PyQt5 入门

Michael阿明

发布于 2022-05-10 10:00:53

1.4K0

发布于 2022-05-10 10:00:53

文章被收录于专栏：Michael阿明学习之路

文章目录
1. 安装测试
2. qt 设计师 designer
3. 布局管理
3.1 使用布局管理器布局
3.2 使用容器布局
3.3 实践
3.4 窗体布局
3.5 设置伙伴关系
3.6 tab键顺序
3.7 Eric 使用
4. 信号、槽关联
4.1 简单入门
4.2 进阶
5. 菜单与工具
5.1 加载其他窗口
主窗体 py
子窗口 py
调用主程序 py
测试
6. 打包资源

learn from 《PyQt5 快速开发与实战》

1. 安装测试

# _*_ coding: utf-8 _*_
# @Time : 2022/4/4 23:11
# @Author : Michael
# @File : myfirst_qt1.py
# @desc :

# 安装 pip install pyqt5, pyqt5-tools

import sys
from PyQt5 import QtWidgets, QtCore

app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
widget = QtWidgets.QWidget()
widget.resize(360, 360)
widget.setWindowTitle('hello Michael, First Qt 应用')
widget.show()
sys.exit(app.exec_())

# _*_ coding: utf-8 _*_
# @Time : 2022/4/4 23:26
# @Author : Michael
# @File : first_window.py
# @desc :
import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, QPushButton, QMessageBox

class winform(QWidget):
    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        super(winform, self).__init__(parent)
        self.setGeometry(100, 100, 700, 350) # 窗口左上角的坐标，窗口宽高
        self.setWindowTitle('第一个窗口')
        quit = QPushButton('点击退出', self)
        quit.setGeometry(20, 10, 100, 35)
        quit.setStyleSheet("background-color: brown")
        quit.clicked.connect(self.close)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    win = winform()
    win.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

2. qt 设计师 designer

我的路径是：D:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\envs\cv\Lib\site-packages\qt5_applications\Qt\bin\designer.exe

拖出一个按钮

保存 firstwindow.ui 文件，可以转成 py 代码

pyuic5 -o firstui.py firstwindow.ui

3. 布局管理

3.1 使用布局管理器布局

3.2 使用容器布局

右键下图 Frame 进行水平布局

3.3 实践

拖出一些控件

左侧（有四个label，最上面一个显示的字符为空），进行垂直布局

spacers 表示布局不要挨在一起

display Widgets -> Vertical Line 表示左右两个布局管理器不是同一个类别，把他们区分开

选中所有布局，右键，水平布局

3.4 窗体布局

不选中任务控件，右键选择布局

打破布局：布局错了很多步，比撤销方便

3.5 设置伙伴关系

3.6 tab键顺序

3.7 Eric 使用

Eric6安装使用

使用 eric 可以快速的调试 UI 界面

编译完，会自动生成脚本，点击运行

4. 信号、槽关联

信号发射，连接的槽函数将会自动执行，连接使用QObject.signal.connect()

添加方法：

窗口UI设计中添加
写代码连接信号、槽
Eric “生成对话框代码”的功能

4.1 简单入门

创建 Widget 窗口，实现一个关闭按钮

拖入button，更改 text 为显示的文字，更改objectName 为 closeWin

使用 Eric 测试

4.2 进阶

接下来可以使用命令行编译窗体，也可以使用 Eric “生成对话框代码”，使用后者来操作

右键ui文件，先编译窗体，再生成对话框代码

文件夹下多了一个 py 文件

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""
Module implementing Form.
"""

from PyQt5.QtCore import pyqtSlot
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QWidget

from .Ui_signal_slog1 import Ui_Form


class Form(QWidget, Ui_Form):
    """
    Class documentation goes here.
    """
    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        """
        Constructor
        
        @param parent reference to the parent widget (defaults to None)
        @type QWidget (optional)
        """
        super(Form, self).__init__(parent)
        self.setupUi(self)
    
    @pyqtSlot(bool)
    def on_select_box_clicked(self, checked):
        """
        Slot documentation goes here.
        
