blocks|key|301159|text|ASM可以作为生成字节码的一种解决方案。首先，查看有关从manual生成元素的主题。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|offset|length|data|301160|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://asm.ow2.org/|1|http://download.forge.objectweb.org/asm/asm-guide.pdf^0|0|3|0|S|6|1|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|N|8|@]|9|@$A|O|B|P|1|Q]|$A|R|B|S|1|T]]|C|$]]|$1|D|3|-4|5|6|7|U|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]]|E|$F|$5|G|H|I|C|$J|K]]|L|$5|G|H|I|C|$J|M]]]]

<a href="http://asm.ow2.org/" rel="noreferrer">ASM</a> can be a solution for generating bytecode. To start, check the topics on generating elements from the <a href="http://download.forge.objectweb.org/asm/asm-guide.pdf" rel="noreferrer">manual</a>.

blocks|key|298866|text|我也推荐使用ASM，但是看看Jasmin，我在一个大学项目中使用过(或者说不得不使用)，它工作得很好。我使用Java和Jasmin为编程语言编写了一个词法分析器-解析器-分析器-优化器-生成器组合，因此它可以生成JVM代码。我上传了代码here；有趣的部分应该是source+code+itself。在文件夹bytecode/InsanelyFastByteCodeCreator.java中，您可以找到一段将AST+Tree转换为Jasmin汇编程序输入格式的代码。这很简单。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|298867|源语言(由词法分析器转换为AST+)是名为MiniJava的Java子集。它缺少一些“复杂”的特性，如继承、构造函数、静态方法、私有字段和方法。这些功能都不难实现，但还有另一个任务需要编写x86后端(以便生成机器汇编器)，如果没有处理这些事情的JVM，这些事情往往会变得很困难。|298868|如果您想知道这个奇怪的类名:大学项目的任务是将AST转换为图(表示输入代码)，优化该图，然后将其转换为Java字节码。这大约是项目工作的3/4，而InsanlyFastByteCodeCreator只是测试一切的捷径。|298869|看看Jon+Meyer和Troy+Downing的“Java+Virtual+Machine”一书。这本书大量引用了Jasmin汇编程序；它对理解JVM的内部原理非常有帮助。|298870|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://jasmin.sourceforge.net/|1|http://www.dbruhn.de/compilerpraktikum|2|http://www.dbruhn.de/compilerpraktikum/src/edu/kit/compilerpraktikum/^0|4A|15|E|6|0|3A|4|1|3N|I|2|0|0|21|Q|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|X|8|@$9|Y|A|Z|B|C]]|D|@$9|10|A|11|1|12]|$9|13|A|14|1|15]|$9|16|A|17|1|18]]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|19|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|6|7|1A|8|@$9|1B|A|1C|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|6|7|1D|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|L|3|-4|5|6|7|1E|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|M|$N|$5|O|P|Q|E|$R|S]]|T|$5|O|P|Q|E|$R|U]]|V|$5|O|P|Q|E|$R|W]]]]

I would also recommend ASM, but have a look at <a href="http://jasmin.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Jasmin</a>, I used it (or, rather, had to use it) for a university project, and it worked quite well. I wrote a lexer-parser-analyzer-optimizer-generator combination for a programing language using Java and Jasmin, so it was generating JVM Code. I uploaded the code <a href="http://www.dbruhn.de/compilerpraktikum" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>; the interesting part should be the <a href="http://www.dbruhn.de/compilerpraktikum/src/edu/kit/compilerpraktikum/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">source code itself</a>. In the folder <code>bytecode/InsanelyFastByteCodeCreator.java</code>, you find a piece of code which transforms an AST Tree into the input format of Jasmin assembler. It is quite straightforward.
The source language (which was transformed to the AST by the lexer-parser-analyzer) is a subset of Java called MiniJava. It lacks some “complicated” features like inheritance, constructors, static methods, private fields and methods. None of those features are difficult to implement, but there was another task to write an x86 backend (so to generate machine assembler), and those things tend to get difficult if you got no JVM which handles some of those things.
In case you wonder about the strange class name: The task of the university project was to transform the AST into an <a href="https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Static_single_assignment_form" rel="nofollow noreferrer">SSA</a> Graph (representing the input code), optimize the graph, and then turn it into Java bytecode. That was about ¾ of the work of the project and the <code>InsanlyFastByteCodeCreator</code> was just a short-cut to test everything.
Have a look at the “Java Virtual Machine” book from Jon Meyer and Troy Downing. This book heavily references the Jasmin Assembler; it’s quite helpful for understanding the JVM internals.

