blocks|key|2939043|text|它相对于主脚本，在本例中是A.php。请记住，include()只是将代码插入到当前运行的脚本中。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|2939044|include也就是说，从哪个文件调用|2939045|是否重要|blockquote|2939046|2939047|2939048|不是的。|2939049|如果你想让它变得重要，并且做一个与B.php相关的包含，使用__FILE__常量(或PHP5.2IIRC以来的__DIR__+)，它将始终指向代码行所在的当前文本文件。|2939050|include(dirname(__FILE__)."/C.PHP");|code-block|syntax|javascript|2939051|entityMap^0|N|9|0|0|0|0|0|0|U|8|1J|7|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|X|8|@$9|Y|A|Z|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|10|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|J|7|11|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|K|3|-4|5|6|7|12|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|L|3|-4|5|6|7|13|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|M|3|N|5|6|7|14|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|O|3|P|5|6|7|15|8|@$9|16|A|17|B|C]|$9|18|A|19|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|Q|3|R|5|S|7|1A|8|@]|D|@]|E|$T|U]]|$1|V|3|-4|5|6|7|1B|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|W|$]]

It's relative to the main script, in this case A.php. Remember that <code>include()</code> just inserts code into the currently running script.

<blockquote>
 That is, does it matter which file the include is called from 
</blockquote>

No.

If you want to make it matter, and do an include relative to B.php, use the <code>__FILE__</code> constant (or <code>__DIR__</code> since PHP 5.2 IIRC) which will always point to the literal current file that the line of code is located in.

<pre><code>include(dirname(__FILE__)."/C.PHP");
</code></pre>

blocks|key|3153455|text|dir
->+a.php
->+c.php

-+dir2+
->+b.php|type|code-block|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|syntax|javascript|3153456|要在b中包含a，您需要include("../a.php");|unstyled|offset|length|style|CODE|3153457|要在c中包含b，您需要include("dir2/b.php");|3153458|entityMap^0|0|2|1|6|1|B|K|0|2|1|6|1|B|M|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|O|8|@]|9|@]|A|$B|C]]|$1|D|3|E|5|F|7|P|8|@$G|Q|H|R|I|J]|$G|S|H|T|I|J]|$G|U|H|V|I|J]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|K|3|L|5|F|7|W|8|@$G|X|H|Y|I|J]|$G|Z|H|10|I|J]|$G|11|H|12|I|J]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|M|3|-4|5|F|7|13|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|N|$]]

<pre><code>dir
-&gt; a.php
-&gt; c.php

- dir2 
-&gt; b.php
</code></pre>

To include <code>a</code> in <code>b</code> you need to <code>include("../a.php");</code>

To include <code>b</code> in <code>c</code> you need to <code>include("dir2/b.php");</code>

blocks|key|3153460|text|@Pekka让我做到了这一点，但我只想分享我学到的东西：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|3153461|getcwd()返回您开始执行的文件所在的目录。|offset|length|style|CODE|3153462|dirname(__FILE__)返回包含当前执行代码的文件的目录。|3153463|使用这两个函数，您始终可以构建与所需内容相关的包含路径。|3153464|例如，如果b.php和c.php共享一个目录，则b.php可以包括c.php，如下所示：|3153465|include(dirname(__FILE__).'/c.php');|code-block|syntax|javascript|3153466|无论b.php是从哪里调用的。|3153467|事实上，这是建立相对路径的首选方法，因为额外的代码使PHP不必遍历include_path来尝试定位目标文件。|3153468|资料来源：|3153469|Difference+Between+getcwd()+and+dirname(__FILE__)+?+Which+should+I+use?|3153470|Why+you+should+use+dirname(__FILE__)|3153471|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.getcwd.php|1|https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.dirname.php|2|https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2184810/difference-between-getcwd-and-dirname-file-which-should-i-use|3|http://www.kavoir.com/2010/02/php-why-you-should-use-dirname__file__-include-php-instead-of-just-include-php.html^0|0|0|8|0|8|0|0|0|H|0|H|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|1Z|2|0|0|10|3|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|1G|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|1H|8|@$D|1I|E|1J|F|G]]|9|@$D|1K|E|1L|1|1M]]|A|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|6|7|1N|8|@$D|1O|E|1P|F|G]]|9|@$D|1Q|E|1R|1|1S]]|A|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|6|7|1T|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|L|3|M|5|6|7|1U|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|N|3|O|5|P|7|1V|8|@]|9|@]|A|$Q|R]]|$1|S|3|T|5|6|7|1W|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|U|3|V|5|6|7|1X|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|W|3|X|5|6|7|1Y|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|Y|3|Z|5|6|7|1Z|8|@]|9|@$D|20|E|21|1|22]]|A|$]]|$1|10|3|11|5|6|7|23|8|@]|9|@$D|24|E|25|1|26]]|A|$]]|$1|12|3|-4|5|6|7|27|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|13|$14|$5|15|16|17|A|$18|19]]|1A|$5|15|16|17|A|$18|1B]]|1C|$5|15|16|17|A|$18|1D]]|1E|$5|15|16|17|A|$18|1F]]]]

