维度模型数据仓库（十三） —— 退化维度
维度模型数据仓库（十三） —— 退化维度
（五）进阶技术 8. 退化维度 本篇讨论一种称为退化维度的技术。该技术减少维度的数量，简化维度数据仓库的模式。简单的模式比复杂的更容易理解，也有更好的查询性能。当一个维度没有数据仓库需要的任何数据时就可以退化此维度。需要把退化维度的相关数据迁移到事实表中，然后删除退化的维度。 退化订单维度 本节说明如何退化订单维度，包括对数据仓库模式和定期装载脚本的修改。使用维度退化技术时你首先要做的识别数据，分析从来不用的数据列。例如，订单维度的order_number列就可能是这样的一列。但如果用户想看事务的细节，还需要订单号。因此，在退化订单维度前，要把订单号迁移到sales_order_fact表。图（五）- 8-1显示了迁移后的模式。
图（五）- 8-1
按顺序执行下面的四步退化order_dim维度表：
- 给sales_order_fact表添加order_number列
- 把order_dim表里的订单号迁移到sales_order_fact表
- 删除sales_order_fact表里的order_sk列
- 删除order_dim表
清单（五）- 8-1里的脚本完成所有退化订单维度所需的步骤。
USE dw;
/* adding order_number column */
ALTER TABLE sales_order_fact ADD order_number INT AFTER receive_date_sk;
/* loading existing order_number */
UPDATE sales_order_fact a, order_dim b
SET a.order_number = b.order_number
WHERE a.order_sk = b.order_sk;
/* removing order_sk column */
SET foreign_key_checks=0;
ALTER TABLE sales_order_fact DROP FOREIGN KEY sales_order_fact_ibfk_1;
ALTER TABLE sales_order_fact DROP order_sk;
/* removing the order_dim table */
DROP TABLE order_dim;
SET foreign_key_checks=1;
COMMIT;清单（五）- 8-1
使用下面的语句确认order_dim里的49个订单号已经迁移到sales_order_fact表，查询结果如下。 mysql> select count(0) from sales_order_fact where order_number IS NOT NULL; +----------+ | count(0) | +----------+ | 49 | +----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 还应该使用下面的语句确认order_sk列已经从sales_order_fact表里删除了。 mysql> desc sales_order_fact; +--------------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | customer_sk | int(11) | YES | MUL | NULL | | | product_sk | int(11) | YES | MUL | NULL | | | order_date_sk | int(11) | YES | MUL | NULL | | | allocate_date_sk | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | packing_date_sk | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | ship_date_sk | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | receive_date_sk | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | order_number | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | request_delivery_date_sk | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | order_amount | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | | | order_quantity | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | allocate_quantity | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | packing_quantity | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | ship_quantity | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | receive_quantity | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +--------------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 15 rows in set (0.01 sec) 最后，使用下面的命令确认order_dim表已经被删除。 mysql> show tables; +----------------------------+ | Tables_in_dw | +----------------------------+ | allocate_date_dim | | campaign_session_stg | | cdc_time | | customer_dim | | customer_stg | | date_dim | | month_dim | | month_end_sales_order_fact | | order_date_dim | | pa_customer_dim | | packing_date_dim | | product_dim | | product_stg | | promo_schedule_stg | | receive_date_dim | | request_delivery_date_dim | | sales_order_fact | | ship_date_dim | +----------------------------+ 18 rows in set (0.00 sec) 修改定期装载脚本 退化一个维度后需要做的另一件事就是修改定期装载脚本。修改后的脚本需要把订单号加入到销售订单事实表，而不再需要导入订单维度。清单清单（五）- 8-2显示了修改后的定期装载脚本。
USE dw;
-- 设置SCD的截止时间和生效时间
SET @pre_date = SUBDATE(CURRENT_DATE,1) ;
-- 设置CDC的上限时间
UPDATE cdc_time SET current_load = CURRENT_DATE ;
-- 装载客户维度
TRUNCATE TABLE customer_stg;
INSERT INTO customer_stg
SELECT
customer_number
, customer_name
, customer_street_address
, customer_zip_code
, customer_city
, customer_state
, shipping_address
, shipping_zip_code
, shipping_city
, shipping_state
FROM source.customer ;
/* 在所有地址列上 SCD2 */
/* 置过期 */
UPDATE customer_dim a,
customer_stg b
SET
expiry_date = @pre_date
WHERE
a.customer_number = b.customer_number
AND (a.customer_street_address <> b.customer_street_address
OR a.customer_city <> b.customer_city
OR a.customer_zip_code <> b.customer_zip_code
