Linux系统中使用以下命令来查看文件的内容: cat 由第一行开始显示文件内容 tac 从最后一行开始显示,可以看出 tac 是 cat 的倒著写! nl 显示的时候,顺道输出行号! more 一页一页的显示文件内容 less 与 more 类似,但是比 more 更好的是,他可以往前翻页! head 只看头几行 tail 只看尾巴几行 wc 统计文件行数
man中的解释: Concatenate FILE(s) to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines, overrides -n -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit
man中的解释: Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit
man中的解释: Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for logical page delimiters -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -h, --header-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering header lines -i, --line-increment=NUMBER line number increment at each line -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one -n, --number-format=FORMAT insert line numbers according to FORMAT -p, --no-renumber do not reset line numbers for each section -s, --number-separator=STRING add STRING after (possible) line number -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER first line number for each section -w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit
man中的解释: A file perusal filter for CRT viewing. Options: -d display help instead of ringing bell -f count logical rather than screen lines -l suppress pause after form feed -c do not scroll, display text and clean line ends -p do not scroll, clean screen and display text -s squeeze multiple blank lines into one -u suppress underlining -<number> the number of lines per screenful +<number> display file beginning from line number +/<string> display file beginning from search string match
--help display this help -V, --version display version
man中的解释: Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit
man中的解释: Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -c, --bytes=[-]NUM print the first NUM bytes of each file; with the leading '-', print all but the last NUM bytes of each file -n, --lines=[-]NUM print the first NUM lines instead of the first 10; with the leading '-', print all but the last NUM lines of each file -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -z, --zero-terminated line delimiter is NUL, not newline --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit
man中的解释: Print the last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -c, --bytes=[+]NUM output the last NUM bytes; or use -c +NUM to output starting with byte NUM of each file -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; an absent option argument means 'descriptor' -F same as --follow=name --retry -n, --lines=[+]NUM output the last NUM lines, instead of the last 10; or use -n +NUM to output starting with line NUM --max-unchanged-stats=N with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default 5) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files); with inotify, this option is rarely useful --pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies -q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names --retry keep trying to open a file if it is inaccessible -s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations; with inotify and --pid=P, check process P at least once every N seconds -v, --verbose always output headers giving file names -z, --zero-terminated line delimiter is NUL, not newline --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit
man中的解释: more than one FILE is specified. A word is a non-zero-length sequence of characters delimited by white space.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
The options below may be used to select which counts are printed, always in the following order: newline, word, character, byte, maximum line length. -c, --bytes print the byte counts -m, --chars print the character counts -l, --lines print the newline counts --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the maximum display width -w, --words print the word counts --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit
man中的解释: GNU 'tar' saves many files together into a single tape or disk archive, and can restore individual files from the archive.
Examples: tar -cf archive.tar foo bar # Create archive.tar from files foo and bar. tar -tvf archive.tar # List all files in archive.tar verbosely. tar -xf archive.tar # Extract all files from archive.tar.
Local file name selection:
--add-file=FILE add given FILE to the archive (useful if its name starts with a dash) -C, --directory=DIR change to directory DIR --exclude=PATTERN exclude files, given as a PATTERN --exclude-backups exclude backup and lock files --exclude-caches exclude contents of directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG, except for the tag file itself --exclude-caches-all exclude directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG --exclude-caches-under exclude everything under directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG --exclude-ignore=FILE read exclude patterns for each directory from FILE, if it exists --exclude-ignore-recursive=FILE read exclude patterns for each directory and its subdirectories from FILE, if it exists --exclude-tag=FILE exclude contents of directories containing FILE, except for FILE itself --exclude-tag-all=FILE exclude directories containing FILE --exclude-tag-under=FILE exclude everything under directories containing FILE --exclude-vcs exclude version control system directories --exclude-vcs-ignores read exclude patterns from the VCS ignore files --no-null disable the effect of the previous --null option --no-recursion avoid descending automatically in directories --no-unquote do not unquote input file or member names --no-verbatim-files-from -T treats file names starting with dash as options (default) --null -T reads null-terminated names; implies --verbatim-files-from --recursion recurse into directories (default) -T, --files-from=FILE get names to extract or create from FILE --unquote unquote input file or member names (default) --verbatim-files-from -T reads file names verbatim (no escape or option handling) -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude patterns listed in FILE
