【c++】多态&&虚函数&&抽象类&&继承中的虚函数表详解

class Person {
public:
	virtual void BuyTicket() { cout << "买票-全价" << endl; }
};

class Person {
public:
	virtual void BuyTicket() { cout << "买票-全价" << endl; }
};
class Student : public Person {
public:
	virtual void BuyTicket() { cout << "买票-半价" << endl; }
	/*注意：在重写基类虚函数时，派生类的虚函数在不加virtual关键字时，虽然也可以构成重写(因
	为继承后基类的虚函数被继承下来了在派生类依旧保持虚函数属性),但是该种写法不是很规范，不建议
	这样使用*/
	/*void BuyTicket() { cout << "买票-半价" << endl; }*/
};
void Func(Person& p) 
{ p.BuyTicket(); }
int main()
{
	Person ps;
	Student st;
	Func(ps);
	Func(st);
	return 0;
}

class A {};
class B : public A {};
class Person {
public:
	virtual A* f() { return new A; }
};
class Student : public Person {
public:
	virtual B* f() { return new B; }
};

class Person {
public:
	virtual ~Person() { cout << "~Person()" << endl; }
};
class Student : public Person {
public:
	virtual ~Student() { cout << "~Student()" << endl; }
};
// 只有派生类Student的析构函数重写了Person的析构函数，下面的delete对象调用析构函
//数，才能构成多态，才能保证p1和p2指向的对象正确的调用析构函数。
int main()
{
	Person* p1 = new Person;
	Person* p2 = new Student; 
	delete p1;
	delete p2;
	return 0;
}

class Car
{
public:
	virtual void Drive() final {}
};
class Benz :public Car
{
public:
	virtual void Drive() { cout << "Benz-舒适" << endl; }
};

class Car {
public:
	virtual void Drive() {}
};
class Benz :public Car {
public:
	virtual void Drive() override { cout << "Benz-舒适" << endl; }
};

class Car
{
public:
	virtual void Drive() = 0;
};
class Benz :public Car
{
public:
	virtual void Drive()
	{
		cout << "Benz-舒适" << endl;
	}
};
class BMW :public Car
{
public:
	virtual void Drive()
	{
		cout << "BMW-操控" << endl;
	}
};
void Test()
{
	Car* pBenz = new Benz;
	pBenz->Drive();
	Car* pBMW = new BMW;
	pBMW->Drive();
}

// 这里常考一道笔试题：sizeof(Base)是多少？
class Base
{
public:
	virtual void Func1()
	{
		cout << "Func1()" << endl;
	}
private:
	int _b = 1;
};

// 针对上面的代码我们做出以下改造
// 1.我们增加一个派生类Derive去继承Base
// 2.Derive中重写Func1
// 3.Base再增加一个虚函数Func2和一个普通函数Func3
class Base
{
public:
	virtual void Func1()
	{
		cout << "Base::Func1()" << endl;
	}
	virtual void Func2()
	{
		cout << "Base::Func2()" << endl;
	}
	void Func3()
	{
		cout << "Base::Func3()" << endl;
	}
private:
	int _b = 1;
};
class Derive : public Base
{
public:
	virtual void Func1()
	{
		cout << "Derive::Func1()" << endl;
	}
private:
	int _d = 2;
};
int main()
{
	Base b;
	Derive d;
	return 0;
}

class Person {
public:
	virtual void BuyTicket() { cout << "买票-全价" << endl; }
};
class Student : public Person {
public:
	virtual void BuyTicket() { cout << "买票-半价" << endl; }
};
void Func(Person& p)
{
	p.BuyTicket();
}
int main()
{
	Person Mike;
	Func(Mike);
	Student Johnson;
	Func(Johnson);
	return 0;
}

void Func(Person* p)
{
	p->BuyTicket();
}
int main()
{
	Person mike;
	Func(&mike);
	mike.BuyTicket();

	return 0;
}
// 以下汇编代码中跟这个问题不相关的都被去掉了
void Func(Person* p)
{
	...
		p->BuyTicket();
		// p中存的是mike对象的指针，将p移动到eax中
		001940DE  mov         eax, dword ptr[p]
		// [eax]就是取eax值指向的内容，这里相当于把mike对象头4个字节(虚表指针)移动到了edx
		001940E1  mov         edx, dword ptr[eax]
		// [edx]就是取edx值指向的内容，这里相当于把虚表中的头4字节存的虚函数指针移动到了eax
		00B823EE  mov         eax, dword ptr[edx]
		// call eax中存虚函数的指针。这里可以看出满足多态的调用，不是在编译时确定的，是运行起来
		以后到对象的中取找的。
		001940EA  call        eax
		00头1940EC  cmp         esi, esp
}
int main()
{
	...
		// 首先BuyTicket虽然是虚函数，但是mike是对象，不满足多态的条件，所以这里是普通函数的调
		用转换成地址时，是在编译时已经从符号表确认了函数的地址，直接call 地址
		mike.BuyTicket();
		00195182  lea         ecx, [mike]
		00195185  call        Person::BuyTicket(01914F6h)
		...
}

