linux 入门003 | 查看文本文件内容的三种姿势

用户11172986

发布于 2024-06-20 19:20:00

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发布于 2024-06-20 19:20:00

文章被收录于专栏：气python风雨气python风雨

前言

在Linux的世界里，掌握查看文件内容的技巧是每位用户的必备技能。本篇将带你领略cat、more、和less这三个命令的使用方法，让你在探索文件海洋时游刃有余。最后，简要提及tail和head这两个小指令，助你快速浏览文件的开头或结尾。

原帖在和鲸社区可在线运行

前置操作

由于手头的文件行数过多，我先给一个下期预告：管道和重定向来制作一个测试文本文件

In [12]:

!tail -n 30 /home/mw/input/meteva7050/nmc_met_tutorial-master/nmc_met_tutorial-master/meteva/input/meb/m1.txt > new.txt

1. cat：欲穷千里目

基本用法 cat（concatenate）命令是最直接的查看文件内容的方式，它会一口气把整个文件的内容输出到屏幕上。

In [13]:

cat /home/mw/project/new.txt

12585  21.70  50.68  218 1 9999  350    2  193    0    0    0      4 9999 9999 9999   18    8    0   18.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
12595  23.20  50.68  213 1 9999   10    1  197    0   11   11   0.01 9999 9999 9999   18   15    0   18.4 9999 9999 9999 9999
12600  19.00  49.80  399 1    0   50    4  181    0    1    1   9999 9999 9999 9999   17   25    2   19.6 9999 9999 9999 9999
12650  19.97  49.22 1988 1    1  190    6 9999    0    4    1   9999 9999    0 9999   11   50    1   11.9 9999   11 9999 9999
12660  20.68  49.62  295 1 9999  360    2  185    0    0    0      2 9999 9999 9999   18    7    0   18.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
12210  15.40  53.77   55 1 9999    0    1  176    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   19 9999  100   20.4 9999 9999 9999 9999
12230  16.73  53.12   73 1 9999    0    0  186    0   11   11   9999 9999 9999 9999   18   17    0   21.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
12310  14.58  52.33   24 1    0  140    2  171    0    1    1   9999 9999 9999 9999   17   30    2   22.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
12399  23.62  52.07  137 1    7    0    0  208    0    1    1   9999   35   25 1000   18    8   10   18.4   23 9999 9999 9999
12418  16.53  51.83   93 1 9999  120    1  180    0   11   11   9999 9999 9999 9999   17   19    0   20.9 9999 9999 9999 9999
12469  19.85  51.35  189 1    1    0    0  192    0    1    1   9999 9999   10 9999   17   12    2   18.2   23   11 9999 9999
12488  21.53  51.55  126 1    4  180    1  200    0    1    1   9999 9999   10 9999   16    5   10   17.3   23   11 9999 9999
12540  18.18  50.05  205 1    2   60    1  179    0    1    1   9999 9999    0 9999   17   27    2   21.3 9999   12 9999 9999
16333  18.14  40.24   47 1 9999  310    3  114    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   22 9999    0   23.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
12560  19.02  50.23  280 1    7   70    1  187    0    1    1   9999 9999   60 9999   17   30    2   19.2   23   12 9999 9999
12625  19.95  49.28  857 1    9  140    1 9999    0    8    1    0.5   35   90  200   15    8   10   16.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
12670  21.77  49.70  331 1    6   80    2  184    0    1    1   9999 9999   60 9999   17   22    2   19.6   25   12 9999 9999
12690  22.33  49.45  422 1    5   90    2  186    0    1    1   9999 9999   40 9999   18   22    2   18.9   23   12 9999 9999
12695  22.77  49.80  280 1 9999    0    1  192    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   18 9999  100   19.3 9999 9999 9999 9999
64910   9.70   4.02    9 1    9    0    0  144 9999    6    6     15   39   90  300   23    8   60   24.0 9999 9999 9999 9999
01023  18.53  69.05   76 1 9999    0    0  169    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   17 9999    0   17.3 9999 9999 9999 9999
01425   6.50  58.50   66 1 9999  320    1  184    1    0    0      2 9999 9999 9999   14 9999    0   14.9 9999 9999 9999 9999
01424   6.35  59.63    2 1 9999    0    0  176    1    0    0     26 9999 9999 9999   15 9999    0   16.8 9999 9999 9999 9999
01150  14.95  66.48  251 1 9999  100    1 9999 9999    0    0    0.8 9999 9999 9999   16 9999    0   16.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
01488  10.82  60.12  170 1 9999  350    1 9999 9999    0    0      8 9999 9999 9999   16 9999    0   16.9 9999 9999 9999 9999
48679 103.67   1.63   40 1    9  320    0  118 9999    6    2   9999   39   40  300   24   10   61   24.4   24   18 9999 9999
16364  16.37  38.76  996 1 9999  240    2 9999    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   17 9999    0   18.4 9999 9999 9999 9999
16415  14.87  38.58   45 1 9999  180    0  137    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   23 9999    0   24.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
16081   9.26  45.46  107 1 9999    0    0  146    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   24 9999    0   26.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
16314  16.66  40.68  496 1 9999   10    5  150    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   17 9999    0   22.9 9999 9999 9999 9999