File name matching options (affect both exclude and include patterns):
--anchored patterns match file name start --ignore-case ignore case --no-anchored patterns match after any '/' (default for exclusion) --no-ignore-case case sensitive matching (default) --no-wildcards verbatim string matching --no-wildcards-match-slash wildcards do not match '/' --wildcards use wildcards (default) --wildcards-match-slash wildcards match '/' (default for exclusion)
Main operation mode:
-A, --catenate, --concatenate append tar files to an archive -c, --create create a new archive -d, --diff, --compare find differences between archive and file system --delete delete from the archive (not on mag tapes!) -r, --append append files to the end of an archive -t, --list list the contents of an archive --test-label test the archive volume label and exit -u, --update only append files newer than copy in archive -x, --extract, --get extract files from an archive
Operation modifiers:
--check-device check device numbers when creating incremental archives (default) -g, --listed-incremental=FILE handle new GNU-format incremental backup -G, --incremental handle old GNU-format incremental backup --hole-detection=TYPE technique to detect holes --ignore-failed-read do not exit with nonzero on unreadable files --level=NUMBER dump level for created listed-incremental archive -n, --seek archive is seekable --no-check-device do not check device numbers when creating incremental archives --no-seek archive is not seekable --occurrence[=NUMBER] process only the NUMBERth occurrence of each file in the archive; this option is valid only in conjunction with one of the subcommands --delete, --diff, --extract or --list and when a list of files is given either on the command line or via the -T option; NUMBER defaults to 1 --sparse-version=MAJOR[.MINOR] set version of the sparse format to use (implies --sparse) -S, --sparse handle sparse files efficiently
Overwrite control:
-k, --keep-old-files don't replace existing files when extracting, treat them as errors --keep-directory-symlink preserve existing symlinks to directories when extracting --keep-newer-files don't replace existing files that are newer than their archive copies --no-overwrite-dir preserve metadata of existing directories --one-top-level[=DIR] create a subdirectory to avoid having loose files extracted --overwrite overwrite existing files when extracting --overwrite-dir overwrite metadata of existing directories when extracting (default) --recursive-unlink empty hierarchies prior to extracting directory --remove-files remove files after adding them to the archive --skip-old-files don't replace existing files when extracting, silently skip over them -U, --unlink-first remove each file prior to extracting over it -W, --verify attempt to verify the archive after writing it
Select output stream:
--ignore-command-error ignore exit codes of children --no-ignore-command-error treat non-zero exit codes of children as error -O, --to-stdout extract files to standard output --to-command=COMMAND pipe extracted files to another program
Handling of file attributes:
--atime-preserve[=METHOD] preserve access times on dumped files, either by restoring the times after reading (METHOD='replace'; default) or by not setting the times in the first place (METHOD='system') --clamp-mtime only set time when the file is more recent than what was given with --mtime --delay-directory-restore delay setting modification times and permissions of extracted directories until the end of extraction --group=NAME force NAME as group for added files --group-map=FILE use FILE to map file owner GIDs and names --mode=CHANGES force (symbolic) mode CHANGES for added files --mtime=DATE-OR-FILE set mtime for added files from DATE-OR-FILE -m, --touch don't extract file modified time --no-delay-directory-restore cancel the effect of --delay-directory-restore option --no-same-owner extract files as yourself (default for ordinary users) --no-same-permissions apply the user's umask when extracting permissions from the archive (default for ordinary users) --numeric-owner always use numbers for user/group names --owner=NAME force NAME as owner for added files --owner-map=FILE use FILE to map file owner UIDs and names -p, --preserve-permissions, --same-permissions extract information about file permissions (default for superuser) --same-owner try extracting files with the same ownership as exists in the archive (default for superuser) -s, --preserve-order, --same-order member arguments are listed in the same order as the files in the archive --sort=ORDER directory sorting order: none (default), name or inode
Handling of extended file attributes:
--acls Enable the POSIX ACLs support --no-acls Disable the POSIX ACLs support --no-selinux Disable the SELinux context support --no-xattrs Disable extended attributes support --selinux Enable the SELinux context support --xattrs Enable extended attributes support --xattrs-exclude=MASK specify the exclude pattern for xattr keys --xattrs-include=MASK specify the include pattern for xattr keys
Device selection and switching:
-f, --file=ARCHIVE use archive file or device ARCHIVE --force-local archive file is local even if it has a colon -F, --info-script=NAME, --new-volume-script=NAME run script at end of each tape (implies -M) -L, --tape-length=NUMBER change tape after writing NUMBER x 1024 bytes -M, --multi-volume create/list/extract multi-volume archive --rmt-command=COMMAND use given rmt COMMAND instead of rmt --rsh-command=COMMAND use remote COMMAND instead of rsh --volno-file=FILE use/update the volume number in FILE
Device blocking:
-b, --blocking-factor=BLOCKS BLOCKS x 512 bytes per record -B, --read-full-records reblock as we read (for 4.2BSD pipes) -i, --ignore-zeros ignore zeroed blocks in archive (means EOF) --record-size=NUMBER NUMBER of bytes per record, multiple of 512
Archive format selection:
-H, --format=FORMAT create archive of the given format
FORMAT is one of the following:
gnu GNU tar 1.13.x format oldgnu GNU format as per tar <= 1.12 pax POSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) format posix same as pax ustar POSIX 1003.1-1988 (ustar) format v7 old V7 tar format
--old-archive, --portability same as --format=v7 --pax-option=keyword[[:]=value][,keyword[[:]=value]]... control pax keywords --posix same as --format=posix -V, --label=TEXT create archive with volume name TEXT; at list/extract time, use TEXT as a globbing pattern for volume name
Compression options:
-a, --auto-compress use archive suffix to determine the compression program -I, --use-compress-program=PROG filter through PROG (must accept -d) -j, --bzip2 filter the archive through bzip2 -J, --xz filter the archive through xz --lzip filter the archive through lzip --lzma filter the archive through xz --format=lzma --lzop filter the archive through lzop --no-auto-compress do not use archive suffix to determine the compression program -z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip filter the archive through gzip -Z, --compress, --uncompress filter the archive through compress
Local file selection:
--backup[=CONTROL] backup before removal, choose version CONTROL -h, --dereference follow symlinks; archive and dump the files they point to --hard-dereference follow hard links; archive and dump the files they refer to -K, --starting-file=MEMBER-NAME begin at member MEMBER-NAME when reading the archive --newer-mtime=DATE compare date and time when data changed only -N, --newer=DATE-OR-FILE, --after-date=DATE-OR-FILE only store files newer than DATE-OR-FILE --one-file-system stay in local file system when creating archive -P, --absolute-names don't strip leading '/'s from file names --suffix=STRING backup before removal, override usual suffix ('~' unless overridden by environment variable SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX)
File name transformations:
--strip-components=NUMBER strip NUMBER leading components from file names on extraction --transform=EXPRESSION, --xform=EXPRESSION use sed replace EXPRESSION to transform file names
Informative output:
--checkpoint[=NUMBER] display progress messages every NUMBERth record (default 10) --checkpoint-action=ACTION execute ACTION on each checkpoint --full-time print file time to its full resolution --index-file=FILE send verbose output to FILE -l, --check-links print a message if not all links are dumped --no-quote-chars=STRING disable quoting for characters from STRING --quote-chars=STRING additionally quote characters from STRING --quoting-style=STYLE set name quoting style; see below for valid STYLE values -R, --block-number show block number within archive with each message
--show-defaults show tar defaults --show-omitted-dirs when listing or extracting, list each directory that does not match search criteria --show-snapshot-field-ranges show valid ranges for snapshot-file fields --show-transformed-names, --show-stored-names show file or archive names after transformation --totals[=SIGNAL] print total bytes after processing the archive; with an argument - print total bytes when this SIGNAL is delivered; Allowed signals are: SIGHUP, SIGQUIT, SIGINT, SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2; the names without SIG prefix are also accepted --utc print file modification times in UTC -v, --verbose verbosely list files processed --warning=KEYWORD warning control -w, --interactive, --confirmation ask for confirmation for every action
Compatibility options:
-o when creating, same as --old-archive; when extracting, same as --no-same-owner
Other options:
-?, --help give this help list --restrict disable use of some potentially harmful options --usage give a short usage message --version print program version
man中的解释: Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged -d, --decompress decompress -f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links -h, --help give this help -k, --keep keep (don't delete) input files -l, --list list compressed file contents -L, --license display software license -n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and timestamp -N, --name save or restore the original name and timestamp -q, --quiet suppress all warnings -r, --recursive operate recursively on directories --rsyncable make rsync-friendly archive -S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files --synchronous synchronous output (safer if system crashes, but slower) -t, --test test compressed file integrity -v, --verbose verbose mode -V, --version display version number -1, --fast compress faster -9, --best compress better
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
man中的解释: bzip2, a block-sorting file compressor. Version 1.0.6, 6-Sept-2010.