blocks|key|301902|text|我想看看另一种针对|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|301903|的语言，比如Clojure、Jython或JRuby。但是所有这些语言都是非常高级和复杂的(为它们创建编译器)。|blockquote|301904|301905|301906|建议：你可以看看Lua+Programming+Language，有像LuaJ这样的JVM实现。|offset|length|style|BOLD|301907|301908|+轻量级，快速，以Java为中心的Lua+解释器，为J2ME和J2SE编写，具有用于基本、字符串、表、包、数学、io、os、调试和协程包的库、编译器、luajava绑定和JSR-233可插拔脚本引擎绑定。|301909|301910|301911|(不要与使用原生库和JNI方法的LuaJava混淆。)|301912|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://www.lua.org/|1|http://sourceforge.net/projects/luaj/^0|0|0|0|0|0|3|8|O|0|Z|4|1|0|0|1|3|L|3|1Z|3|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|13|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|14|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|E|3|-4|5|6|7|15|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|F|3|-4|5|6|7|16|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|G|3|H|5|6|7|17|8|@$I|18|J|19|K|L]]|9|@$I|1A|J|1B|1|1C]|$I|1D|J|1E|1|1F]]|A|$]]|$1|M|3|-4|5|6|7|1G|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|N|3|O|5|D|7|1H|8|@$I|1I|J|1J|K|L]|$I|1K|J|1L|K|L]|$I|1M|J|1N|K|L]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|P|3|-4|5|6|7|1O|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|Q|3|-4|5|6|7|1P|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|R|3|S|5|6|7|1Q|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|T|3|-4|5|6|7|1R|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|U|$V|$5|W|X|Y|A|$Z|10]]|11|$5|W|X|Y|A|$Z|12]]]]

<blockquote>
 I was thinking to have a look at maybe
 another language that targets the JVM
 like Clojure, Jython or JRuby. But all
 these languages are very high level
 and complicated (to create a compiler
 for them).
</blockquote>

Suggestion: You could have a look at <a href="http://www.lua.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Lua Programming Language</a>, there are JVM implementations of it like <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/luaj/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">LuaJ</a>. 

<blockquote>
 Lightweight, fast, Java-centric Lua
 interpreter written for J2ME and J2SE,
 with libraries for basic, string,
 table, package, math, io, os, debug
 and coroutine packages, a compiler,
 luajava bindings, and JSR-233
 pluggable scripting engine bindings.
</blockquote>

(Not to be confused with LuaJava that uses a native libs with JNI approach.)

blocks|key|3244873|text|上个学期我参加了一门“编译器构造”课程。我们的项目正是你想要做的。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|3244874|我用来编写我的语言的语言是Scala。它在JVM上运行，但支持许多Java不支持的高级特性(仍然完全兼容纯java+JVM)。|offset|length|3244875|为了输出java字节码，我使用了Scala+CAFEBABE+library。有很好的文档，你不需要深入到java类中去理解要做什么。|3244876|除了这本书，我认为你可以通过阅读我们在课程中所做的labs找到很多信息。|3244877|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://www.scala-lang.org/|1|https://github.com/psuter/cafebabe|2|http://lara.epfl.ch/dokuwiki/cc09:top^0|0|D|5|0|0|G|M|1|0|P|4|2|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|V|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|W|8|@]|9|@$D|X|E|Y|1|Z]]|A|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|10|8|@]|9|@$D|11|E|12|1|13]]|A|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|6|7|14|8|@]|9|@$D|15|E|16|1|17]]|A|$]]|$1|J|3|-4|5|6|7|18|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|K|$L|$5|M|N|O|A|$P|Q]]|R|$5|M|N|O|A|$P|S]]|T|$5|M|N|O|A|$P|U]]]]

Last semester I have attended a "Compiler Construction" course. Our project was exactly what you want to do.

The language I've used to write my language was <a href="http://www.scala-lang.org/" rel="noreferrer">Scala</a>. It runs on a JVM but supports a lot of advanced features that Java doesn't (still fully compatible with a pure java JVM).

To output java bytecode I've used the <a href="https://github.com/psuter/cafebabe" rel="noreferrer">Scala CAFEBABE library</a>. Well documented and you don't have to go deep inside java classes to understand what to do.