@Pekka got me there, but just want to share what I learned:

<a href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.getcwd.php" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><code>getcwd()</code></a> returns the directory where the file you started executing resides.

<a href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.dirname.php" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><code>dirname(__FILE__)</code></a> returns the directory of the file containing the currently executing code.

Using these two functions, you can always build an include path relative to what you need.

e.g., if b.php and c.php share a directory, b.php can include c.php like:

<pre><code>include(dirname(__FILE__).'/c.php');
</code></pre>

no matter where b.php was called from. 

In fact, this is the preferred way of establishing relative paths, as the extra code frees PHP from having to iterate through the include_path in the attempt to locate the target file.

Sources:

<a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2184810/difference-between-getcwd-and-dirname-file-which-should-i-use">Difference Between getcwd() and dirname(__FILE__) ? Which should I use?</a>

<a href="http://www.kavoir.com/2010/02/php-why-you-should-use-dirname__file__-include-php-instead-of-just-include-php.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Why you should use dirname(__FILE__)</a>

blocks|key|2939082|text|简而言之:它是相对于包含脚本的。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|2939083|TFM正确解释了这一点：|offset|length|2939084|2939085|如果在include_path中找不到该文件，则include将签入调用脚本的目录和当前工作目录|blockquote|2939086|2939087|2939088|因此，如果/app/main.php输入include("./inc.php")，则会找到/app/inc.php。|style|BOLD|CODE|2939089|./并不是必须的，但它删除了对include_path的任何依赖。|2939090|我不会依赖于在当前工作目录中查找包含文件，以防有人使用chdir()更改它。|2939091|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://php.net/manual/en/function.include.php^0|0|0|3|0|0|0|0|0|0|5|D|19|C|K|K|0|0|2|0|R|7|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|12|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|13|8|@]|9|@$D|14|E|15|1|16]]|A|$]]|$1|F|3|-4|5|6|7|17|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|G|3|H|5|I|7|18|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|J|3|-4|5|6|7|19|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|K|3|-4|5|6|7|1A|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|L|3|M|5|6|7|1B|8|@$D|1C|E|1D|N|O]|$D|1E|E|1F|N|O]|$D|1G|E|1H|N|P]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|Q|3|R|5|6|7|1I|8|@$D|1J|E|1K|N|O]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|S|3|T|5|6|7|1L|8|@$D|1M|E|1N|N|P]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|U|3|-4|5|6|7|1O|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|V|$W|$5|X|Y|Z|A|$10|11]]]]

Short answer: it's relative to the including script.

<a href="http://php.net/manual/en/function.include.php" rel="noreferrer">TFM</a> explains it correctly:

<blockquote>
 If the file isn't found in the include_path, include will check in the calling script's directory and the current working directory
</blockquote>

So, if /app/main.php says <code>include("./inc.php")</code> that will find /app/inc.php.

The ./ is not strictly necessary but removes any dependency on include_path.