OR a.customer_state <> b.customer_state
OR a.shipping_address <> b.shipping_address
OR a.shipping_city <> b.shipping_city
OR a.shipping_zip_code <> b.shipping_zip_code
OR a.shipping_state <> b.shipping_state
OR a.shipping_address IS NULL
OR a.shipping_city IS NULL
OR a.shipping_zip_code IS NULL
OR a.shipping_state IS NULL)
AND expiry_date = '2200-01-01';
/* 加新行 */
INSERT INTO customer_dim
SELECT
NULL
, b.customer_number
, b.customer_name
, b.customer_street_address
, b.customer_zip_code
, b.customer_city
, b.customer_state
, b.shipping_address
, b.shipping_zip_code
, b.shipping_city
, b.shipping_state
, a.version + 1
, @pre_date
, '2200-01-01'
FROM
customer_dim a
, customer_stg b
WHERE
a.customer_number = b.customer_number
AND ( a.customer_street_address <> b.customer_street_address
OR a.customer_city <> b.customer_city
OR a.customer_zip_code <> b.customer_zip_code
OR a.customer_state <> b.customer_state
OR a.shipping_address <> b.shipping_address
OR a.shipping_city <> b.shipping_city
OR a.shipping_zip_code <> b.shipping_zip_code
OR a.shipping_state <> b.shipping_state
OR a.shipping_address IS NULL
OR a.shipping_city IS NULL
OR a.shipping_zip_code IS NULL
OR a.shipping_state IS NULL)
AND EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM customer_dim x
WHERE
b.customer_number=x.customer_number
AND a.expiry_date = @pre_date )
AND NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM customer_dim y
WHERE
b.customer_number = y.customer_number
AND y.expiry_date = '2200-01-01') ;
/* 在 customer_name 列上 SCD1 */
UPDATE customer_dim a, customer_stg b
SET a.customer_name = b.customer_name
WHERE a.customer_number = b.customer_number
AND a.customer_name <> b.customer_name ;
/* 新增的客户 */
INSERT INTO customer_dim
SELECT
NULL
, customer_number
, customer_name
, customer_street_address
, customer_zip_code
, customer_city
, customer_state
, shipping_address
, shipping_zip_code
, shipping_city
, shipping_state
, 1
, @pre_date
,'2200-01-01'
FROM customer_stg
WHERE customer_number NOT IN(
SELECT y.customer_number
FROM customer_dim x, customer_stg y
WHERE x.customer_number = y.customer_number) ;
/* 重建PA客户维度 */
TRUNCATE pa_customer_dim;
INSERT INTO pa_customer_dim
SELECT
customer_sk
, customer_number
, customer_name
, customer_street_address
, customer_zip_code
, customer_city
, customer_state
, shipping_address
, shipping_zip_code
, shipping_city
, shipping_state
, version
, effective_date
, expiry_date
FROM customer_dim
WHERE customer_state = 'PA' ;
/* 装载产品维度 */
TRUNCATE TABLE product_stg ;
INSERT INTO product_stg
SELECT
product_code
, product_name
, product_category
FROM source.product ;
/* 在 product_name 和 product_category 列上 SCD2 */
/* 置过期 */
UPDATE
product_dim a
, product_stg b
SET
expiry_date = @pre_date
WHERE
a.product_code = b.product_code
AND ( a.product_name <> b.product_name
OR a.product_category <> b.product_category)
AND expiry_date = '2200-01-01';
/* 加新行 */
INSERT INTO product_dim
SELECT
NULL
, b.product_code
, b.product_name
, b.product_category
, a.version + 1
, @pre_date
,'2200-01-01'
FROM
product_dim a
, product_stg b
WHERE
a.product_code = b.product_code
AND ( a.product_name <> b.product_name
OR a.product_category <> b.product_category)
AND EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM product_dim x
WHERE b.product_code = x.product_code
AND a.expiry_date = @pre_date)
AND NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM product_dim y
WHERE b.product_code = y.product_code
AND y.expiry_date = '2200-01-01') ;
/* 新增的产品 */
INSERT INTO product_dim
SELECT
NULL
, product_code
, product_name
, product_category
, 1
, @pre_date
, '2200-01-01'
FROM product_stg
WHERE product_code NOT IN(
SELECT y.product_code
FROM product_dim x, product_stg y
WHERE x.product_code = y.product_code) ;
-- 装载事实表，新增前一天的订单
INSERT INTO sales_order_fact
SELECT
customer_sk
, product_sk
, e.order_date_sk
, NULL
, NULL
, NULL
, NULL