Beside the book, I think you can find a lot of infos by going trough the <a href="http://lara.epfl.ch/dokuwiki/cc09:top" rel="noreferrer">labs</a> we've done during the course.

blocks|key|301979|text|如果您还不了解JVM汇编是如何工作的，我建议您首先了解它。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|301980|许多指令的格式为?name，其中，如果指令使用整数类型，则?为i；如果使用引用类型，则使用a。|offset|length|style|CODE|301981|基本上，JVM是一个没有寄存器的堆栈机器，所以所有指令都直接在堆栈上处理数据。您可以使用?push/?pop推送/弹出数据，并使用?store/?load在局部变量(偏移量引用的堆栈位置)和堆栈顶部之间移动数据。其他一些重要的指令是invoke???和if_???。|301982|对于my+university's+compiler+course，我们使用Jasmin来汇编程序。我不知道这是不是最好的方法，但至少这是一个很容易开始的地方。|301983|旧版本的JVM的Here+is+an+instruction+reference，它包含的指令可能比新版本少。|301984|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://daimi.au.dk/dOvs/|1|http://jasmin.sourceforge.net/|2|http://www.brics.dk/~mis/dOvs/jvmspec/ref-Java.html^0|0|8|5|T|1|V|1|19|1|0|18|A|1T|C|38|9|3I|6|0|2|V|0|12|6|1|0|8|W|2|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|Z|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|10|8|@$D|11|E|12|F|G]|$D|13|E|14|F|G]|$D|15|E|16|F|G]|$D|17|E|18|F|G]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|6|7|19|8|@$D|1A|E|1B|F|G]|$D|1C|E|1D|F|G]|$D|1E|E|1F|F|G]|$D|1G|E|1H|F|G]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|6|7|1I|8|@]|9|@$D|1J|E|1K|1|1L]|$D|1M|E|1N|1|1O]]|A|$]]|$1|L|3|M|5|6|7|1P|8|@]|9|@$D|1Q|E|1R|1|1S]]|A|$]]|$1|N|3|-4|5|6|7|1T|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|O|$P|$5|Q|R|S|A|$T|U]]|V|$5|Q|R|S|A|$T|W]]|X|$5|Q|R|S|A|$T|Y]]]]

I would recommend that you first learn how JVM assembly works, if you don't already know it.

Many instructions have the form <code>?name</code>, where <code>?</code> is <code>i</code> if the instruction works on with an integer type and <code>a</code> if it works with a reference type.

Basically, JVM is a stack machine with no registers, so all instructions work with data directly on the stack. You can push/pop data with <code>?push/?pop</code> and move data between local variables (stack locations referenced by offsets) and the top of the stack using <code>?store/?load</code>. Some other important instructions are <code>invoke???</code> and <code>if_???</code>.

For <a href="http://daimi.au.dk/dOvs/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">my university's compiler course</a> we used <a href="http://jasmin.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Jasmin</a> to assemble the programs. I don't know if this is the best way, but at least it is an easy place to start.

<a href="http://www.brics.dk/~mis/dOvs/jvmspec/ref-Java.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Here is an instruction reference</a> for an old version of the JVM, which might contain fewer instructions than a new one.

