R语言画图
原创
两种方式
一、R自带的plot函数画图
二、ggplot2函数
plot函数
R自带的画图工具，R绘图基础图形系统的核心，plot（）函数是一个泛型函数，使用plot时真正被调用的时函数依赖于对象所属的类。
plot（x,y=NULL,type="p",xlim=NULL,ylin=NULL,log = "",main = NULL,sub = NULL,xlab = NULL,ylab = NULL,ann = par("ann"）,axes = TRUE,frame.plot = axes,panel.first = NULL,panel.last =NULL,asp =NA,...)
plot函数中有许多横纵坐标，其中x,y指横纵坐标对应的参数
1. 图片的保存
保存图标使用下列函数保存PDF文件，PDF文件可以放大后不会模糊
pdf("111.pdf")
#作图语句
dev.off()#作图完成后关闭，返回结果(1)什么参数都不设置的最简单的散点图
> a <- c(10,15,20,25,30,35)
> b <- c(12,23,34,45,56,67)
> plot(a,b)
2.par（）函数图布局
就是Rstudio右下角画图区域，可以设置一个页面多少张图，可以进行布局，默认一张，使用par参数进行设置图布局，par(mfrow=c（行，列）)按行按列，par(mfcol= c(行，列))，按列排列
R绘图区域界面公共分为三部分：outer margins、figure region、plot region。一般情况下，R绘图区域没有out margin区域；标签、轴名称和标题在figure region区域；画的线条之类的都在plot region区域
which，在当前图形上绘制边框，参数可以选择plot、figure、inner、outer
col，边框颜色
lwd，边框大小
> a <- c(10,15,20,25,30,35)
> b <- c(12,23,34,45,56,67)
> par(oma=c(3,3,3,3))#请把注意力方针par函数与box函数上
> lines1 <- plot61 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch = 23,col.axis = 2,xlim = c(0,40),ylim = c(5,65),col.main = 2,col.sub = "blue",main="红色框里的为plot区域",sub="plot61")
> lines2 <- lines(c(10,15,20,25,30,35),c(8,16,45,58,69,87),type = "b",pch = 21,col = "red")
> legend("topleft",inset = 0.05,cex = 0.8,title = "lines",c("lines1","lines2"),pch = c(23,21),text.col = 2)
> text(27,60,"lines1",col = "blue")
> text(35,45,"lines2",col = "red")
> box(which = "plot",col = "red",lwd = 2)
> box(which = "inner",col = "black",lwd =4)
> box(which = "figure",col = "blue",lwd =3)
> box(which = "outer",col = "green",lwd =5)红色框中为plot区域，蓝色内部为plot area区域，蓝色与红色直接为margin区域，绿色与蓝色直接为out margin area区域
par有许多参数，其中与plot部分一样，比如：col，lwd，lty，font，cex等
mfcol，分割画图区域，一个大图分割成几个子图，按列绘制子图
mfrow，分割画图区域，一个大图分割成几个子图，按行绘制子图
mgp，设置标题、做标注名称、坐标轴距离图形边框的距离，默认是标题为3；坐标轴名称为1，坐标轴为0
oma，设置外边界，omc = c(下，左，上，右)，例如：oma = c(2,3,4,3)，下边距2，左边距3，上边距4，右边距3
> a <- c(10,15,20,25,30,35)
> b <- c(12,23,34,45,56,67)
> par(oma = c(2,1,2,0.5),col = "blue", mgp = c(2,1,0),bg = "black")
> lines1 <- plot51 <- plot(a,b,type = "b" , pch = 23, col.axis = 2,xlim = c(0,40),ylim =c(5,65),col.main = 2,col.sub = "blue")
> lines2 <- lines(c(5,10,20,25,32,35),c(5,25,35,45,50,55),type = "b",pch = 21,col = "red")
> legend("topleft",inset = 0.05,cex = 0.8,title = "lines" , c("lines1","lines2"),pch = c(23,21),text.col = 2)
> text(27,60,"lines1",col = "blue")
> text(35,45,"lines2",col = "red")
3、main:设置主标题，sub:副标题
> a <- c(10,15,20,25,30,35)
> b <- c(12,23,34,45,56,67)
> par(oma = c(2,1,2,0.5),col = "blue", mgp = c(2,1,0),bg = "white")
> plot(a,b,main = "主标题位置",sub = "副标题位置")
4、type，指线的类型
tybe= “p” ，点图
tybe= “l” ，线图
tybe= “b” ，同时绘制点和线
tybe= “c” ，仅绘制参数b所示的线
tybe= “o” ，同时绘制点和线，且线穿过点
tybe= “h” ，绘制出点到横坐标轴的垂直线
tybe= “s” ，阶梯图，先横后纵
tybe= “S” ，阶梯图，先纵后横
tybe= “n” ，空图
> a <- c(10,15,20,25,30,35)
> b <- c(12,23,34,45,56,67)
> par(mfrow=c(2,2)) #表示画图的布是两行两列，只能最多画四个图
> plot2 <- plot(a,b,type = "p",main = "点图",sub = "plot2")