        @param checked DESCRIPTION
        @type bool
        """
        # TODO: not implemented yet
        raise NotImplementedError

上面代码还没有实现，修改代码后：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""
Module implementing Form.
"""

from PyQt5.QtCore import pyqtSlot
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QWidget
from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui, QtWidgets
from Ui_signal_slog1 import Ui_Form


class Form(QWidget, Ui_Form):
    """
    Class documentation goes here.
    """
    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        """
        Constructor
        
        @param parent reference to the parent widget (defaults to None)
        @type QWidget (optional)
        """
        super(Form, self).__init__(parent)
        self.setupUi(self)
        self.select_box.setChecked(True) # 设置默认是选中状态
    
    @pyqtSlot(bool)
    def on_select_box_clicked(self, checked):
        """
        Slot documentation goes here.
        
        @param checked DESCRIPTION
        @type bool
        """
        self.label_display.setVisible(checked)
        self.lineEdit.setEnabled(checked)
if __name__ == '__main__':
    import sys
    app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
    form = Form()
    form.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

也可以在 Qt 中编辑

5. 菜单与工具

新建 mainWindow

输入 文件(&F)括号内是快捷键设置

子菜单

添加快捷键

添加工具栏

添加动作

添加信号、槽

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Form implementation generated from reading ui file 'D:\gitcode\Python_learning\qt\ch1\menu_bar_tool_bar.ui'
#
# Created by: PyQt5 UI code generator 5.15.4
#
# WARNING: Any manual changes made to this file will be lost when pyuic5 is
# run again.  Do not edit this file unless you know what you are doing.

# Ui_menu_bar_tool_bar.py

from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui, QtWidgets


class Ui_MainWindow(object):
    def setupUi(self, MainWindow):
        MainWindow.setObjectName("MainWindow")
        MainWindow.resize(422, 161)
        self.centralwidget = QtWidgets.QWidget(MainWindow)
        self.centralwidget.setObjectName("centralwidget")
        MainWindow.setCentralWidget(self.centralwidget)
        self.menubar = QtWidgets.QMenuBar(MainWindow)
        self.menubar.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(0, 0, 422, 26))
        self.menubar.setObjectName("menubar")
        self.menu_F = QtWidgets.QMenu(self.menubar)
        self.menu_F.setObjectName("menu_F")
        self.menu = QtWidgets.QMenu(self.menubar)
        self.menu.setObjectName("menu")
        MainWindow.setMenuBar(self.menubar)
        self.statusbar = QtWidgets.QStatusBar(MainWindow)
        self.statusbar.setObjectName("statusbar")
        MainWindow.setStatusBar(self.statusbar)
        self.toolBar = QtWidgets.QToolBar(MainWindow)
        self.toolBar.setObjectName("toolBar")
        MainWindow.addToolBar(QtCore.Qt.TopToolBarArea, self.toolBar)
        self.actionopen_O = QtWidgets.QAction(MainWindow)
        self.actionopen_O.setObjectName("actionopen_O")
        self.actionnew_N = QtWidgets.QAction(MainWindow)
        self.actionnew_N.setObjectName("actionnew_N")
        self.actionclose = QtWidgets.QAction(MainWindow)
        self.actionclose.setObjectName("actionclose")
        self.addWinAction = QtWidgets.QAction(MainWindow)
        self.addWinAction.setObjectName("addWinAction")
        self.menu_F.addAction(self.actionopen_O)
        self.menu_F.addAction(self.actionnew_N)
        self.menu_F.addAction(self.actionclose)
        self.menubar.addAction(self.menu_F.menuAction())
        self.menubar.addAction(self.menu.menuAction())
        self.toolBar.addAction(self.addWinAction)

