前言:
一直以来,对于多线程的理解总是赶在前一秒翻书时回忆起,后一秒放下书即忘。甚是可恼!今晚对多线程总结一下,也好有个了断~
首先,我们想了解的是:什么是线程,跟进程有什么关联?
其实是这样的:线程是程序执行流的最小单元。其一般有3种状态:就绪,执行和阻塞(因本文注重实例,就不对概念作过多的解释~)。在计算机中,一个代码块(block)运行时产生一个或多个进程(process),而每一个进程又对应一至多个线程(thread),每一个线程又可以分为一至多个任务(task).
因此,以上的关系我们可以通过下面一张图进行理解。
1)继承Thread类
2)实现Runnable接口
1 package com.gdufe.thread;
2
3 public class ThreadTest {
4
5 public static void main(String[] args) {
6
7 Thread thread1 = new Thread(new TaskA(),"thread1");
8 Thread thread2 = new Thread(new TaskB('a',100),"thread2");
9 Thread thread3 = new Thread(new TaskB('b',100),"thread3");
10
11 thread1.start();;
12 thread2.start();
13 thread3.start();
14 System.out.println("--End--");
15
16
17 }
18
19 /*
20 * 任务A通过实现Runnable接口创建任务
21 */
22 private static class TaskA implements Runnable{
23
24 @Override
25 public void run() {
26 for(int i=0;i<100;i++){
27 System.out.print(i+" ");
28 }
29 }
30
31 }
32 /*
33 * 任务B通过继承Thread类并重写run()方法来创建任务
34 */
35 private static class TaskB extends Thread{
36
37 private char ch;
38 private int times;
39
40 public TaskB(char ch,int times){
41 this.ch=ch;
42 this.times=times;
43 }
44 @Override
45 public void run() {
46 for(int i=0;i<times;i++){
47 System.out.print(ch+" ");
48 }
49 }
50 }
51 }
输出结果:
【不安全实例代码】
1 package com.gdufe.thread;
2
3 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
4 import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
5
6 public class ThreadNotSafe {
7 static Account account = new Account();
8
9 public static void main(String[] args) {
10
11 ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
12 for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
13 executor.execute(new Deposit());
14 }
15 executor.shutdown();
16 while (!executor.isTerminated()) {
17 }
18 System.out.println("Finally, the account get the total balance:"
19 + account.getBalance());
20 }
21 /*
22 * 存钱操作,每次存入1
23 */
24 static class Deposit implements Runnable {
25
26 @Override
27 public void run() {
28 account.deposit(1);
29 }
30 }
31
32 static class Account {
33 private int balance = 0;
34
35 public int getBalance() {
36 return balance;
37 }
38
39 public void deposit(int value) {
40 int newBalance = balance + value;
41 try {
42 Thread.sleep(5); //故意将原有的简单操作拆分两步,并且中间延迟5毫秒
43 } catch (Exception e) {
44 }
45 balance = newBalance;
46 }
47 }
48
49 }
输出结果:
Finally, the account get the total balance:3
(注意:执行多次的结果不一样)
分析:
上述实例进行100个任务,每个任务都是往账号里面存“1”,正确的结果应该输出“100”,那为什么最终的结果好像“不正确”。原因是,当多个任务同时访问一个资源时,就出现了所谓的资源“竞争”。
解决方法:
1)使用关键字“synchronized”对资源进行封锁,此方式称作“隐式加锁”;
2)采用java内部工具类“Lock”进行“显式加锁”。
【方式1-代码修改部分】:
1 static class Account {
2 private int balance = 0;
3
4 public int getBalance() {
5 return balance;
6 }
7 /*
8 * 增加关键字‘synchronized’,方法未执行完时,仅限一个任务访问该方法
9 */
10 public synchronized void deposit(int value) {
11 int newBalance = balance + value;
12 try {
13 Thread.sleep(5); //故意延迟5毫秒
14 } catch (Exception e) {
15 }
16 balance = newBalance;
17 }
18 }
【方式2-代码修改部分】:
1 static class Account {
2 private int balance = 0;
3 private static Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
4
5 public int getBalance() {
6 return balance;
7 }
8 /*
9 * 采用显示加锁,方法开始执行时加锁,执行结束前解锁
10 */
11 public void deposit(int value) {
12 lock.lock(); //加锁
13 int newBalance = balance + value;
14 try {
15 Thread.sleep(5); //故意延迟5毫秒
16 balance = newBalance;
17 } catch (Exception e) {
18
19 }finally{
20 lock.unlock(); //解锁
21 }
22 }
23 }
输出结果:
Finally, the account get the total balance:100
(多次执行,输出结果总是100)
假如现在要对一个银行账号(Account)进行存(Deposit)取(Withdraw)钱操作。故确定了2个线程,这里的协作需要注意一点的是当银行账号的余额不足时,取钱操作必须等待。因此,除了前面设定的锁之外,我们还得加一个信号量signal。信号量的作用是当取钱的数量大于当前账号余额时,停止该操作,发出等待的信号量signal;存钱时,有多少即存多少就是了。不过,每进行一次存钱操作,都必须发出信号提醒还在等待的取钱操作,不然取钱操作将一直等下去...
代码实现:
1 package com.gdufe.thread;
2
3 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
4 import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
5 import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
6 import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
7 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
8
9 public class ThreadCooperation {
10 private static Account account = new Account();
11
12 public static void main(String[] args) {
13 //开启大小为2线程池的,依次加入任务
14 ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
15 executor.execute(new DepositTask());
16 executor.execute(new WithdrawTask());
17 //关闭线程池入口
18 executor.shutdown();
19 System.out.println("Operation------Balance");
20 }
21 //从账号取出钱
22 static class WithdrawTask implements Runnable {
23 @Override
24 public void run() {
25 try {
26 while (true) {
27 account.withdraw((int) (Math.random() * 10));
28 }
29 } catch (Exception e) {
30 }
31 }
32 }
33 //往账号存钱
34 static class DepositTask implements Runnable {
35 @Override
36 public void run() {
37 try{
38 while (true) {
39 account.deposit((int) (Math.random() * 10));
40 Thread.sleep(1000);
41 }
42 }catch(Exception e){
43 e.printStackTrace();
44 }
45 }
46 }
47 //内部类,只有‘balance’属性
48 static class Account {
49 private int balance = 0;
50 private static Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
51 private static Condition signal = lock.newCondition();
52
53 public int getBalance() {
54 return balance;
55 }
56 //前后加锁,解锁
57 public void deposit(int amount) {
58 lock.lock();
59 try {
60 balance += amount;
61 System.out.println("deposit "+amount+"----total:" + account.getBalance());
62 signal.signalAll(); //not 'notifyAll()'
63 } finally {
64 lock.unlock();
65 }
66 }
67 //同样加锁,解锁
68 public void withdraw(int amount) {
69 lock.lock();
70 try {
71 while (balance < amount) {
72 signal.await();
73 System.out.println("signal await...");
74 }
75 balance -= amount;
76 System.out.println("whthdraw "+amount+"----total:" + account.getBalance());
77 } catch (Exception e) {
78 e.printStackTrace();
79 } finally {
80 lock.unlock();
81 }
82 }
83 }
84
85 }
输出结果:
(抱歉,时间关系!后续补上关于生产者消费者的实例,敬请关注~~)