参数 -n :显示行数 -b :不显示空行行数

In [14]:

cat -n /home/mw/project/new.txt

     1	12585  21.70  50.68  218 1 9999  350    2  193    0    0    0      4 9999 9999 9999   18    8    0   18.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
     2	12595  23.20  50.68  213 1 9999   10    1  197    0   11   11   0.01 9999 9999 9999   18   15    0   18.4 9999 9999 9999 9999
     3	12600  19.00  49.80  399 1    0   50    4  181    0    1    1   9999 9999 9999 9999   17   25    2   19.6 9999 9999 9999 9999
     4	12650  19.97  49.22 1988 1    1  190    6 9999    0    4    1   9999 9999    0 9999   11   50    1   11.9 9999   11 9999 9999
     5	12660  20.68  49.62  295 1 9999  360    2  185    0    0    0      2 9999 9999 9999   18    7    0   18.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
     6	12210  15.40  53.77   55 1 9999    0    1  176    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   19 9999  100   20.4 9999 9999 9999 9999
     7	12230  16.73  53.12   73 1 9999    0    0  186    0   11   11   9999 9999 9999 9999   18   17    0   21.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
     8	12310  14.58  52.33   24 1    0  140    2  171    0    1    1   9999 9999 9999 9999   17   30    2   22.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
     9	12399  23.62  52.07  137 1    7    0    0  208    0    1    1   9999   35   25 1000   18    8   10   18.4   23 9999 9999 9999
    10	12418  16.53  51.83   93 1 9999  120    1  180    0   11   11   9999 9999 9999 9999   17   19    0   20.9 9999 9999 9999 9999
    11	12469  19.85  51.35  189 1    1    0    0  192    0    1    1   9999 9999   10 9999   17   12    2   18.2   23   11 9999 9999
    12	12488  21.53  51.55  126 1    4  180    1  200    0    1    1   9999 9999   10 9999   16    5   10   17.3   23   11 9999 9999
    13	12540  18.18  50.05  205 1    2   60    1  179    0    1    1   9999 9999    0 9999   17   27    2   21.3 9999   12 9999 9999
    14	16333  18.14  40.24   47 1 9999  310    3  114    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   22 9999    0   23.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
    15	12560  19.02  50.23  280 1    7   70    1  187    0    1    1   9999 9999   60 9999   17   30    2   19.2   23   12 9999 9999
    16	12625  19.95  49.28  857 1    9  140    1 9999    0    8    1    0.5   35   90  200   15    8   10   16.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
    17	12670  21.77  49.70  331 1    6   80    2  184    0    1    1   9999 9999   60 9999   17   22    2   19.6   25   12 9999 9999
    18	12690  22.33  49.45  422 1    5   90    2  186    0    1    1   9999 9999   40 9999   18   22    2   18.9   23   12 9999 9999
    19	12695  22.77  49.80  280 1 9999    0    1  192    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   18 9999  100   19.3 9999 9999 9999 9999
    20	64910   9.70   4.02    9 1    9    0    0  144 9999    6    6     15   39   90  300   23    8   60   24.0 9999 9999 9999 9999
    21	01023  18.53  69.05   76 1 9999    0    0  169    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   17 9999    0   17.3 9999 9999 9999 9999
    22	01425   6.50  58.50   66 1 9999  320    1  184    1    0    0      2 9999 9999 9999   14 9999    0   14.9 9999 9999 9999 9999
    23	01424   6.35  59.63    2 1 9999    0    0  176    1    0    0     26 9999 9999 9999   15 9999    0   16.8 9999 9999 9999 9999
    24	01150  14.95  66.48  251 1 9999  100    1 9999 9999    0    0    0.8 9999 9999 9999   16 9999    0   16.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
    25	01488  10.82  60.12  170 1 9999  350    1 9999 9999    0    0      8 9999 9999 9999   16 9999    0   16.9 9999 9999 9999 9999
    26	48679 103.67   1.63   40 1    9  320    0  118 9999    6    2   9999   39   40  300   24   10   61   24.4   24   18 9999 9999
    27	16364  16.37  38.76  996 1 9999  240    2 9999    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   17 9999    0   18.4 9999 9999 9999 9999
    28	16415  14.87  38.58   45 1 9999  180    0  137    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   23 9999    0   24.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
    29	16081   9.26  45.46  107 1 9999    0    0  146    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   24 9999    0   26.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
    30	16314  16.66  40.68  496 1 9999   10    5  150    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   17 9999    0   22.9 9999 9999 9999 9999