I would not rely on finding include files in the current working directory in case someone changes it with <code>chdir()</code>.

blocks|key|252968|text|如果包含路径不是以./或../开头，则包含|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|252969|，例如：|unordered-list-item|252970|252971|include+'C.php'；//优先级:+include_path+(包含'.‘首先)，//然后是当前.php文件的路径(即B.php)，然后包含以./或../开头的路径，例如：|252972|include+'./C.php'；//相对于'.‘包含'../C.php'；//还相对于‘..’|252973|上面的.或..是相对于getcwd()的，它默认为条目.php文件的路径(即A.php)。|252974|在PHP+5.4.3+(构建日期:+May+8+2012+00:47:34)上进行了测试。|252975|(还要注意，chdir()可以更改getcwd()的输出。)|252976|entityMap^0|9|2|C|3|0|0|0|1H|4|1S|5|24|2|27|3|0|0|3|1|5|2|B|8|R|4|12|5|0|0|6|7|H|8|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|V|8|@$9|W|A|X|B|C]|$9|Y|A|Z|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|H|7|10|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|I|3|-4|5|6|7|11|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|6|7|12|8|@$9|13|A|14|B|C]|$9|15|A|16|B|C]|$9|17|A|18|B|C]|$9|19|A|1A|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|L|3|M|5|6|7|1B|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|N|3|O|5|6|7|1C|8|@$9|1D|A|1E|B|C]|$9|1F|A|1G|B|C]|$9|1H|A|1I|B|C]|$9|1J|A|1K|B|C]|$9|1L|A|1M|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|P|3|Q|5|6|7|1N|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|R|3|S|5|6|7|1O|8|@$9|1P|A|1Q|B|C]|$9|1R|A|1S|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|T|3|-4|5|6|7|1T|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|U|$]]

<ol>
<li>If include path doesn't start with <code>./</code> or <code>../</code>, e.g.:

<pre><code>include 'C.php'; // precedence: include_path (which include '.' at first),
 // then path of current `.php` file (i.e. `B.php`), then `.`.
</code></pre></li>
<li>If include path starts with <code>./</code> or <code>../</code>, e.g.:

<pre><code>include './C.php'; // relative to '.'

include '../C.php'; // also relative to '.'
</code></pre></li>
</ol>

The <code>.</code> or <code>..</code> above is relative to <code>getcwd()</code>, which defaults to the path of the entry <code>.php</code> file (i.e. <code>A.php</code>).

Tested on PHP 5.4.3 (Build Date : May 8 2012 00:47:34).

(Also note that <code>chdir()</code> can change the output of <code>getcwd()</code>.)

blocks|key|3153617|text|Pekka的公认答案是不完整的，在一般情况下，具有误导性。如果该文件是作为相对路径提供的，则调用的语言构造include将通过以下方式搜索该文件。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|3153618|首先，它将遍历可以用ini_set设置的环境变量include_path的路径。如果失败，它将在调用脚本自己的目录dirname(__FILE__)+(使用php+>=+5.3的__DIR__)中进行搜索。如果这也失败了，那么它才会在工作目录中搜索！事实证明，在默认情况下，环境变量include_path以.开头，这是当前的工作目录。这是它首先在当前工作目录中搜索的唯一原因。参见http://php.net/manual/en/function.include.php。|3153619|根据给定的文件路径或指定的include_path包含|3153620|文件。如果在include_path中找不到该文件，include将在失败之前最后检查调用脚本自己的目录和当前工作目录。|blockquote|3153621|3153622|3153623|因此，问题第一部分的正确答案是，包含的调用脚本位于何处确实很重要。问题的最后一部分的答案是，在web服务器上下文中，PHP+工作目录是被调用脚本的目录，该脚本在由处理时包含所有其他脚本。在命令行上下文中，初始工作目录是在提示符处调用php时的任何目录，而不一定是被调用脚本所在的目录。但是，可以在运行时使用函数chdir更改PHP+工作目录。参见http://php.net/manual/en/function.chdir.php。|BOLD|3153624|添加此段落是为了对其他答案进行评论。有些人提到，依赖include_path的健壮性较差，因此最好使用完整路径，如./path或__DIR__+.+/path。有些人甚至说，依赖工作目录.本身是不安全的，因为它可以更改。但是，有些时候，您需要依赖于环境值。例如，您可能希望将include_path设置为空，以便调用脚本的目录是它将搜索的第一个位置，甚至在当前工作目录之前。代码可能已经从外部源定期编写和更新，您不希望每次更新代码时都重新插入前缀__DIR__。|3153625|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://php.net/manual/en/function.include.php|1|http://php.net/manual/en/function.chdir.php^0|1H|7|0|A|7|O|C|1L|H|2H|7|3X|C|4A|1|5B|19|0|0|0|0|0|0|29|3S|4B|5|4T|17|1|0|0|6F|Q|C|1L|6|1S|F|2L|1|3T|C|67|7|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|13|8|@$9|14|A|15|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|16|8|@$9|17|A|18|B|C]|$9|19|A|1A|B|C]|$9|1B|A|1C|B|C]|$9|1D|A|1E|B|C]|$9|1F|A|1G|B|C]|$9|1H|A|1I|B|C]]|D|@$9|1J|A|1K|1|1L]]|E|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|6|7|1M|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|L|7|1N|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|M|3|-4|5|6|7|1O|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|N|3|-4|5|6|7|1P|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|O|3|P|5|6|7|1Q|8|@$9|1R|A|1S|B|Q]|$9|1T|A|1U|B|C]]|D|@$9|1V|A|1W|1|1X]]|E|$]]|$1|R|3|S|5|6|7|1Y|8|@$9|1Z|A|20|B|Q]|$9|21|A|22|B|C]|$9|23|A|24|B|C]|$9|25|A|26|B|C]|$9|27|A|28|B|C]|$9|29|A|2A|B|C]|$9|2B|A|2C|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|T|3|-4|5|6|7|2D|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|U|$V|$5|W|X|Y|E|$Z|10]]|11|$5|W|X|Y|E|$Z|12]]]]

