作者:明明如月学长, CSDN 博客专家,大厂高级 Java 工程师,《性能优化方法论》作者、《解锁大厂思维:剖析《阿里巴巴Java开发手册》》、《再学经典:《EffectiveJava》独家解析》专栏作者。
Guava 的 ImmutableMap
类提供了 of
方法,可以很方便地构造不可变 Map。
ImmutableMap<Object, Object> build = ImmutableMap.of("a",1,"b",2);
然而,实际工作开发中很多人会从开始认为非常方便,后面到发现很多大家都会遇到相似的“问题”。
比如 ImmutableMap
类的 of
存在很多重载的方法,但是最多只有五个键值对。
有无参的方法:
/**
* Returns the empty map. This map behaves and performs comparably to {@link
* Collections#emptyMap}, and is preferable mainly for consistency and maintainability of your
* code.
*
* <p><b>Performance note:</b> the instance returned is a singleton.
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static <K, V> ImmutableMap<K, V> of() {
return (ImmutableMap<K, V>) RegularImmutableMap.EMPTY;
}
有支持一个键值对的方法:
/**
* Returns an immutable map containing a single entry. This map behaves and performs comparably to
* {@link Collections#singletonMap} but will not accept a null key or value. It is preferable
* mainly for consistency and maintainability of your code.
*/
public static <K, V> ImmutableMap<K, V> of(K k1, V v1) {
return ImmutableBiMap.of(k1, v1);
}
到支持五个键值对的方法:
/**
* Returns an immutable map containing the given entries, in order.
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if duplicate keys are provided
*/
public static <K, V> ImmutableMap<K, V> of(
K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4, K k5, V v5) {
return RegularImmutableMap.fromEntries(
entryOf(k1, v1), entryOf(k2, v2), entryOf(k3, v3), entryOf(k4, v4), entryOf(k5, v5));
}
很多人会遇到的坑:
虽然 of
方法很好用,但是经常会遇到超过 5 个键值对的情况,就非常不方便。
在 guava 31.0 版本以后,已经拓展到了 10 个键值对!
/**
* Returns an immutable map containing the given entries, in order.
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if duplicate keys are provided
* @since 31.0
*/
public static <K, V> ImmutableMap<K, V> of(
K k1,
V v1,
K k2,
V v2,
K k3,
V v3,
K k4,
V v4,
K k5,
V v5,
K k6,
V v6,
K k7,
V v7,
K k8,
V v8,
K k9,
V v9,
K k10,
V v10) {
return RegularImmutableMap.fromEntries(
entryOf(k1, v1),
entryOf(k2, v2),
entryOf(k3, v3),
entryOf(k4, v4),
entryOf(k5, v5),
entryOf(k6, v6),
entryOf(k7, v7),
entryOf(k8, v8),
entryOf(k9, v9),
entryOf(k10, v10));
}
com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap#builder
方法可以通过构造器的方式不断 put 键值对,最后 build
即可,也非常方便。
ImmutableMap<Object, Object> build = ImmutableMap.builder()
.put("a", 1)
.put("b", 2)
.put("c", 3)
.put("d",4)
.put("e",5)
.put("f",6)
.build();
也可以参考 2.2 中的解法。
很多人看到名字就知道不可“修改” 但不太清楚它的键值都不允许为 null。
key 为空的情况:
value 为空的情况:
真正开发时不会那么简单,有时候需要调用某个接口获取返回值然后再构造一个不可编辑的 Map 返回给下游使用。很可能在测试的时候都没有出现 null 值,发布上线,发现 key 或者 value 为 null,就会造成线上问题 或者 bug。
对于 of
的多参数重载:
/**
* Returns an immutable map containing the given entries, in order.
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if duplicate keys are provided
*/
public static <K, V> ImmutableMap<K, V> of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3) {
return RegularImmutableMap.fromEntries(entryOf(k1, v1), entryOf(k2, v2), entryOf(k3, v3));
}
/**
* Verifies that {@code key} and {@code value} are non-null, and returns a new immutable entry
* with those values.