In [15]:

cat -b /home/mw/project/new.txt

     1	12585  21.70  50.68  218 1 9999  350    2  193    0    0    0      4 9999 9999 9999   18    8    0   18.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
     2	12595  23.20  50.68  213 1 9999   10    1  197    0   11   11   0.01 9999 9999 9999   18   15    0   18.4 9999 9999 9999 9999
     3	12600  19.00  49.80  399 1    0   50    4  181    0    1    1   9999 9999 9999 9999   17   25    2   19.6 9999 9999 9999 9999
     4	12650  19.97  49.22 1988 1    1  190    6 9999    0    4    1   9999 9999    0 9999   11   50    1   11.9 9999   11 9999 9999
     5	12660  20.68  49.62  295 1 9999  360    2  185    0    0    0      2 9999 9999 9999   18    7    0   18.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
     6	12210  15.40  53.77   55 1 9999    0    1  176    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   19 9999  100   20.4 9999 9999 9999 9999
     7	12230  16.73  53.12   73 1 9999    0    0  186    0   11   11   9999 9999 9999 9999   18   17    0   21.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
     8	12310  14.58  52.33   24 1    0  140    2  171    0    1    1   9999 9999 9999 9999   17   30    2   22.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
     9	12399  23.62  52.07  137 1    7    0    0  208    0    1    1   9999   35   25 1000   18    8   10   18.4   23 9999 9999 9999
    10	12418  16.53  51.83   93 1 9999  120    1  180    0   11   11   9999 9999 9999 9999   17   19    0   20.9 9999 9999 9999 9999
    11	12469  19.85  51.35  189 1    1    0    0  192    0    1    1   9999 9999   10 9999   17   12    2   18.2   23   11 9999 9999
    12	12488  21.53  51.55  126 1    4  180    1  200    0    1    1   9999 9999   10 9999   16    5   10   17.3   23   11 9999 9999
    13	12540  18.18  50.05  205 1    2   60    1  179    0    1    1   9999 9999    0 9999   17   27    2   21.3 9999   12 9999 9999
    14	16333  18.14  40.24   47 1 9999  310    3  114    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   22 9999    0   23.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
    15	12560  19.02  50.23  280 1    7   70    1  187    0    1    1   9999 9999   60 9999   17   30    2   19.2   23   12 9999 9999
    16	12625  19.95  49.28  857 1    9  140    1 9999    0    8    1    0.5   35   90  200   15    8   10   16.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
    17	12670  21.77  49.70  331 1    6   80    2  184    0    1    1   9999 9999   60 9999   17   22    2   19.6   25   12 9999 9999
    18	12690  22.33  49.45  422 1    5   90    2  186    0    1    1   9999 9999   40 9999   18   22    2   18.9   23   12 9999 9999
    19	12695  22.77  49.80  280 1 9999    0    1  192    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   18 9999  100   19.3 9999 9999 9999 9999
    20	64910   9.70   4.02    9 1    9    0    0  144 9999    6    6     15   39   90  300   23    8   60   24.0 9999 9999 9999 9999
    21	01023  18.53  69.05   76 1 9999    0    0  169    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   17 9999    0   17.3 9999 9999 9999 9999
    22	01425   6.50  58.50   66 1 9999  320    1  184    1    0    0      2 9999 9999 9999   14 9999    0   14.9 9999 9999 9999 9999
    23	01424   6.35  59.63    2 1 9999    0    0  176    1    0    0     26 9999 9999 9999   15 9999    0   16.8 9999 9999 9999 9999
    24	01150  14.95  66.48  251 1 9999  100    1 9999 9999    0    0    0.8 9999 9999 9999   16 9999    0   16.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
    25	01488  10.82  60.12  170 1 9999  350    1 9999 9999    0    0      8 9999 9999 9999   16 9999    0   16.9 9999 9999 9999 9999
    26	48679 103.67   1.63   40 1    9  320    0  118 9999    6    2   9999   39   40  300   24   10   61   24.4   24   18 9999 9999
    27	16364  16.37  38.76  996 1 9999  240    2 9999    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   17 9999    0   18.4 9999 9999 9999 9999
    28	16415  14.87  38.58   45 1 9999  180    0  137    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   23 9999    0   24.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
    29	16081   9.26  45.46  107 1 9999    0    0  146    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   24 9999    0   26.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
    30	16314  16.66  40.68  496 1 9999   10    5  150    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   17 9999    0   22.9 9999 9999 9999 9999