> plot3 <- plot(a,b,type = "l",main = "线图",sub = "plot3")
> plot4 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",main = "点线图",sub = "plot4")
> plot5 <- plot(a,b,type = "c",main = "点图去掉点",sub = "plot5")
> a <- c(10,15,20,25,30,35)
> b <- c(12,23,34,45,56,67)
> par(mfrow=c(2,2)) #表示画图的布是两行两列，只能最多画四个图
> plot6 <- plot(a,b,type = "o",main = "同时绘制点和线",sub = "plot6")
> plot7 <- plot(a,b,type = "h",main = "绘制出点到横坐标的垂直线",sub = "plot7")
> plot8 <- plot(a,b,type = "s",main = "阶梯图，先横后纵",sub = "plot8")
> plot9 <- plot(a,b,type = "S",main = "阶梯图，先纵后横",sub = "plot9")
5、pch：制定绘制点时使用的符号
> a <- c(10,15,20,25,30,35)
> b <- c(12,23,34,45,56,67)
> par(mfrow=c(2,2)) #表示画图的布是两行两列，只能最多画四个图
> p1 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch=5,main = "例1",sub = "点线图")
> p2 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch=23,col = "red",bg = 9,main = "例2",sub = "点线图")
> p3 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch=6,col = "green",bg = 9,main = "例3",sub = "点线图")
> p3 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch="6",col = "green",bg = 9,main = "例3",sub = "点线图")
6、'cex：制定符号的大小，（默认是1）
cex.axis，坐标轴的大小
ces.lab，坐标轴标签的大小
cex.main，主标题的大小
cex.sub，副标题的大小
> a <- c(10,15,20,25,30,35)
> b <- c(12,23,34,45,56,67)
> par(mfrow=c(1,1)) #表示画图的布是两行两列，只能最多画四个图
> p1 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch="*",cex = 2,main = "点线图",sub = "p1")
> p2 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch="*",cex.axis = 2,cex.lab = 2,main = "点线图",sub = "p2")
7、Ity制定绘制线条时的类型，lwd：制定线条的粗细
线条类型
> a1 <- c(12,22,32,42,52,62)
> b1 <- c(12,22,32,42,52,62)
> par(mfrow = c(3,2))
> A <- plot(a1,b1,type = "b",pch = "&",lty = 1,main = "lty=1 实线")
> B <- plot(a1,b1,type = "b",pch = "&",lty = 2,main = "lty=2 实线")
> C <- plot(a1,b1,type = "b",pch = "&",lty = 3,main = "lty=3 实线")
> D <- plot(a1,b1,type = "b",pch = "&",lty = 4,main = "lty=4 实线")
> E <- plot(a1,b1,type = "b",pch = "&",lty = 5,main = "lty=5 实线")
> F <- plot(a1,b1,type = "b",pch = "&",lty = 6,main = "lty=6 实线")
线条粗细使用lwd参数，直接用数字表示粗细
> a1 <- c(12,22,32,42,52,62)
> b1 <- c(12,22,32,42,52,62)
> par(mfrow = c(2,2))
> A <- plot(a1,b1,type = "b",pch = "&",lty = 1,main = "lty=1 lwd= 1 实线",lwd=1)
> B <- plot(a1,b1,type = "b",pch = "&",lty = 2,main = "lty=2 lwd= 2 实线",lwd=2)
#使用col设置线条颜色
> C <- plot(a1,b1,type = "b",pch = "&",lty = 1,main = "线条颜色为Blue",col = "blue",lwd = 1.5)
> D <- plot(a1,b1,type = "b",pch = "&",lty = 1,main = "线条颜色为粉红色",col = 2,lwd =2)
col，默认的绘图颜色（有些函数可以有不同操作），比如：某些函数可以接受一个含有颜色的向量，并自动循环，使用col = c("blue”，“white”)绘制三条线时，第一条为蓝色，第二条为白色，第三条为蓝色
col.axis，坐标轴刻度文字颜色
col.lab，坐标轴标签颜色
col.main，标题颜色
col.sub，副标题颜色
fg，图形的前景色
bg，图形的背景色
> a <- c(10,15,20,25,30,35)
> b <- c(12,23,34,45,56,67)
> par(mfrow= c(3,2))
> plot11 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch = "$",col.axis = 2,main = "坐标轴刻度颜色为红",sub = "plot11")