, a.order_number
, f.request_delivery_date_sk
, order_amount
, quantity
, NULL
, NULL
, NULL
, NULL
FROM
source.sales_order a
, customer_dim c
, product_dim d
, order_date_dim e
, request_delivery_date_dim f
, cdc_time g
WHERE
a.order_status = 'N'
AND a.customer_number = c.customer_number
AND a.status_date >= c.effective_date
AND a.status_date < c.expiry_date
AND a.product_code = d.product_code
AND a.status_date >= d.effective_date
AND a.status_date < d.expiry_date
AND a.status_date = e.order_date
AND a.request_delivery_date = f.request_delivery_date
AND a.entry_date >= g.last_load AND a.entry_date < g.current_load ;
/* UPDATING the new sales order to Allocated status */
UPDATE sales_order_fact a,
source.sales_order b,
allocate_date_dim c,
cdc_time h
SET
a.allocate_date_sk = c.allocate_date_sk,
a.allocate_quantity = b.quantity
WHERE
order_status = 'A'
AND b.entry_date >= h.last_load AND b.entry_date < h.current_load
AND b.order_number = a.order_number
AND c.allocate_date = b.status_date ;
/* UPDATING the allocated order to Packed status */
UPDATE sales_order_fact a,
source.sales_order b,
packing_date_dim d,
cdc_time h
SET
a.packing_date_sk = d.packing_date_sk,
a.packing_quantity = b.quantity
WHERE
order_status = 'P'
AND b.entry_date >= h.last_load AND b.entry_date < h.current_load
AND b.order_number = a.order_number
AND d.packing_date = b.status_date ;
/* UPDATING the packed order to Shipped status */
UPDATE sales_order_fact a,
source.sales_order b,
ship_date_dim e,
cdc_time h
SET
a.ship_date_sk = e.ship_date_sk,
a.ship_quantity = b.quantity
WHERE
order_status = 'S'
AND b.entry_date >= h.last_load AND b.entry_date < h.current_load
AND b.order_number = a.order_number
AND e.ship_date = b.status_date ;
/* UPDATING the shipped order to Received status */
UPDATE sales_order_fact a,
source.sales_order b,
receive_date_dim f,
cdc_time h
SET
a.receive_date_sk = f.receive_date_sk,
a.receive_quantity = b.quantity
WHERE
order_status = 'R'
AND b.entry_date >= h.last_load AND b.entry_date < h.current_load
AND b.order_number = a.order_number
AND f.receive_date = b.status_date ;
-- 更新时间戳表的last_load字段
UPDATE cdc_time SET last_load = current_load ;
COMMIT ;清单（五）- 8-2
图（五）- 8-2到图（五）- 8-8显示了对Kettle定时装载的修改。
图（五）- 8-2
图（五）- 8-3
图（五）- 8-4
图（五）- 8-5
图（五）- 8-6
图（五）- 8-7
图（五）- 8-8
测试修改后的定期装载 本小节说明如何测试清单（五）- 8-2里的定期装载脚本和对应的Kettle转换。测试使用具有分配库房、出库、配送和收货里程碑的两个新订单。所以每个订单需要添加五行。清单（五）- 8-3里的脚本向源数据库里的sales_order表新增十行。
USE source;
INSERT INTO sales_order VALUES
(52, 1, 1, '2015-03-11', 'N', '2015-03-20', '2015-03-11', 7500,
75)
, (53, 2, 2, '2015-03-11', 'N', '2015-03-20', '2015-03-11', 1000,
10)
, (52, 1, 1, '2015-03-12', 'A', '2015-03-20', '2015-03-12', 7500,
75)
, (53, 2, 2, '2015-03-12', 'A', '2015-03-20', '2015-03-12', 1000,
10)
, (52, 1, 1, '2015-03-13', 'P', '2015-03-20', '2015-03-13', 7500,
75)
, (53, 2, 2, '2015-03-13', 'P', '2015-03-20', '2015-03-13', 1000,
10)
, (52, 1, 1, '2015-03-14', 'S', '2015-03-20', '2015-03-14', 7500,
75)
, (53, 2, 2, '2015-03-14', 'S', '2015-03-20', '2015-03-14', 1000,
10)
, (52, 1, 1, '2015-03-15', 'R', '2015-03-20', '2015-03-15', 7500,
75)
, (53, 2, 2, '2015-03-15', 'R', '2015-03-20', '2015-03-15', 1000,
10)
;
COMMIT;清单（五）- 8-3
现在设置你的系统日期为2015年3月12日，然后再执行清单（五）- 8-2里的脚本或对应的Kettle作业。之后，设置你的系统日期从2015年3月13日到2015年3月16日，每个日期执行一次定期装载。 执行五次定期装载后，查询sales_order_fact表的两条订单，SQL语句和结果显示如下。 mysql> select -> order_number od, -> order_date_sk od_sk, -> allocate_date_sk ad_sk, -> packing_date_sk pk_sk, -> ship_date_sk sd_sk, -> receive_date_sk rd_sk -> from -> sales_order_fact -> where -> order_number IN (52 , 53); +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | od | od_sk | ad_sk | pk_sk | sd_sk | rd_sk | +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | 52 | 5549 | 5550 | 5551 | 5552 | 5553 | | 53 | 5549 | 5550 | 5551 | 5552 | 5553 | +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) 注意 5549-5553是2015年3月11日至2015年3月15日。