*
* <p>A call to {@link Entry#setValue} on the returned entry will always throw {@link
* UnsupportedOperationException}.
*/
static <K, V> Entry<K, V> entryOf(K key, V value) {
return new ImmutableMapEntry<>(key, value);
}
ImmutableMapEntry(K key, V value) {
super(key, value);
checkEntryNotNull(key, value);
}
static void checkEntryNotNull(Object key, Object value) {
if (key == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("null key in entry: null=" + value);
} else if (value == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("null value in entry: " + key + "=null");
}
}
当然,如果你比较心细的话会发现 IDE 中会有警告,也可以很大程度上避免这个问题。
不如换个“殊途同归”的办法,先用 HashMap 去实现同一个 key 的值覆盖的功能,然后通过 Collections.unmodifiableMap
来实现不可编辑功能。
Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("a", 1);
map.put("b", 2);
map.put("c", 3);
map.put("d", 4);
map.put("e", 5);
map.put("f", null);
Map<String, Object> unmodifiableMap = Collections.unmodifiableMap(map);
System.out.println(unmodifiableMap);
如果一不小心 key 重复,也会报 java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
异常。
ImmutableMap<Object, Object> build = ImmutableMap.builder()
.put("a", 1)
.put("b", 2)
.put("c", 3)
.put("d",4)
.put("f",5)
.put("f",6)
.build();
System.out.println(build);
/**
* Returns an immutable map containing the given entries, in order.
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if duplicate keys are provided
*/
public static <K, V> ImmutableMap<K, V> of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2) {
return RegularImmutableMap.fromEntries(entryOf(k1, v1), entryOf(k2, v2));
}
最底层会对 entry 进行校验:
/**
* Checks if the given key already appears in the hash chain starting at {@code keyBucketHead}. If
* it does not, then null is returned. If it does, then if {@code throwIfDuplicateKeys} is true an
* {@code IllegalArgumentException} is thrown, and otherwise the existing {@link Entry} is
* returned.
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if another entry in the bucket has the same key and {@code
* throwIfDuplicateKeys} is true
* @throws BucketOverflowException if this bucket has too many entries, which may indicate a hash
* flooding attack
*/
@CanIgnoreReturnValue
static <K, V> @Nullable ImmutableMapEntry<K, V> checkNoConflictInKeyBucket(
Object key,
Object newValue,
@CheckForNull ImmutableMapEntry<K, V> keyBucketHead,
boolean throwIfDuplicateKeys)
throws BucketOverflowException {
int bucketSize = 0;
for (; keyBucketHead != null; keyBucketHead = keyBucketHead.getNextInKeyBucket()) {
if (keyBucketHead.getKey().equals(key)) {
if (throwIfDuplicateKeys) {
checkNoConflict(/* safe= */ false, "key", keyBucketHead, key + "=" + newValue);
} else {
return keyBucketHead;
}
}
if (++bucketSize > MAX_HASH_BUCKET_LENGTH) {
throw new BucketOverflowException();
}
}
return null;
}
最终报错:
static IllegalArgumentException conflictException(
String conflictDescription, Object entry1, Object entry2) {
return new IllegalArgumentException(
"Multiple entries with same " + conflictDescription + ": " + entry1 + " and " + entry2);
}
ImmutableMap
的 builder
除了提供 buid
之外, 在 31.0 版本之后还通过了 buildKeepingLast
和 buildOrThrow
。
可以通过 buildKeepingLast
设置当 key 重复时取后面的值。
/**
* Returns a newly-created immutable map. The iteration order of the returned map is the order
* in which entries were inserted into the builder, unless {@link #orderEntriesByValue} was
* called, in which case entries are sorted by value.
*
* <p>Prefer the equivalent method {@link #buildOrThrow()} to make it explicit that the method
* will throw an exception if there are duplicate keys. The {@code build()} method will soon be
* deprecated.
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if duplicate keys were added
*/
public ImmutableMap<K, V> build() {
return buildOrThrow();
}
/**
* Returns a newly-created immutable map, or throws an exception if any key was added more than
* once. The iteration order of the returned map is the order in which entries were inserted
* into the builder, unless {@link #orderEntriesByValue} was called, in which case entries are
* sorted by value.