> plot12 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch = "$",col.lab = 2,main = "坐标轴标签颜色为红",sub = "plot12")
> plot13 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch = "$",col.main = 2,main = "标题颜色为红",sub = "plot13")
> plot14 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch = "$",col.sub = 2,main = "副标题颜色为红",sub = "plot14")
> plot15 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch = "$",fg = 2,main = "图形前景颜色为红",sub = "plot15")
> plot16 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch = 23,bg = 2,main = "点的类型23，背景色为红",sub = "plot16")
8、坐标轴标签
使用xlab与ylab参数设置横纵坐标
a <- c(10,15,20,25,30,35)
b <- c(12,23,34,45,56,67)
par(mfrow= c(2,1))
plot17 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch = "#",xlab = "横坐标标签",col.axis = 6,col.main = 2,main = "设置横坐标轴标签举例",sub = "plot17")
plot18 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch = "#",ylab = "纵坐标标签",col.lab = 6,col.main = 2,main = "设置横坐标轴标签举例",sub = "plot18")
9、坐标轴范围
使用xlim与ylim参数设置坐标轴范围
> a <- c(10,15,20,25,30,35)
> b <- c(12,23,34,45,56,67)
> par(mfrow= c(3,1))
> plot19 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch = "*",xlim = c(0,40) ,col.axis = 6,col.main = 2,main = "设置横坐标轴范围后图例",sub = "plot19")
> plot20 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch = "*",ylim = c(5,65) ,col.axis = 6,col.main = 2,main = "设置纵坐标轴范围后图例",sub = "plot20")
> plot19 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch = "*",xlim = c(0,40),ylim = c(5,65) ,col.axis = 6,col.main = 2,main = "设置横纵坐标轴范围后图例",sub = "plot21")
10、字体设置
使用font参数设置字体，font =1，表示常规字体，2，表示粗体，3表示斜体，4表示粗斜体，5表示符号字体
font.axis，坐标轴字体
font.lab，坐标轴标签字体
font.main，主标题字体
font.sub，副标题字体
family，字体家族：“serif”表示衬线，“sans”表示无衬线，“mono”表示等宽
> par(mfrow= c(3,1))
> a2 <- c(1,2,3,4,5)
> b2 <- c(1,2,3,4,5)
> plot22 <- plot(a2,b2,type = "b",pch = "*",font.axis =4,xlab ="横坐标a2",ylab = "纵坐标b2",col.main = 4,main = "坐标轴字体",sub = "plot22")
> plot23 <- plot(a2,b2,type = "b",pch = "*",font.lab =4,xlab ="横坐标a2",ylab = "纵坐标b2",col.main = 4,main = "坐标轴标签字体",sub = "plot23")
> plot24 <- plot(a2,b2,type = "b",pch = "*",font.main =4,xlab ="横坐标a2",ylab = "纵坐标b2",col.main = 4,main = "主标题字体",sub = "plot24")
> plot25 <- plot(a2,b2,type = "b",pch = "*",font.sub =4,xlab ="横坐标a2",ylab = "纵坐标b2",col.main = "green",main = "副标题字体",sub = "plot25")
> plot26 <- plot(a2,b2,type = "b",pch = "*",family ="serif",xlab ="横坐标a2",ylab = "纵坐标b2",col.main = "green",main = "有衬线",sub = "plot26")
> plot27 <- plot(a2,b2,type = "b",pch = "*",family ="sans",xlab ="横坐标a2",ylab = "纵坐标b2",col.main = "green",main = "无衬线",sub = "plot27")
> plot28 <- plot(a2,b2,type = "b",pch = "*",family ="mono",xlab ="横坐标a2",ylab = "纵坐标b2",col.main = "green",main = "等宽",sub = "plot28")
11、title（）函数
title（）函数为图形添加标题和坐标轴标签
注意：添加标题与标签是在原基础上添加的，如果原先有标提或标签，新加入的会与之重叠，所以在要加入的标签或标题之前，吧原标签或标题删除，也可以直接赋空值
> par(mfrow= c(3,1))
> a2 <- c(1,2,3,4,5)
> b2 <- c(1,2,3,4,5)