小贴士

当文件较长时，使用cat可能导致屏幕快速滚动，难以阅读。可以用来合并多个文件内容到一个新文件中，如cat file1.txt file2.txt > combined.txt。

2. more：更上一页书

基本用法

与cat不同，more命令提供分页查看的功能，一次只显示一屏内容，非常适合阅读长文件。

In [16]:

more /home/mw/project/new.txt

12585  21.70  50.68  218 1 9999  350    2  193    0    0    0      4 9999 9999 9
999   18    8    0   18.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
12595  23.20  50.68  213 1 9999   10    1  197    0   11   11   0.01 9999 9999 9
999   18   15    0   18.4 9999 9999 9999 9999
12600  19.00  49.80  399 1    0   50    4  181    0    1    1   9999 9999 9999 9
999   17   25    2   19.6 9999 9999 9999 9999
12650  19.97  49.22 1988 1    1  190    6 9999    0    4    1   9999 9999    0 9
999   11   50    1   11.9 9999   11 9999 9999
12660  20.68  49.62  295 1 9999  360    2  185    0    0    0      2 9999 9999 9
999   18    7    0   18.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
12210  15.40  53.77   55 1 9999    0    1  176    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9
999   19 9999  100   20.4 9999 9999 9999 9999
12230  16.73  53.12   73 1 9999    0    0  186    0   11   11   9999 9999 9999 9
999   18   17    0   21.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
12310  14.58  52.33   24 1    0  140    2  171    0    1    1   9999 9999 9999 9
999   17   30    2   22.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
12399  23.62  52.07  137 1    7    0    0  208    0    1    1   9999   35   25 1
000   18    8   10   18.4   23 9999 9999 9999
12418  16.53  51.83   93 1 9999  120    1  180    0   11   11   9999 9999 9999 9
999   17   19    0   20.9 9999 9999 9999 9999
12469  19.85  51.35  189 1    1    0    0  192    0    1    1   9999 9999   10 9
999   17   12    2   18.2   23   11 9999 9999
12488  21.53  51.55  126 1    4  180    1  200    0    1    1   9999 9999   10 9
m--More--(38%)