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if duplicate keys were added
* @since 31.0
*/
public ImmutableMap<K, V> buildOrThrow() {
return build(true);
}
/**
* Returns a newly-created immutable map, using the last value for any key that was added more
* than once. The iteration order of the returned map is the order in which entries were
* inserted into the builder, unless {@link #orderEntriesByValue} was called, in which case
* entries are sorted by value. If a key was added more than once, it appears in iteration order
* based on the first time it was added, again unless {@link #orderEntriesByValue} was called.
*
* <p>In the current implementation, all values associated with a given key are stored in the
* {@code Builder} object, even though only one of them will be used in the built map. If there
* can be many repeated keys, it may be more space-efficient to use a {@link
* java.util.LinkedHashMap LinkedHashMap} and {@link ImmutableMap#copyOf(Map)} rather than
* {@code ImmutableMap.Builder}.
*
* @since 31.1
*/
public ImmutableMap<K, V> buildKeepingLast() {
return build(false);
}
低版本的话可以考虑先用 HashMap
构造数据,然后使用 com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap#copyOf(java.util.Map<? extends K,? extends V>)
转换即可。
Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("a", 1);
map.put("b", 2);
map.put("c", 3);
map.put("d", 4);
map.put("f", 5);
map.put("f", 6);
ImmutableMap<Object, Object> build = ImmutableMap.copyOf(map);
System.out.println(build);
其实 31.0 版本,已经支持 10 个键值对了。
此处,斗胆猜测,of
方法仅是为了提供更简单的构造 ImmutableMap
的方法,而“通常” 5 个就足够了。
然而,实践中很多人发现 5 个并不够,因此高版本中支持 10个键值对。
Guava 也有相关 Issues 的讨论 ImmutableMap::of should accept more entries #2071
:
https://github.com/google/guava/issues/2071
Github 上也有相关讨论: Question: Why RegularImmutableMap.fromEntryArray enforces “not null” policy on values? #5844
wiki 上有相关解释: https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/UsingAndAvoidingNullExplained
使用 ChatGPT 对上述 wiki 进行关键信息提取:
在谷歌的 Guava 库的设计哲学中,不允许在 ImmutableMap
(或其他类似的集合)中使用 null 值有几个关键原因:
防止错误:Guava 团队发现在 Google 的代码库中,大约 95% 的集合不应包含任何 null 值。允许 null 值会增加出错的风险,比如可能导致空指针异常。让这些集合在遇到 null 时快速失败(fail-fast)而不是默默接受 null,对开发者来说更有帮助。
消除歧义:null 值的含义通常不明确。例如,在使用 Map.get(key) 时,如果返回 null,可能是因为映射中该键对应的值为 null,或者该键在映射中不存在。这种歧义会导致理解和使用上的困难。
提倡更清晰的实践:在 Set 或 Map 中使用 null 值通常不是一个好的做法。更清晰的方法是在查找操作中显式处理 null,例如,如果你想在 Map 中使用 null 作为值,最好将那个条目留空,并保持一个单独的非空键集合。这样做可以避免混淆那些映射中键存在但值为 null,和那些映射中根本没有该键的情况。
选择适当的替代方案:如果你确实需要使用 null 值,并且遇到了不友好处理 null 的集合实现时,Guava 建议使用不同的实现。例如,如果 ImmutableList
不满足需求,可以使用 Collections.unmodifiableList(Lists.newArrayList())
作为替代。
总体而言,Guava 库通过避免在其集合中使用 null,旨在提供更清晰、更健壮、且更易于维护的代码实践。
我认为,主要是为了符合“不可变”的语义,既然是不可变,那么相同的 key 不应该重复放入到 map 中。其次,也可以避免意外的数据覆盖或丢失。
虽然这个问题并不难,但很多人并不知道会有那么多“坑”,很多人都需要重复思考如何解决这些限制。 因此,本文总结在这里,希望对大家有帮助。