        self.retranslateUi(MainWindow)
        self.actionclose.triggered.connect(MainWindow.close)
        QtCore.QMetaObject.connectSlotsByName(MainWindow)

    def retranslateUi(self, MainWindow):
        _translate = QtCore.QCoreApplication.translate
        MainWindow.setWindowTitle(_translate("MainWindow", "MainWindow"))
        self.menu_F.setTitle(_translate("MainWindow", "文件(&F)"))
        self.menu.setTitle(_translate("MainWindow", "编辑(E)"))
        self.toolBar.setWindowTitle(_translate("MainWindow", "toolBar"))
        self.actionopen_O.setText(_translate("MainWindow", "open(O)"))
        self.actionopen_O.setShortcut(_translate("MainWindow", "Ctrl+O"))
        self.actionnew_N.setText(_translate("MainWindow", "new(N)"))
        self.actionclose.setText(_translate("MainWindow", "close"))
        self.addWinAction.setText(_translate("MainWindow", "添加窗体"))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import sys
    app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
    MainWindow = QtWidgets.QMainWindow()
    ui = Ui_MainWindow()
    ui.setupUi(MainWindow)
    MainWindow.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# menu_bar_tool_bar.py
"""
Module implementing MainWindow.
"""

import sys
from PyQt5.QtCore import pyqtSlot
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QApplication, QFileDialog

from Ui_menu_bar_tool_bar import Ui_MainWindow


class MainWindow(QMainWindow, Ui_MainWindow):
    """
    Class documentation goes here.
    """
    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        """
        Constructor
        
        @param parent reference to the parent widget (defaults to None)
        @type QWidget (optional)
        """
        super(MainWindow, self).__init__(parent)
        self.setupUi(self)
        self.actionclose.triggered.connect(self.on_actionclose_triggered)
        self.actionopen_O.triggered.connect(self.on_actionopen_O_triggered)
    
    @pyqtSlot()
    def on_actionnew_N_triggered(self):
        """
        Slot documentation goes here.
        """
        # TODO: not implemented yet
        raise NotImplementedError
    
    @pyqtSlot()
    def on_actionclose_triggered(self):
        """
        Slot documentation goes here.
        """
        self.statusbar.showMessage("再见！")
    
    @pyqtSlot()
    def on_actionopen_O_triggered(self):
        """
        Slot documentation goes here.
        """
        file,  ok = QFileDialog.getOpenFileName(self,  "打开",  "D:/",  "ALL Files(*);; Text Files(*TxT)")
        self.statusbar.showMessage(file)

if __name__  == "__main__":
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    win = MainWindow()
    win.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

5.1 加载其他窗口

新建 ui

使用 Eric 编译两个 UI 文件，并做修改

主窗体 py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Form implementation generated from reading ui file 'D:\gitcode\Python_learning\qt\ch1\menu_bar_tool_bar.ui'
#
# Created by: PyQt5 UI code generator 5.15.4
#
# WARNING: Any manual changes made to this file will be lost when pyuic5 is
# run again.  Do not edit this file unless you know what you are doing.