blocks|key|301272|text|上周末，为了将我的玩具语言移植到JVM，我也问了自己同样的问题。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|301273|我只花了几个小时搜索信息，所以对这篇参考文献持保留态度。|301274|301275|Language实现模式。我讨厌antlr，但这本书看起来很不错。如果你也不喜欢antlr，有一本很好的关于解析的“解析技术。实用指南”。|unordered-list-item|offset|length|style|BOLD|301276|301277|学习构建配置文件读取器、数据读取器、模型驱动的代码生成器、源代码到源代码转换器、源代码分析器和解释器。你不需要计算机科学的背景--ANTLR的创建者Terence+Parr通过将语言实现分解成最常见的设计模式来揭开它的神秘面纱。通过一个接一个的模式，您将学习实现自己的计算机语言所需的关键技能。|301278|第10章以30页的篇幅涵盖了这一主题(以加快IMO)。但你可能会对其他章节感兴趣。|301279|-+10+Building+Bytecode+Interpreters++++++
++++-+10.1+Programming+Bytecode+Interpreters+.+.
++++-+10.2+Defining+an+Assembly+Language+Syntax
++++-+10.3+Bytecode+Machine+Architecture+.+.+.+.+.
++++-+10.4+Where+to+Go+from+Here+.+.+.+.+.+.+.+.+.+.
++++-+P.26.+Bytecode+Assembler+.+.+.+.+.+.+.+.+.+.+.
++++-+P.27.+Stack-Based+Bytecode+Interpreter+.+.+.
++++-+P.28.+Register-Based+Bytecode+Interpreter|code-block|syntax|javascript|301280|http://pragprog.com/titles/tpdsl/language-implementation-patterns|301281|-+**The+Implementation+of+Lua+5.0**+This+is+a+great+paper+about+register-+based+bytecode+machines.+Go+an+read+it+even+for+the+sake+of+it.++
-+**Lisp+in+Small+Pieces.**+This+book+teach+how+to+write+a+2+schme+compailers+that+compile+to+C.+So+many+lessons+can+be+learned+from+this+book.+I+own+a+copy+of+this+book+and+it+is+really+good+for+anyone+interesting+is+lisp,+but+maybe+not+your+cup+of+tea.+|301282|这是对整个Lisp语言家族的语义和实现的全面说明，即Lisp、方案和相关方言。它描述了11个解释器和2个编译器...|301283|301284|http://www.amazon.com/Lisp-Small-Pieces-Christian-Queinnec/dp/0521562473|301285|检查Dalvik7+VM，这是一个基于寄存器的VM。DVM对从Java编译器编译的Java+Class文件转换而来的字节码进行操作。|301286|有一个关于jvm-languages主题的邮件列表。|301287|你打算把代码上传到任何地方吗？我想看一看。|301288|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|1|https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/0521562473^0|0|0|0|0|C|0|0|0|0|0|0|1T|0|0|0|0|0|0|20|1|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|1J|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|1K|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|D|3|-4|5|6|7|1L|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|E|3|F|5|G|7|1M|8|@$H|1N|I|1O|J|K]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|L|3|-4|5|6|7|1P|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|M|3|N|5|6|7|1Q|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|O|3|P|5|6|7|1R|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|Q|3|R|5|S|7|1S|8|@]|9|@]|A|$T|U]]|$1|V|3|W|5|6|7|1T|8|@]|9|@$H|1U|I|1V|1|1W]]|A|$]]|$1|X|3|Y|5|S|7|1X|8|@]|9|@]|A|$T|U]]|$1|Z|3|10|5|6|7|1Y|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|11|3|-4|5|6|7|1Z|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|12|3|13|5|6|7|20|8|@]|9|@$H|21|I|22|1|23]]|A|$]]|$1|14|3|15|5|6|7|24|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|16|3|17|5|6|7|25|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|18|3|19|5|6|7|26|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|1A|3|-4|5|6|7|27|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|1B|$1C|$5|1D|1E|1F|A|$1G|W]]|1H|$5|1D|1E|1F|A|$1G|1I]]]]

Last weekend, I was asking myself the same question to port my toy language to the JVM. 

I spend only few hours searching information,so take this references with a grain of salt. 

<ul>
<li>Language Implementation Patterns. 
I hate antlr but this book looks very good. If you dont like antlr neither, there is a very good about parsing "Parsing Techniques. A Practical Guide." 

<blockquote>
 Learn to build configuration file readers, data readers, model-driven code generators, source-to-source translators, source analyzers, and interpreters. You don’t need a background in computer science—ANTLR creator Terence Parr demystifies language implementation by breaking it down into the most common design patterns. Pattern by pattern, you’ll learn the key skills you need to implement your own computer languages.
</blockquote>

Chapter 10 cover in 30 pages (to fast IMO) this topics. But there are other chapter that probably you will be interested. 

<blockquote>
 <ul>
 <li>10 Building Bytecode Interpreters
 
 <ul>
 <li>10.1 Programming Bytecode Interpreters . .</li>
 <li>10.2 Defining an Assembly Language Syntax</li>
 <li>10.3 Bytecode Machine Architecture . . . . .</li>
 <li>10.4 Where to Go from Here . . . . . . . . . .</li>
 <li>P.26. Bytecode Assembler . . . . . . . . . . .</li>
 <li>P.27. Stack-Based Bytecode Interpreter . . .</li>
 <li>P.28. Register-Based Bytecode Interpreter</li>
 </ul>
 
 <a href="http://pragprog.com/titles/tpdsl/language-implementation-patterns" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://pragprog.com/titles/tpdsl/language-implementation-patterns</a></li>
 </ul>
</blockquote>

<ul>
<li>The Implementation of Lua 5.0 This is a great paper about register-
based bytecode machines. Go an read it even for the sake of it. </li>
<li>Lisp in Small Pieces. This book teach how to write a 2 schme compailers that compile to C. So many lessons can be learned from this book. I own a copy of this book and it is really good for anyone interesting is lisp, but maybe not your cup of tea. 