> plot29 <- plot(a2,b2,type = "b",pch = "*")
> title(main = "这是标题",sub = "这是副标题",xlab = "标签1",ylab = "标签2")
> plot30 <- plot(a2,b2,type = "b",pch = "*",xlab = "",ylab = "")
> title(main = "这是标题",sub = "这是副标题",xlab = "标签1",ylab = "标签2")
12.abline()函数添加线
在原有基础上添加线，可以使用abline（）函数abline（a,b,h=x,v=x）,a表示截距，b表示斜率，h表示与横坐标平行的线，v表示与纵坐标平行的线
> par(mfrow= c(2,1))
> a2 <- c(10,15,20,25,30,35)
> b2 <- c(12,23,27,44,56,63)
> plot31 <- plot(a2,b2,type = "b",pch = "*",col = "yellow",xlim = c(0,40),ylim = c(5,65),col.main = 2,col.sub = "red",main = "水平线",sub = "plot31")
> abline(h=c(20,35,55),v=c(15,25),col = "red")
> plot32 <- plot(a2,b2,type = "b",pch = "*",col = "yellow",xlim = c(0,40),ylim = c(5,65),col.main = 2,col.sub = "red",main = "截距为20，斜率为1",sub = "plot32")
> abline(a = 20,b=1,col = "red")
13.lines()函数在现有图形上添加线
lines（）函数lines（x,y=NULL,type= "i",....）
a2 <- c(10,15,20,25,30,35)
b2 <- c(12,23,27,44,56,63)
plot33 <- plot(a2,b2,type = "l",pch = "*",col = "green",xlim = c(0,40),ylim = c(5,65),col.main = 2,col.sub = "red",main = "添加线",sub = "plot33")
lines(c(5,10,20,25,32,35),c(5,25,35,45,50,55),type = "b",col = "blue")
#14. layout() 函数图布局
使用layout（）函数划分绘图页面，将一张绘图页面类似矩阵划分为多个区域，可设置某图形的特定行高与列宽
layout（mat,widths = rep.int(1,ncol(mat)),heights= rep.int(1,nrow(mat))...)
layout.show(n=1)
lcm(x)
mat为矩阵，用于划分绘图窗口，矩阵里0表示此位置不画图，非零元素从1开始，必须为整数值，非0元素的大小就是绘图顺序，比如1,3,2，先画1，后画2，后画3；widths设置上列的款，绝对宽度用lcm()指定，相对宽度用数值设置。heights设置行高度，用法与widths是一样的，n指要绘制图形的数量
> a <- c(10,15,20,25,30,35)
> b <- c(12,23,34,45,56,67)
> layout(matrix(c(1,1,2,1,1,3),2,3,byrow = T))#设置画图区域及顺序
> lines1 <- plot51 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch = 23,col = "blue",col.axis = 2,xlim = c(0,40),ylim = c(5,65),col.main = 2,col.sub = "red",main = "添加文字",sub = "plot51")
> lines2 <- lines(c(5,10,20,25,32,35),c(5,25,35,45,50,55),type = "b",pch = 21,col = "blue")
> legend("topleft",inset = 0.05,cex = 0.4,title = "lines",c("lines1","lines2"),pch = c(23,21),text.col = 2)
> text(27,60,"lines1",col = "green")
> text(35,45,"lines2",col = "yellow")
> plot49 <- plot(a,b,type = "l",pch = 23,col = "blue",xlim = c(0,40),ylim = c(5,65),col.main = 2,col.sub = "red",main = "关键字为center图9",sub = "plot49")
> lines(c(5,10,20,25,32,35),c(5,25,35,45,50,55),type = "b",pch = 21,col = "red")
> legend("center",inset = 0.05,cex = 0.4,title = "图例",c("线1","线2"),pch = c(23,21),text.col = 2)
> plot50 <- plot(a,b,type = "l",pch = 23,col = "blue",xlim = c(0,40),ylim = c(5,65),col.main = 2,col.sub = "red",main = "添加线",sub = "plot50")
> lines(c(5,10,20,25,32,35),c(5,25,35,45,50,55),type = "b",pch = 21,col = "red")
> legend("bottomleft",inset = 0.05,cex = 0.4,title = "图例",c("线1","线2"),pch = c(23,21),text.col = 2)
15.添加图例
使用legend（）函数添加图例
legend（x,y = NULL,legend,col = par("col"）,border = "black",lty ,lwd,pch,text.width = NULL,text.col = par("col"),text.font = NULL,plot =TRUE,inset = 0,title.col = text.col1...)
