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Django:model类的objects属性

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一朵灼灼华
发布2022-08-05 19:55:47
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发布2022-08-05 19:55:47
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A model class's objects attribute is an instance of django.db.models.manager.Manager. A manager has the following methods, all of which return a QuerySet instance.

  • all() -- Returns a QuerySet of all objects in the database. This is like the old get_list(). Takes no arguments.
  • filter(**kwargs) -- Returns a QuerySet, filtered by the given keyword arguments. Lookup arguments are in the same style as previously, e.g. pubdate__year=2005, except you can leave off __exact as a convenience. For example, name='John' and name__exact='John' are equivalent. Note that for lookups between applications you can't omit __exact.
  • exclude(**kwargs) is the same as filter(), but returns objects where the given arguments are not true.
  • order_by(*fieldnames) -- Returns a QuerySet
  • count() -- Returns the count of all objects in the database.
  • dates(field_name, kind) -- Like the old get_FIELD_list() for date fields. For example, old-school get_pubdate_list('year') is now dates('pubdate', 'year').
  • delete() -- Deletes all objects.
  • distinct() -- Returns a QuerySet with DISTINCT set.
  • extra(select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None) -- Sets the select, where, paramsand tables arguments, which are in the same format as before.
  • get(**kwargs) -- Like the old get_object(). Returns an object or raises DoesNotExist on error.
  • in_bulk(id_list) -- Like the old get_in_bulk().
  • iterator() -- Returns a generator that iterators over results.
  • select_related() -- Returns a QuerySet with the "select related" option (which acts the same as before) set.
  • values(*fieldnames) -- Like the old get_values().

Each QuerySet has the following methods, which return a clone of the query set with the appropriate changes made:

  • filter(**kwargs)
  • order_by(*fieldnames)
  • iterator()
  • count()
  • get(**kwargs)
  • delete()
  • filter(**kwargs)
  • select_related()
  • order_by(*fieldnames)
  • distinct()
  • extra(select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None)

Here are some examples, which use the following models:

代码语言:javascript
复制
class Reporter(models.Model):
    fname = models.CharField(maxlength=30)
    lname = models.CharField(maxlength=30)class Site(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(maxlength=20)class Article(models.Model):
    headline = models.CharField(maxlength=50)
    reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter)
    pub_date = models.DateField()


    sites = models.ManyToManyField(Site)

Old syntax

New syntax

reporters.get_list()

Reporter.objects.all()

reporters.get_list(fname__exact='John')

Reporter.objects.filter(fname='John')

reporters.get_list(order_by=('-lname', 'fname'))

Reporter.objects.order_by('-lname', 'fname')

reporters.get_list(fname__exact='John', order_by=('lname',))

Reporter.objects.filter(fname='John').order_by('lname')

reporters.get_object(pk=3)

Reporter.objects.get(pk=3)

reporters.get_object(complex=(Q(...)|Q(...)))

Reporter.objects.get(Q(...)|Q(...))

reporters.get_object(fname__contains='John')

Reporter.objects.get(fname__contains='John')

reporters.get_list(fname__ne='John')

Reporter.objects.exclude(fname='John') (note that ne is no longer a valid lookup type)

(not previously possible)

Reporter.objects.exclude(fname__contains='n')

reporters.get_list(distinct=True)

Reporter.objects.distinct()

reporters.get_list(offset=10, limit=5)

Reporter.objects.all()[10:15]

reporters.get_values()

Reporter.objects.values()

reporters.get_in_bulk([1, 2])

Reporter.objects.in_bulk([1, 2])

reporters.get_in_bulk([1, 2], fname__exact='John')

Reporter.objects.filter(fname='John').in_bulk([1, 2])

Date lookup

articles.get_pub_date_list('year')

Article.objects.dates('pub_date', 'year')

Latest-object lookup

articles.get_latest() (required get_latest_by in model)

Article.objects.latest() (with get_latest_by in model)

(Not previously possible)

Article.objects.latest('pub_date') # Latest by pub_date (overrides get_latest_by field in model)

Many-to-one related lookup

article_obj.reporter_id

article_obj.reporter.id

article_obj.get_reporter()

article_obj.reporter

reporter_obj.get_article_list()

reporter_obj.article_set.all()

reporter_obj.get_article_list(headline__exact='Hello')

reporter_obj.article_set.filter(headline='Hello')

reporter_obj.get_article_count()

reporter_obj.article_set.count()

reporter_obj.add_article(headline='Foo')

reporter_obj.article_set.create(headline='Foo')

(Alternate syntax)

reporter_obj.article_set.add(article_obj)

("values" lookup, etc., not previously possible)

reporter_obj.article_set.values()

Many-to-many related lookup

article_obj.get_site_list()

article_obj.sites.all()

article_obj.set_sites([s1.id, s2.id])

article_obj.sites.clear(); article_obj.sites.add(s1); article_obj.sites.add(s2)

article_obj.set_sites([s1.id]) # deletion

article_obj.sites.remove(s2)

site_obj.get_article_list()

site_obj.article_set.all()

Note that related-object lookup uses the default manager of the related object, which means the API for accessing related objects is completely consistent with the API for accessing objects via a manager.

Also note that managers can't be accessed from instances:

代码语言:javascript
复制
p = Person.objects.get(pk=1)p.objects.all() # Raises AttributeError

Override default manager name ('objects') ¶

If a model already has an objects attribute, you'll need to specify an alternate name for theobjects manager.

代码语言:javascript
复制
class Person(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(maxlength=30)
    last_name = models.CharField(maxlength=30)
    objects = models.TextField()
    people = models.Manager()p = Person(first_name='Mary', last_name='Jones', objects='Hello there.')p.save()p.objects == 'Hello there.'Person.people.all()
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原始发表:2017-11-02,如有侵权请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除

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