操作指南

空格键：向下翻页。回车键：向下滚动一行。 b键：返回上一屏。 q键：退出more。

3. less：灵活自如

基本用法

less是more的一个plus版，所谓less is more 不仅支持上下翻页，还支持向前向后搜索，更加灵活强大。

In [17]:

less /home/mw/project/new.txt

/bin/sh: 1: less: not found

当前镜像似乎没安装less

高级操作

/keyword：向前搜索关键词。 n：查找下一个匹配项。 N：反向查找前一个匹配项。 pgup/pgdn或b/spc：翻页。 q：退出less

4. head 和 tail：瞻前顾后

head

用于查看文件的前几行，默认显示前10行。 tail

用于查看文件的后几行，默认显示后10行，非常适合检查日志文件的最新记录

In [18]:

head /home/mw/project/new.txt

12585  21.70  50.68  218 1 9999  350    2  193    0    0    0      4 9999 9999 9999   18    8    0   18.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
12595  23.20  50.68  213 1 9999   10    1  197    0   11   11   0.01 9999 9999 9999   18   15    0   18.4 9999 9999 9999 9999
12600  19.00  49.80  399 1    0   50    4  181    0    1    1   9999 9999 9999 9999   17   25    2   19.6 9999 9999 9999 9999
12650  19.97  49.22 1988 1    1  190    6 9999    0    4    1   9999 9999    0 9999   11   50    1   11.9 9999   11 9999 9999
12660  20.68  49.62  295 1 9999  360    2  185    0    0    0      2 9999 9999 9999   18    7    0   18.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
12210  15.40  53.77   55 1 9999    0    1  176    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   19 9999  100   20.4 9999 9999 9999 9999
12230  16.73  53.12   73 1 9999    0    0  186    0   11   11   9999 9999 9999 9999   18   17    0   21.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
12310  14.58  52.33   24 1    0  140    2  171    0    1    1   9999 9999 9999 9999   17   30    2   22.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
12399  23.62  52.07  137 1    7    0    0  208    0    1    1   9999   35   25 1000   18    8   10   18.4   23 9999 9999 9999
12418  16.53  51.83   93 1 9999  120    1  180    0   11   11   9999 9999 9999 9999   17   19    0   20.9 9999 9999 9999 9999

In [20]:

tail /home/mw/project/new.txt

01023  18.53  69.05   76 1 9999    0    0  169    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   17 9999    0   17.3 9999 9999 9999 9999
01425   6.50  58.50   66 1 9999  320    1  184    1    0    0      2 9999 9999 9999   14 9999    0   14.9 9999 9999 9999 9999
01424   6.35  59.63    2 1 9999    0    0  176    1    0    0     26 9999 9999 9999   15 9999    0   16.8 9999 9999 9999 9999
01150  14.95  66.48  251 1 9999  100    1 9999 9999    0    0    0.8 9999 9999 9999   16 9999    0   16.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
01488  10.82  60.12  170 1 9999  350    1 9999 9999    0    0      8 9999 9999 9999   16 9999    0   16.9 9999 9999 9999 9999
48679 103.67   1.63   40 1    9  320    0  118 9999    6    2   9999   39   40  300   24   10   61   24.4   24   18 9999 9999
16364  16.37  38.76  996 1 9999  240    2 9999    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   17 9999    0   18.4 9999 9999 9999 9999
16415  14.87  38.58   45 1 9999  180    0  137    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   23 9999    0   24.1 9999 9999 9999 9999
16081   9.26  45.46  107 1 9999    0    0  146    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   24 9999    0   26.7 9999 9999 9999 9999
16314  16.66  40.68  496 1 9999   10    5  150    0    0    0   9999 9999 9999 9999   17 9999    0   22.9 9999 9999 9999 9999