Graphs and Sessions（图表和会话）

c_0 = tf.constant(0, name="c")  # => operation named "c"

# Already-used names will be "uniquified".
c_1 = tf.constant(2, name="c")  # => operation named "c_1"

# Name scopes add a prefix to all operations created in the same context.
with tf.name_scope("outer"):
  c_2 = tf.constant(2, name="c")  # => operation named "outer/c"

  # Name scopes nest like paths in a hierarchical file system.
  with tf.name_scope("inner"):
    c_3 = tf.constant(3, name="c")  # => operation named "outer/inner/c"

  # Exiting a name scope context will return to the previous prefix.
  c_4 = tf.constant(4, name="c")  # => operation named "outer/c_1"

  # Already-used name scopes will be "uniquified".
  with tf.name_scope("inner"):
    c_5 = tf.constant(5, name="c")  # => operation named "outer/inner_1/c"

/job:<JOB_NAME>/task:<TASK_INDEX>/device:<DEVICE_TYPE>:<DEVICE_INDEX>

# Operations created outside either context will run on the "best possible"
# device. For example, if you have a GPU and a CPU available, and the operation
# has a GPU implementation, TensorFlow will choose the GPU.
weights = tf.random_normal(...)

with tf.device("/device:CPU:0"):
  # Operations created in this context will be pinned to the CPU.
  img = tf.decode_jpeg(tf.read_file("img.jpg"))

with tf.device("/device:GPU:0"):
  # Operations created in this context will be pinned to the GPU.
  result = tf.matmul(weights, img)

with tf.device("/job:ps/task:0"):
  weights_1 = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([784, 100]))
  biases_1 = tf.Variable(tf.zeroes([100]))

with tf.device("/job:ps/task:1"):
  weights_2 = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([100, 10]))
  biases_2 = tf.Variable(tf.zeroes([10]))

with tf.device("/job:worker"):
  layer_1 = tf.matmul(train_batch, weights_1) + biases_1
  layer_2 = tf.matmul(train_batch, weights_2) + biases_2

with tf.device(tf.train.replica_device_setter(ps_tasks=3)):
  # tf.Variable objects are, by default, placed on tasks in "/job:ps" in a
  # round-robin fashion.
  w_0 = tf.Variable(...)  # placed on "/job:ps/task:0"
  b_0 = tf.Variable(...)  # placed on "/job:ps/task:1"
  w_1 = tf.Variable(...)  # placed on "/job:ps/task:2"
  b_1 = tf.Variable(...)  # placed on "/job:ps/task:0"

  input_data = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)     # placed on "/job:worker"
  layer_0 = tf.matmul(input_data, w_0) + b_0  # placed on "/job:worker"
  layer_1 = tf.matmul(layer_0, w_1) + b_1     # placed on "/job:worker"

# Create a default in-process session.
with tf.Session() as sess:
  # ...

# Create a remote session.
with tf.Session("grpc://example.org:2222"):
  # ...

x = tf.constant([[37.0, -23.0], [1.0, 4.0]])
w = tf.Variable(tf.random_uniform([2, 2]))
y = tf.matmul(x, w)
output = tf.nn.softmax(y)
init_op = w.initializer

with tf.Session() as sess:
  # Run the initializer on `w`.
  sess.run(init_op)

  # Evaluate `output`. `sess.run(output)` will return a NumPy array containing
  # the result of the computation.
  print(sess.run(output))

  # Evaluate `y` and `output`. Note that `y` will only be computed once, and its
  # result used both to return `y_val` and as an input to the `tf.nn.softmax()`
  # op. Both `y_val` and `output_val` will be NumPy arrays.
  y_val, output_val = sess.run([y, output])

# Define a placeholder that expects a vector of three floating-point values,
# and a computation that depends on it.
x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=[3])
y = tf.square(x)

with tf.Session() as sess:
  # Feeding a value changes the result that is returned when you evaluate `y`.
  print(sess.run(y, {x: [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]})  # => "[1.0, 4.0, 9.0]"
  print(sess.run(y, {x: [0.0, 0.0, 5.0]})  # => "[0.0, 0.0, 25.0]"

  # Raises `tf.errors.InvalidArgumentError`, because you must feed a value for
  # a `tf.placeholder()` when evaluating a tensor that depends on it.
  sess.run(y)

  # Raises `ValueError`, because the shape of `37.0` does not match the shape
  # of placeholder `x`.
  sess.run(y, {x: 37.0})

y = tf.matmul([[37.0, -23.0], [1.0, 4.0]], tf.random_uniform([2, 2]))

with tf.Session() as sess:
  # Define options for the `sess.run()` call.
  options = tf.RunOptions()
  options.output_partition_graphs = True
  options.trace_level = tf.RunOptions.FULL_TRACE

  # Define a container for the returned metadata.
  metadata = tf.RunMetadata()

  sess.run(y, options=options, run_metadata=metadata)

  # Print the subgraphs that executed on each device.
  print(metadata.partition_graphs)

  # Print the timings of each operation that executed.
  print(metadata.step_stats)

# Build your graph.
x = tf.constant([[37.0, -23.0], [1.0, 4.0]])
w = tf.Variable(tf.random_uniform([2, 2]))
y = tf.matmul(x, w)
# ...
loss = ...
train_op = tf.train.AdagradOptimizer(0.01).minimize(loss)

with tf.Session() as sess:
  # `sess.graph` provides access to the graph used in a `tf.Session`.
  writer = tf.summary.FileWriter("/tmp/log/...", sess.graph)

  # Perform your computation...
  for i in range(1000):
    sess.run(train_op)
    # ...

  writer.close()

g_1 = tf.Graph()
with g_1.as_default():
  # Operations created in this scope will be added to `g_1`.
  c = tf.constant("Node in g_1")

  # Sessions created in this scope will run operations from `g_1`.
  sess_1 = tf.Session()

g_2 = tf.Graph()
with g_2.as_default():
  # Operations created in this scope will be added to `g_2`.
  d = tf.constant("Node in g_2")

# Alternatively, you can pass a graph when constructing a `tf.Session`:
# `sess_2` will run operations from `g_2`.
sess_2 = tf.Session(graph=g_2)

assert c.graph is g_1
assert sess_1.graph is g_1

assert d.graph is g_2
assert sess_2.graph is g_2

# Print all of the operations in the default graph.
g = tf.get_default_graph()
print(g.get_operations())