# Ui_menu_bar_tool_bar.py

from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui, QtWidgets


class Ui_MainWindow(object):
    def setupUi(self, MainWindow):
        MainWindow.setObjectName("MainWindow")
        MainWindow.resize(401, 328)
        self.centralwidget = QtWidgets.QWidget(MainWindow)
        self.centralwidget.setObjectName("centralwidget")
        self.gridLayoutWidget = QtWidgets.QWidget(self.centralwidget)
        self.gridLayoutWidget.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(-1, -1, 611, 441))
        self.gridLayoutWidget.setObjectName("gridLayoutWidget")
        self.gridlayout1 = QtWidgets.QGridLayout(self.gridLayoutWidget)
        self.gridlayout1.setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 0)
        self.gridlayout1.setObjectName("gridlayout1")
        MainWindow.setCentralWidget(self.centralwidget)
        self.menubar = QtWidgets.QMenuBar(MainWindow)
        self.menubar.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(0, 0, 401, 26))
        self.menubar.setObjectName("menubar")
        self.menu_F = QtWidgets.QMenu(self.menubar)
        self.menu_F.setObjectName("menu_F")
        self.menu = QtWidgets.QMenu(self.menubar)
        self.menu.setObjectName("menu")
        MainWindow.setMenuBar(self.menubar)
        self.statusbar = QtWidgets.QStatusBar(MainWindow)
        self.statusbar.setObjectName("statusbar")
        MainWindow.setStatusBar(self.statusbar)
        self.toolBar = QtWidgets.QToolBar(MainWindow)
        self.toolBar.setObjectName("toolBar")
        MainWindow.addToolBar(QtCore.Qt.TopToolBarArea, self.toolBar)
        self.actionopen_O = QtWidgets.QAction(MainWindow)
        self.actionopen_O.setObjectName("actionopen_O")
        self.actionnew_N = QtWidgets.QAction(MainWindow)
        self.actionnew_N.setObjectName("actionnew_N")
        self.actionclose = QtWidgets.QAction(MainWindow)
        self.actionclose.setObjectName("actionclose")
        self.addWinAction = QtWidgets.QAction(MainWindow)
        self.addWinAction.setObjectName("addWinAction")
        self.menu_F.addAction(self.actionopen_O)
        self.menu_F.addAction(self.actionnew_N)
        self.menu_F.addAction(self.actionclose)
        self.menubar.addAction(self.menu_F.menuAction())
        self.menubar.addAction(self.menu.menuAction())
        self.toolBar.addAction(self.addWinAction)

        self.retranslateUi(MainWindow)
        QtCore.QMetaObject.connectSlotsByName(MainWindow)

    def retranslateUi(self, MainWindow):
        _translate = QtCore.QCoreApplication.translate
        MainWindow.setWindowTitle(_translate("MainWindow", "MainWindow"))
        self.menu_F.setTitle(_translate("MainWindow", "文件(&F)"))
        self.menu.setTitle(_translate("MainWindow", "编辑(E)"))
        self.toolBar.setWindowTitle(_translate("MainWindow", "toolBar"))
        self.actionopen_O.setText(_translate("MainWindow", "open(O)"))
        self.actionopen_O.setShortcut(_translate("MainWindow", "Ctrl+O"))
        self.actionnew_N.setText(_translate("MainWindow", "new(N)"))
        self.actionclose.setText(_translate("MainWindow", "close"))
        self.addWinAction.setText(_translate("MainWindow", "添加窗体"))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import sys
    app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
    MainWindow = QtWidgets.QMainWindow()
    ui = Ui_MainWindow()
    ui.setupUi(MainWindow)
    MainWindow.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

子窗口 py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Form implementation generated from reading ui file 'D:\gitcode\Python_learning\qt\ch1\childform2.ui'
#
# Created by: PyQt5 UI code generator 5.15.4
#
# WARNING: Any manual changes made to this file will be lost when pyuic5 is
# run again.  Do not edit this file unless you know what you are doing.

# Ui_childform2.py

from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui, QtWidgets


class ui_childform(object):
    def setupUi(self, MainWindow):
        MainWindow.setObjectName("MainWindow")
        MainWindow.resize(479, 332)
        MainWindow.setStyleSheet("")

        self.textEdit = QtWidgets.QTextEdit(MainWindow)
        self.textEdit.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(90, 100, 131, 31))
        self.textEdit.setObjectName("textEdit")

        self.retranslateUi(MainWindow)
        QtCore.QMetaObject.connectSlotsByName(MainWindow)

