2022-10-27：设计一个数据结构，有效地找到给定子数组的 多数元素 。 子数组的 多数元素 是在子数组中出现 threshold 次数或次数以上的元素。

use std::iter::repeat;
struct MajorityChecker {
    st: SegmentTree,
    cq: CountQuicker,
}

struct SegmentTree {
    n: i32,
    candidate: Vec<i32>,
    hp: Vec<i32>,
}

impl SegmentTree {
    pub fn new(arr: &mut Vec<i32>) -> Self {
        let n = arr.len() as i32;
        let candidate: Vec<i32> = repeat(0).take(((n + 1) << 2) as usize).collect();
        let hp: Vec<i32> = repeat(0).take(((n + 1) << 2) as usize).collect();
        let mut ans = SegmentTree { n, candidate, hp };
        ans.build(arr, 1, n, 1);
        return ans;
    }

    fn build(&mut self, arr: &mut Vec<i32>, l: i32, r: i32, rt: i32) {
        if l == r {
            self.candidate[rt as usize] = arr[(l - 1) as usize];
            self.hp[rt as usize] = 1;
        } else {
            let m = (l + r) >> 1;
            self.build(arr, l, m, rt << 1);
            self.build(arr, m + 1, r, rt << 1 | 1);
            let lc = self.candidate[(rt << 1) as usize];
            let rc = self.candidate[(rt << 1 | 1) as usize];
            let lh = self.hp[(rt << 1) as usize];
            let rh = self.hp[(rt << 1 | 1) as usize];
            if lc == rc {
                self.candidate[rt as usize] = lc;
                self.hp[rt as usize] = lh + rh;
            } else {
                self.candidate[rt as usize] = if lh >= rh { lc } else { rc };
                self.hp[rt as usize] = i32::abs(lh - rh);
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn query(&mut self, left: i32, right: i32) -> i32 {
        return self.query0(left + 1, right + 1, 1, self.n, 1)[0];
    }

    fn query0(&mut self, ll: i32, rr: i32, l: i32, r: i32, rt: i32) -> Vec<i32> {
        if ll <= l && r <= rr {
            return vec![self.candidate[rt as usize], self.hp[rt as usize]];
        }
        let m = (l + r) >> 1;
        if rr <= m {
            return self.query0(ll, rr, l, m, rt << 1);
        } else if ll > m {
            return self.query0(ll, rr, m + 1, r, rt << 1 | 1);
        } else {
            let mut ansl = self.query0(ll, rr, l, m, rt << 1);
            let mut ansr = self.query0(ll, rr, m + 1, r, rt << 1 | 1);
            if ansl[0] == ansr[0] {
                ansl[1] += ansr[1];
                return ansl;
            } else {
                if ansl[1] >= ansr[1] {
                    ansl[1] -= ansr[1];
                    return ansl;
                } else {
                    ansr[1] -= ansl[1];
                    return ansr;
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
struct CountQuicker {
    cnt: Vec<Vec<i32>>,
}

impl CountQuicker {
    pub fn new(arr: &mut Vec<i32>) -> Self {
        let mut cnt: Vec<Vec<i32>> = vec![];
        let max = *arr.iter().max().unwrap_or(&0);
        for _i in 0..=max {
            cnt.push(vec![]);
        }
        for i in 0..arr.len() as i32 {
            cnt[arr[i as usize] as usize].push(i);
        }
        return Self { cnt };
    }

    pub fn real_times(&mut self, left: i32, right: i32, num: i32) -> i32 {
        self.size(num, right) - self.size(num, left - 1)
    }

    fn size(&mut self, indies_index: i32, index: i32) -> i32 {
        let mut l = 0;
        let mut r = self.cnt[indies_index as usize].len() as i32 - 1;
        let mut m: i32;
        let mut ans = -1;
        while l <= r {
            m = (l + r) / 2;
            if self.cnt[indies_index as usize][m as usize] <= index {
                ans = m;
                l = m + 1;
            } else {
                r = m - 1;
            }
        }
        return ans + 1;
    }
}

impl MajorityChecker {
    fn new(arr: Vec<i32>) -> Self {
        let mut arr = arr;
        let st = SegmentTree::new(&mut arr);
        let cq = CountQuicker::new(&mut arr);
        Self { st, cq }
    }

    fn query(&mut self, left: i32, right: i32, threshold: i32) -> i32 {
        let candidate = self.st.query(left, right);
        return if self.cq.real_times(left, right, candidate) >= threshold {
            candidate
        } else {
            -1
        };
    }
}

fn main() {
    let arr = vec![1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1];
    let mut majority_checker = MajorityChecker::new(arr);
    let ans = majority_checker.query(0, 5, 4); // 返回 1
    println!("ans = {:?}", ans);
    let ans = majority_checker.query(0, 3, 3); // 返回 -1
    println!("ans = {:?}", ans);
    let ans = majority_checker.query(2, 3, 2); // 返回 2
    println!("ans = {:?}", ans);
}