参数有很多，可以自行摸索
图例有许多关键字防止图例位置，如果用了关键词还可以使用inset参数设置图例向图形内侧移动的大小，用绘图取余数的大小分数表示，cex设置图例字体大小
> a <- c(10,15,20,25,30,35)
> b <- c(12,23,34,45,56,67)
> layout(matrix(c(1,2,3,4),2,2))#列排，安装矩阵排法画图，2行2列
> plot41 <- plot(a,b,type = "l",pch = 23,col = "blue",xlim = c(0,40),ylim = c(5,65),col.main = 2,col.sub = "red",main = "关键字bottom，图1",sub = "plot41")
> lines(c(5,10,20,25,32,35),c(5,25,35,45,50,55),type = "b",pch = 21,col = "red")
> legend("bottom",inset = 0.05,cex = 0.4,title = "图例",c("线1","线2"),pch = c(23,21),text.col = 2)
> plot42 <- plot(a,b,type = "l",pch = 23,col = "blue",xlim = c(0,40),ylim = c(5,65),col.main = 2,col.sub = "red",main = "关键字bottomleft，图2",sub = "plot42")
> lines(c(5,10,20,25,32,35),c(5,25,35,45,50,55),type = "b",pch = 21,col = "red")
> legend("bottomleft",inset = 0.05,cex = 0.4,title = "图例",c("线1","线2"),pch = c(23,21),text.col = 2)
> plot43 <- plot(a,b,type = "l",pch = 23,col = "blue",xlim = c(0,40),ylim = c(5,65),col.main = 2,col.sub = "red",main = "关键字left，图3",sub = "plot43")
> lines(c(5,10,20,25,32,35),c(5,25,35,45,50,55),type = "b",pch = 21,col = "red")
> legend("left",inset = 0.05,cex = 0.4,title = "图例",c("线1","线2"),pch = c(23,21),text.col = 2)
> plot45 <- plot(a,b,type = "l",pch = 23,col = "blue",xlim = c(0,40),ylim = c(5,65),col.main = 2,col.sub = "red",main = "关键字topleft，图4",sub = "plot45")
> lines(c(5,10,20,25,32,35),c(5,25,35,45,50,55),type = "b",pch = 21,col = "red")
> legend("topleft",inset = 0.05,cex = 0.4,title = "图例",c("线1","线2"),pch = c(23,21),text.col = 2)
16.在图上添加文字
使用text（）函数可在图形上任意位置添加文字
在图上标上线条名称
lines1 <- plot51 <- plot(a,b,type = "b",pch = 23,col = "blue",col.axis = 2,xlim = c(0,40),ylim = c(5,65),col.main = 2,col.sub = "red",main = "添加文字",sub = "plot51")
lines2 <- lines(c(5,10,20,25,32,35),c(5,25,35,45,50,55),type = "b",pch = 21,col = "blue")
legend("topleft",inset = 0.05,cex = 0.8,title = "图例",c("线1","线2"),pch = c(23,21),text.col = 2)
text(27,60,"lines1",col = "green")
text(35,45,"lines2",col = "yellow")
在无法准确获取图片坐标的情况下，可以使用函数locator（）获取精准坐标，只需要运行下面的代码，后再图片上点击想获取的坐标位置，会返回坐标结果
> locator(1)17.R的撤销图片操作
使用recordlot（）与replayplot（）函数保存与撤销操作：
> chetu <- recordPlot() #记录plot1绘制的图，chetu是随便设置的
> text(1)#加上文字，不一定是text，还可以是函数，只要再图上
> replayPlot(chetu) #撤回上一步操作原创声明：本文系作者授权腾讯云开发者社区发表，未经许可，不得转载。
如有侵权，请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除。
原创声明：本文系作者授权腾讯云开发者社区发表，未经许可，不得转载。
如有侵权，请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除。
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