    def retranslateUi(self, MainWindow):
        _translate = QtCore.QCoreApplication.translate
        MainWindow.setWindowTitle(_translate("MainWindow", "Form"))
        self.textEdit.setHtml(_translate("MainWindow", "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd\">\n"
"<html><head><meta name=\"qrichtext\" content=\"1\" /><style type=\"text/css\">\n"
"p, li { white-space: pre-wrap; }\n"
"</style></head><body style=\" font-family:\'SimSun\'; font-size:9pt; font-weight:400; font-style:normal;\">\n"
"<p style=\" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;\">我是子窗口内容</p></body></html>"))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import sys
    app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
    MainWindow = QtWidgets.QMainWindow()
    ui = ui_childform()
    ui.setupUi(MainWindow)
    MainWindow.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

调用主程序 py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# childform2.py

import sys
from PyQt5.QtCore import pyqtSlot
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QWidget, QApplication, QFileDialog
from Ui_childform2 import ui_childform
from Ui_menu_bar_tool_bar import Ui_MainWindow


class MainWindow_withchild(QMainWindow, Ui_MainWindow):

    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        super(MainWindow_withchild, self).__init__(parent)
        self.setupUi(self)

        self.child = my_childform()  # 创建子窗口实例
        self.actionclose.triggered.connect(self.close)
        self.actionopen_O.triggered.connect(self.openMsg)
        self.addWinAction.triggered.connect(self.childshow)

    def childshow(self):
        self.gridlayout1.addWidget(self.child)
        self.child.show()

    def openMsg(self):
        file, ok = QFileDialog.getOpenFileName(self, "打开", "C:/", "All Files (*);;Text Files (*.txt)")
        # 在状态栏显示文件地址
        self.statusbar.showMessage(file)


class my_childform(QWidget, ui_childform):
    def __init__(self):
        super(my_childform, self).__init__()
        self.setupUi(self)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    win = MainWindow_withchild()
    win.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

测试

6. 打包资源

将资源转换成 python 文件

步骤：

新建资源

Qt 新建 widget 窗口，添加资源

查看文件

<RCC>
  <qresource prefix="img">
    <file>img/1.jpg</file>
  </qresource>
</RCC>

使用文件

转换 ui 到 py文件，使用 eric 操作，或者使用命令行
转换资源文件 pyrcc5 .\apprcc.qrc -o apprcc_rc.py
import 导入生成的文件 apprcc_rc.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Form implementation generated from reading ui file 'D:\gitcode\Python_learning\qt\ch1\add_resource.ui'
#
# Created by: PyQt5 UI code generator 5.15.4
#
# WARNING: Any manual changes made to this file will be lost when pyuic5 is
# run again.  Do not edit this file unless you know what you are doing.


# Ui_add_resource.py

from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui, QtWidgets


class Ui_Form(object):
    def setupUi(self, Form):
        Form.setObjectName("Form")
        Form.resize(400, 300)
        self.label = QtWidgets.QLabel(Form)
        self.label.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(30, 30, 351, 231))
        self.label.setText("")
        self.label.setPixmap(QtGui.QPixmap(":/img/img/1.jpg"))
        self.label.setObjectName("label")

        self.retranslateUi(Form)
        QtCore.QMetaObject.connectSlotsByName(Form)

    def retranslateUi(self, Form):
        _translate = QtCore.QCoreApplication.translate
        Form.setWindowTitle(_translate("Form", "Form"))
import apprcc_rc


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import sys
    app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
    Form = QtWidgets.QWidget()
    ui = Ui_Form()
    ui.setupUi(Form)
    Form.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

调用

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# add_resource.py

from PyQt5.QtCore import pyqtSlot
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QWidget, QApplication

from Ui_add_resource import Ui_Form


class Form(QWidget, Ui_Form):
    """
    Class documentation goes here.
    """
    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        """
        Constructor
        
        @param parent reference to the parent widget (defaults to None)
        @type QWidget (optional)
        """
        super(Form, self).__init__(parent)
        self.setupUi(self)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    import sys
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    form = Form()
    form.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())