MySQL基础之常见函数

select 函数名(实参列表) 【from 表】;

>​	字符函数：	
>
>​	length:获取字节个数(utf-8一个汉字代表3个字节,gbk为2个字节)
>​	concat
>​	substr
>​	instr
>​	trim
>​	upper
>​	lower
>​	lpad
>​	rpad
>​	replace	
>
>数学函数：
>	round
>	ceil
>	floor
>	truncate
>	mod
>
>日期函数：
>	now
>	curdate
>	curtime
>	year
>	month
>	monthname
>	day
>	hour
>	minute
>	second
>	str_to_date
>	date_format
>其他函数：
>	version
>	database
>	user
>控制函数
>	if
>	case

#1.length 获取参数值的字节个数
SELECT LENGTH('john');
SELECT LENGTH('张三丰hahaha');

SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%char%'

#2.concat 拼接字符串

SELECT CONCAT(last_name,'_',first_name) 姓名 FROM employees;

#3.upper、lower
SELECT UPPER('john');
SELECT LOWER('joHn');
#示例：将姓变大写，名变小写，然后拼接
SELECT CONCAT(UPPER(last_name),LOWER(first_name))  姓名 FROM employees;

#4.substr、substring
注意：索引从1开始
#截取从指定索引处后面所有字符
SELECT SUBSTR('李莫愁爱上了陆展元',7)  out_put;

#截取从指定索引处指定字符长度的字符
SELECT SUBSTR('李莫愁爱上了陆展元',1,3) out_put;


#案例：姓名中首字符大写，其他字符小写然后用_拼接，显示出来

SELECT CONCAT(UPPER(SUBSTR(last_name,1,1)),'_',LOWER(SUBSTR(last_name,2)))  out_put
FROM employees;

#5.instr 返回子串第一次出现的索引，如果找不到返回0

SELECT INSTR('杨不殷六侠悔爱上了殷六侠','殷八侠') AS out_put;

#6.trim

SELECT LENGTH(TRIM('    张翠山    ')) AS out_put;

SELECT TRIM('aa' FROM 'aaaaaaaaa张aaaaaaaaaaaa翠山aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa')  AS out_put;

#7.lpad 用指定的字符实现左填充指定长度

SELECT LPAD('殷素素',2,'*') AS out_put;

#8.rpad 用指定的字符实现右填充指定长度

SELECT RPAD('殷素素',12,'ab') AS out_put;


#9.replace 替换

SELECT REPLACE('周芷若周芷若周芷若周芷若张无忌爱上了周芷若','周芷若','赵敏') AS out_put;

#round 四舍五入
SELECT ROUND(-1.55);
SELECT ROUND(1.567,2);


#ceil 向上取整,返回>=该参数的最小整数

SELECT CEIL(-1.02);

#floor 向下取整，返回<=该参数的最大整数
SELECT FLOOR(-9.99);

#truncate 截断

SELECT TRUNCATE(1.69999,1);

#mod取余
/*
mod(a,b) ：  a-a/b*b

mod(-10,-3):-10- (-10)/(-3)*（-3）=-1
*/
SELECT MOD(10,-3);
SELECT 10%3;

#now 返回当前系统日期+时间
SELECT NOW();

#curdate 返回当前系统日期，不包含时间
SELECT CURDATE();

#curtime 返回当前时间，不包含日期
SELECT CURTIME();


#可以获取指定的部分，年、月、日、小时、分钟、秒
SELECT YEAR(NOW()) 年;
SELECT YEAR('1998-1-1') 年;

SELECT  YEAR(hiredate) 年 FROM employees;

SELECT MONTH(NOW()) 月;
SELECT MONTHNAME(NOW()) 月;


#str_to_date 将字符通过指定的格式转换成日期

SELECT STR_TO_DATE('1998-3-2','%Y-%c-%d') AS out_put;

#查询入职日期为1992--4-3的员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE hiredate = '1992-4-3';

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE hiredate = STR_TO_DATE('4-3 1992','%c-%d %Y');


#date_format 将日期转换成字符

SELECT DATE_FORMAT(NOW(),'%y年%m月%d日') AS out_put;

#查询有奖金的员工名和入职日期(xx月/xx日 xx年)
SELECT last_name,DATE_FORMAT(hiredate,'%m月/%d日 %y年') 入职日期
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;

SELECT VERSION();
SELECT DATABASE();
SELECT USER();

#1.if函数： if else 的效果

SELECT IF(10<5,'大','小');

SELECT last_name,commission_pct,IF(commission_pct IS NULL,'没奖金，呵呵','有奖金，嘻嘻') 备注
FROM employees;

#2.case函数的使用一： switch case 的效果

/*
java中
switch(变量或表达式){
	case 常量1：语句1;break;
	...
	default:语句n;break;


}

mysql中

case 要判断的字段或表达式
when 常量1 then 要显示的值1或语句1;
when 常量2 then 要显示的值2或语句2;
...
else 要显示的值n或语句n;
end
*/

/*案例：查询员工的工资，要求

部门号=30，显示的工资为1.1倍
部门号=40，显示的工资为1.2倍
部门号=50，显示的工资为1.3倍
其他部门，显示的工资为原工资

*/
SELECT salary 原始工资,department_id,
CASE department_id
WHEN 30 THEN salary*1.1
WHEN 40 THEN salary*1.2
WHEN 50 THEN salary*1.3
ELSE salary
END AS 新工资
FROM employees;

#3.case 函数的使用二：类似于 多重if
/*
java中：
if(条件1){
	语句1；
}else if(条件2){
	语句2；
}
...
else{
	语句n;
}

mysql中：

case 
when 条件1 then 要显示的值1或语句1
when 条件2 then 要显示的值2或语句2
。。。
else 要显示的值n或语句n
end
*/

#案例：查询员工的工资的情况
如果工资>20000,显示A级别
如果工资>15000,显示B级别
如果工资>10000，显示C级别
否则，显示D级别

SELECT salary,
CASE 
WHEN salary>20000 THEN 'A'
WHEN salary>15000 THEN 'B'
WHEN salary>10000 THEN 'C'
ELSE 'D'
END AS 工资级别
FROM employees;

SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(salary) FROM employees;


SELECT SUM(salary) 和,AVG(salary) 平均,MAX(salary) 最高,MIN(salary) 最低,COUNT(salary) 个数
FROM employees;

SELECT SUM(salary) 和,ROUND(AVG(salary),2) 平均,MAX(salary) 最高,MIN(salary) 最低,COUNT(salary) 个数
FROM employees;

SELECT SUM(last_name) ,AVG(last_name) FROM employees;
SELECT SUM(hiredate) ,AVG(hiredate) FROM employees;

SELECT MAX(last_name),MIN(last_name) FROM employees;

SELECT MAX(hiredate),MIN(hiredate) FROM employees;

SELECT COUNT(commission_pct) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(last_name) FROM employees;

SELECT SUM(commission_pct) ,AVG(commission_pct),SUM(commission_pct)/35,SUM(commission_pct)/107 FROM employees;

SELECT MAX(commission_pct) ,MIN(commission_pct) FROM employees;

SELECT COUNT(commission_pct) FROM employees;
SELECT commission_pct FROM employees;

SELECT SUM(DISTINCT salary),SUM(salary) FROM employees;

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT salary),COUNT(salary) FROM employees;

SELECT COUNT(salary) FROM employees;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees;

SELECT COUNT(1) FROM employees;

SELECT AVG(salary),employee_id  FROM employees;