The accepted answer of Pekka is incomplete and, in a general context, misleading. If the file is provided as a relative path, the called language construct <code>include</code> will search for it in the following way. 

First, it will go through the paths of the environment variable <code>include_path</code>, which can be set with <code>ini_set</code>. If this fails, it will search in the calling script's own directory <code>dirname(__FILE__)</code> (<code>__DIR__</code> with php >= 5.3.) If this also fails, only then it will search in the working directory ! It just turns out that, by default, the environment variable <code>include_path</code> begins with <code>.</code>, which is the current working directory. That is the only reason why it searches first in the current working directory. See <a href="http://php.net/manual/en/function.include.php" rel="noreferrer">http://php.net/manual/en/function.include.php</a>. 

<blockquote>
 Files are included based on the file path given or, if none is given,
 the include_path specified. If the file isn't found in the
 include_path, include will finally check in the calling script's own
 directory and the current working directory before failing.
</blockquote>

So, the correct answer to the first part of the question is that it does matter where is located the included calling script. The answer to the last part of the question is that the initial working directory, in a web server context, is the directory of the called script, the script that includes all the others while being handled by PHP. In a command line context, the initial working directory is whatever it is when php is invoked at the prompt, not necessarily the directory where the called script is located. The current working directory, however, can be changed at run time with the PHP function <code>chdir</code>. See <a href="http://php.net/manual/en/function.chdir.php" rel="noreferrer">http://php.net/manual/en/function.chdir.php</a>.

This paragraph is added to comment on other answers. Some have mentioned that relying on <code>include_path</code> is less robust and thus it is preferable to use full paths such as <code>./path</code> or <code>__DIR__ . /path</code>. Some went as far as saying that relying on the working directory <code>.</code> itself is not safe, because it can be changed. However, some times, you need to rely on environment values. For example, you might want set <code>include_path</code> empty, so that the directory of the calling script is the first place that it will search, even before the current working directory. The code might be already written and updated regularly from external sources and you do not want to reinsert the prefix <code>__DIR__</code> each time the code is updated.

I'm having trouble understanding the ruleset regarding PHP relative include paths. If I run file A.PHP- and file A.PHP includes file B.PHP which includes file C.PHP, should the relative path to C.PHP be in relation to the location of B.PHP, or to the location of A.PHP? That is, does it matter which file the include is called from, or only what the current working directory is- and what determines the current working directory?

Are PHP include paths relative to the file or the calling code?

服务器

我在理解有关PHP相对包含路径的规则集时遇到了问题。如果我运行.php文件，并且文件A.PHP包含包含文件C.PHP的文件B.PHP，那么C.PHP的相对路径应该与B.PHP的位置相关，还是与A.PHP的位置相关？也就是说，include是从哪个文件调用的重要吗?或者只关心当前工作目录是什么?是什么决定了当前工作目录？

问PHP包含相对于文件或调用代码的路径吗？
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