class Base {
public:
	virtual void func1() { cout << "Base::func1" << endl; }
	virtual void func2() { cout << "Base::func2" << endl; }
private:
	int a;
};
class Derive :public Base {
public:
	virtual void func1() { cout << "Derive::func1" << endl; }
	virtual void func3() { cout << "Derive::func3" << endl; }
	virtual void func4() { cout << "Derive::func4" << endl; }
private:
	int b;
};

typedef void(*VFPTR) ();
void PrintVTable(VFPTR vTable[])
{
	// 依次取虚表中的虚函数指针打印并调用。调用就可以看出存的是哪个函数
	cout << " 虚表地址>" << vTable << endl;
	for (int i = 0; vTable[i] != nullptr; ++i)
	{
		printf(" 第%d个虚函数地址 :0X%x,->", i, vTable[i]);
		VFPTR f = vTable[i];
		f();
	}
	cout << endl;
}
int main()
{
	Base b;
	Derive d;
	// 思路：取出b、d对象的头4bytes，就是虚表的指针，前面我们说了虚函数表本质是一个存虚函数
	// 指针的指针数组，这个数组最后面放了一个nullptr
		// 1.先取b的地址，强转成一个int*的指针
		// 2.再解引用取值，就取到了b对象头4bytes的值，这个值就是指向虚表的指针
		// 3.再强转成VFPTR*，因为虚表就是一个存VFPTR类型(虚函数指针类型)的数组。
		// 4.虚表指针传递给PrintVTable进行打印虚表
		// 5.需要说明的是这个打印虚表的代码经常会崩溃，因为编译器有时对虚表的处理不干净，虚表最
		// 后面没有放nullptr，导致越界，这是编译器的问题。我们只需要点目录栏的 - 生成 - 清理解决方案，再
		// 编译就好了。
		VFPTR * vTableb = (VFPTR*)(*(int*)&b);
	PrintVTable(vTableb);
	VFPTR* vTabled = (VFPTR*)(*(int*)&d);
	PrintVTable(vTabled);
	return 0;
}

class Base1 {
public:
	virtual void func1() { cout << "Base1::func1" << endl; }
	virtual void func2() { cout << "Base1::func2" << endl; }
private:
	int b1;
};
class Base2 {
public:
	virtual void func1() { cout << "Base2::func1" << endl; }
	virtual void func2() { cout << "Base2::func2" << endl; }
private:int b2;
};
class Derive : public Base1, public Base2 {
public:
	virtual void func1() { cout << "Derive::func1" << endl; }
	virtual void func3() { cout << "Derive::func3" << endl; }
private:
	int d1;
};
typedef void(*VFPTR) ();
void PrintVTable(VFPTR vTable[])
{
	cout << " 虚表地址>" << vTable << endl;
	for (int i = 0; vTable[i] != nullptr; ++i)
	{
		printf(" 第%d个虚函数地址 :0X%x,->", i, vTable[i]);
		VFPTR f = vTable[i];
		f();
	}
	cout << endl;
}
int main()
{
	Derive d;
	VFPTR* vTableb1 = (VFPTR*)(*(int*)&d);
	PrintVTable(vTableb1);
	VFPTR* vTableb2 = (VFPTR*)(*(int*)((char*)&d + sizeof(Base1)));
	PrintVTable(vTableb2);
	return 0;
}

class A {
public:
	A(const char* s) { cout << s << endl; }
	~A() {}
};
class B :virtual public A
{
public:
	B(const char* s1, const char* s2) :A(s1) { cout << s2 << endl; }
};
class C :virtual public A
{
public:
	C(const char* s1, const char* s2) :A(s1) { cout << s2 << endl; }
};
class D :public B, public C
{
public:
	D(const char* s1, const char* s2, const char* s3, const char* s4) :B(s1, s2), C(s1, s3), A(s1)
	{
		cout << s4 << endl;
	}
};
int main() {
	D* p = new D("class A", "class B", "class C", "class D");
	delete p;
	return 0;
}