    public function setMake(string $make): void
    {
        $this->make = $make;
    }

    public function setModel(string $model): void
    {
        $this->model = $model;
    }

    public function setColor(string $color): void
    {
        $this->color = $color;
    }

    public function dump(): void
    {
        var_dump($this->make, $this->model, $this->color);
    }
}

$car = new Car();
$car->setColor('pink');
$car->setMake('Ford');
$car->setModel('F-150');
$car->dump();

开/闭原理（OCP）

Bad:

abstract class Adapter
{
    protected $name;

    public function getName(): string
    {
        return $this->name;
    }
}

class AjaxAdapter extends Adapter
{
    public function __construct()
    {
        parent::__construct();

        $this->name = 'ajaxAdapter';
    }
}

class NodeAdapter extends Adapter
{
    public function __construct()
    {
        parent::__construct();

        $this->name = 'nodeAdapter';
    }
}

class HttpRequester
{
    private $adapter;

    public function __construct(Adapter $adapter)
    {
        $this->adapter = $adapter;
    }

    public function fetch(string $url): Promise
    {
        $adapterName = $this->adapter->getName();

        if ($adapterName === 'ajaxAdapter') {
            return $this->makeAjaxCall($url);
        } elseif ($adapterName === 'httpNodeAdapter') {
            return $this->makeHttpCall($url);
        }
    }

    private function makeAjaxCall(string $url): Promise
    {
        // request and return promise
    }

    private function makeHttpCall(string $url): Promise
    {
        // request and return promise
    }
}

Good:

interface Adapter
{
    public function request(string $url): Promise;
}

class AjaxAdapter implements Adapter
{
    public function request(string $url): Promise
    {
        // request and return promise
    }
}

class NodeAdapter implements Adapter
{
    public function request(string $url): Promise
    {
        // request and return promise
    }
}

class HttpRequester
{
    private $adapter;

    public function __construct(Adapter $adapter)
    {
        $this->adapter = $adapter;
    }

    public function fetch(string $url): Promise
    {
        return $this->adapter->request($url);
    }
}

利斯科夫替换原理（LSP）

Bad:

class Rectangle
{
    protected $width = 0;

    protected $height = 0;

    public function setWidth(int $width): void
    {
        $this->width = $width;
    }

    public function setHeight(int $height): void
    {
        $this->height = $height;
    }

    public function getArea(): int
    {
        return $this->width * $this->height;
    }
}

class Square extends Rectangle
{
    public function setWidth(int $width): void
    {
        $this->width = $this->height = $width;
    }

    public function setHeight(int $height): void
    {
        $this->width = $this->height = $height;
    }
}

function printArea(Rectangle $rectangle): void
{
    $rectangle->setWidth(4);
    $rectangle->setHeight(5);

    // BAD: Will return 25 for Square. Should be 20.
    echo sprintf('%s has area %d.', get_class($rectangle), $rectangle->getArea()) . PHP_EOL;
}

$rectangles = [new Rectangle(), new Square()];

foreach ($rectangles as $rectangle) {
    printArea($rectangle);
}

Good:

interface Shape
{
    public function getArea(): int;
}

class Rectangle implements Shape
{
    private $width = 0;
    private $height = 0;

    public function __construct(int $width, int $height)
    {
        $this->width = $width;
        $this->height = $height;
    }

    public function getArea(): int
    {
        return $this->width * $this->height;
    }
}

class Square implements Shape
{
    private $length = 0;

    public function __construct(int $length)
    {
        $this->length = $length;
    }

    public function getArea(): int
    {
        return $this->length ** 2;
    }
}

function printArea(Shape $shape): void
{
    echo sprintf('%s has area %d.', get_class($shape), $shape->getArea()).PHP_EOL;
}

$shapes = [new Rectangle(4, 5), new Square(5)];

foreach ($shapes as $shape) {
    printArea($shape);
}

接口隔离原则（ISP）

ISP声明“不应强迫客户依赖他们不使用的接口。”

Bad:

interface Employee
{
    public function work(): void;

    public function eat(): void;
}

class HumanEmployee implements Employee
{
    public function work(): void
    {
        // ....working
    }

    public function eat(): void
    {
        // ...... eating in lunch break
    }
}

class RobotEmployee implements Employee
{
    public function work(): void
    {
        //.... working much more
    }

    public function eat(): void
    {
        //.... robot can't eat, but it must implement this method
    }
}

Good:

interface Workable
{
    public function work(): void;
}

interface Feedable
{
    public function eat(): void;
}

interface Employee extends Feedable, Workable
{
}

class HumanEmployee implements Employee
{
    public function work(): void
    {
        // ....working
    }

    public function eat(): void
    {
        //.... eating in lunch break
    }
}

// robot can only work
class RobotEmployee implements Workable
{
    public function work(): void
    {
        // ....working
    }
}

依赖倒置原理（DIP）

这一原则规定了两个基本事项：

高级模块不应依赖于低级模块。两者都应该依赖于抽象。

抽象不应该依赖于细节。细节应该取决于抽象。

Bad:

class Employee
{
    public function work(): void
    {
        // ....working
    }
}

class Robot extends Employee
{
    public function work(): void
    {
        //.... working much more
    }
}

class Manager
{
    private $employee;

    public function __construct(Employee $employee)
    {
        $this->employee = $employee;
    }

    public function manage(): void
    {
        $this->employee->work();
    }
}

Good:

interface Employee
{
    public function work(): void;
}

class Human implements Employee
{
    public function work(): void
    {
        // ....working
    }
}

class Robot implements Employee
{
    public function work(): void
    {
        //.... working much more
    }
}

class Manager
{
    private $employee;

    public function __construct(Employee $employee)
    {
        $this->employee = $employee;
    }

    public function manage(): void
    {
        $this->employee->work();
    }
}

不要重复你自己

Bad:

function showDeveloperList(array $developers): void
{
    foreach ($developers as $developer) {
        $expectedSalary = $developer->calculateExpectedSalary();
        $experience = $developer->getExperience();
        $githubLink = $developer->getGithubLink();
        $data = [$expectedSalary, $experience, $githubLink];

        render($data);
    }
}

function showManagerList(array $managers): void
{
    foreach ($managers as $manager) {
        $expectedSalary = $manager->calculateExpectedSalary();
        $experience = $manager->getExperience();
        $githubLink = $manager->getGithubLink();
        $data = [$expectedSalary, $experience, $githubLink];

        render($data);
    }
}

Good:

function showList(array $employees): void
{
    foreach ($employees as $employee) {
        $expectedSalary = $employee->calculateExpectedSalary();
        $experience = $employee->getExperience();
        $githubLink = $employee->getGithubLink();
        $data = [$expectedSalary, $experience, $githubLink];

        render($data);
    }
}

Very good:

最好使用紧凑版本的代码。

function showList(array $employees): void
{
    foreach ($employees as $employee) {
        render([$employee->calculateExpectedSalary(), $employee->getExperience(), $employee->getGithubLink()]);
    }
}

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原始发表：2022-03-14，如有侵权请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除

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