<blockquote>
 This is a comprehensive account of the semantics and the implementation of the whole Lisp family of languages, namely Lisp, Scheme and related dialects. It describes 11 interpreters and 2 compilers ... 
</blockquote></li>
</ul>

<a href="https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/0521562473" rel="nofollow noreferrer" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://www.amazon.com/Lisp-Small-Pieces-Christian-Queinnec/dp/0521562473</a></li>
</ul>

Check the Dalvik7 VM, a register-based VM. The DVM operates on bytecodes that are transformed from the Java Class files compiled by a Java compiler. 

There is a mailing list about the topic, jvm-languages. 

Are you planning to upload the code to anyplace? I would like to take a look.

blocks|key|302003|text|首先，我应该后退一步，修改我的编译器以输出实际的Java而不是Java字节码(这意味着创建更多的翻译器而不是编译器)，并使用任何方便的Java环境编译Java输出(这可能会生成比我自己的编译器更好的目标代码)。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|302004|您可以使用相同的技术(例如，编译到C#)来生成CLI字节码，或者编译到Pascal来生成P代码，等等。|302005|不清楚您为什么考虑使用Java代码而不是使用自己的VM，但如果是为了提高性能，那么您当然也应该考虑编译成实际的机器代码。|302006|entityMap^0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|H|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|I|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|6|7|J|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|F|3|-4|5|6|7|K|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|G|$]]

First I'd back off, modify my compiler to output actual Java instead of Java byte codes (which means creating more of a translator than compiler), and compile the Java output with whatever Java environment is convenient (which would probably generate better object code than my own compiler).

You could use the same technique (eg, compile to C#) to generate CLI byte codes, or compile to Pascal to generate P-code, etc.

It's not clear why you're considering Java codes instead of using your own VM, but if it's for performance then of course you should also consider compiling to actual machine code.

blocks|key|3030892|text|当然，曾经可以使用Java编写一种新的语言。使用Java反射API，您可以实现很多功能。如果速度不是很重要，我会优先考虑Java而不是ASM。在Java+(IMHO)中编程更容易，也不容易出错。看一看RPN语言7th。它完全是用Java编写的。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|offset|length|data|3030893|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://www.7th-stone.com/^0|2X|3|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|L|8|@]|9|@$A|M|B|N|1|O]]|C|$]]|$1|D|3|-4|5|6|7|P|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]]|E|$F|$5|G|H|I|C|$J|K]]]]

Of course once could use Java to write a new language. With the Java reflection-API You can achive a llot. If speed don't matters too much, I would give Java the preference instead of ASM. Programming is easier and less error-prone in Java (IMHO). Take a look at the RPN language <a href="https://www.7th-stone.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">7th</a>.
It is entirely written in Java.

I have created a compiler in C (using Lex &amp; Bison) for a dynamic typed programming language that supports loops, functions declarations inside functions, recursive calls, etc. I also created a virtual machine that runs the intermediate code created by the compiler.
I was thinking about compiling it to Java bytecode instead of my own intermediate code.
I saw that the question about creating a JVM language has already been <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/716613/how-to-make-a-net-or-jvm-language">asked</a>, but I don’t find the answer very informative.
So here are my questions:
<ol>
<li>I guess to create a language for JVM a must is to read the <a href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jvms/second_edition/html/VMSpecTOC.doc.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">JVM specification</a> book, what other books can you suggest (except Dragon Book of course)? I’m mostly concerned about books or tutorials on how to create a JVM language, not a compiler in general.</li>
<li>There are many Java libraries to read, write and change <code>.class</code> files like <a href="http://www.ej-technologies.com/products/jclasslib/overview.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">jclasslib</a>, <a href="http://jakarta.apache.org/bcel/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">bcel</a>, <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/kawa/api/gnu/bytecode/package-summary.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">gnu bytecode</a>, etc. Which one would you suggest? Also, are you aware of C libraries that do the same job?</li>
<li>I was thinking about having a look at maybe another language that targets the JVM like Clojure, Jython or JRuby. But all these languages are very high level and complicated (to create a compiler for them). I was looking for a simpler (I don't mind if it's unknown or unused) programming language that targets the JVM and it's compiler is open source. Any ideas?</li>
</ol>

How to approach creating a JVM programming language?

虚拟机

编译器

解释器

Java

我用C语言(使用Lex & Bison)为动态类型编程语言创建了一个编译器，它支持循环、函数内部的函数声明、递归调用等。我还创建了一个虚拟机，用于运行编译器创建的中间代码。我在考虑把它编译成Java字节码，而不是我自己的中间代码。我看到关于创建JVM语言的问题已经在上出现了，但我觉得答案并不是很有意义。所以我的问题是：...

问如何创建JVM编程语言？
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