usage: bzip2 [flags and input files in any order]
-h --help print this message -d --decompress force decompression -z --compress force compression -k --keep keep (don't delete) input files -f --force overwrite existing output files -t --test test compressed file integrity -c --stdout output to standard out -q --quiet suppress noncritical error messages -v --verbose be verbose (a 2nd -v gives more) -L --license display software version & license -V --version display software version & license -s --small use less memory (at most 2500k) -1 .. -9 set block size to 100k .. 900k --fast alias for -1 --best alias for -9
If invoked as `bzip2', default action is to compress. as `bunzip2', default action is to decompress. as `bzcat', default action is to decompress to stdout.
If no file names are given, bzip2 compresses or decompresses from standard input to standard output. You can combine short flags, so `-v -4' means the same as -v4 or -4v, &c.
Linux系统是一个多用户多任务的分时操作系统,任何一个要使用系统资源的用户,都必须首先向系统管理员申请一个账号,然后以这个账号的身份进入系统。
用户的账号一方面可以帮助系统管理员对使用系统的用户进行跟踪,并控制他们对系统资源的访问;另一方面也可以帮助用户组织文件,并为用户提供安全性保护
每个用户账号都拥有一个惟一的用户名和各自的口令。
用户在登录时键入正确的用户名和口令后,就能够进入系统和自己的主目录。
实现用户账号的管理,要完成的工作主要有如下几个方面:
用户账号的添加、删除与修改。 用户口令的管理。 用户组的管理。
每个用户都有一个用户组,系统可以对一个用户组中的所有用户进行集中管理。不同Linux 系统对用户组的规定有所不同,如Linux下的用户属于与它同名的用户组,
这个用户组在创建用户时同时创建。用户组的管理涉及用户组的添加、删除和修改。组的增加、删除和修改实际上就是对/etc/group文件的更新。
man中的解释: Usage: useradd [options] LOGIN useradd -D useradd -D [options]
Options: -b, --base-dir BASE_DIR base directory for the home directory of the new account -c, --comment COMMENT GECOS field of the new account -d, --home-dir HOME_DIR home directory of the new account -D, --defaults print or change default useradd configuration -e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE expiration date of the new account -f, --inactive INACTIVE password inactivity period of the new account -g, --gid GROUP name or ID of the primary group of the new account -G, --groups GROUPS list of supplementary groups of the new account -h, --help display this help message and exit -k, --skel SKEL_DIR use this alternative skeleton directory -K, --key KEY=VALUE override /etc/login.defs defaults -l, --no-log-init do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases -m, --create-home create the user's home directory -M, --no-create-home do not create the user's home directory -N, --no-user-group do not create a group with the same name as the user -o, --non-unique allow to create users with duplicate (non-unique) UID -p, --password PASSWORD encrypted password of the new account -r, --system create a system account -R, --root CHROOT_DIR directory to chroot into -P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR prefix directory where are located the /etc/* files -s, --shell SHELL login shell of the new account -u, --uid UID user ID of the new account -U, --user-group create a group with the same name as the user -Z, --selinux-user SEUSER use a specific SEUSER for the SELinux user mapping
man中的解释: Usage: userdel [options] LOGIN
Options: -f, --force force some actions that would fail otherwise e.g. removal of user still logged in or files, even if not owned by the user -h, --help display this help message and exit -r, --remove remove home directory and mail spool -R, --root CHROOT_DIR directory to chroot into -P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR prefix directory where are located the /etc/* files -Z, --selinux-user remove any SELinux user mapping for the user
passwd 设置用户密码 man中的解释: Usage: passwd [OPTION...] <accountName> -k, --keep-tokens keep non-expired authentication tokens -d, --delete delete the password for the named account (root only); also removes password lock if any -l, --lock lock the password for the named account (root only) -u, --unlock unlock the password for the named account (root only) -e, --expire expire the password for the named account (root only) -f, --force force operation -x, --maximum=DAYS maximum password lifetime (root only) -n, --minimum=DAYS minimum password lifetime (root only) -w, --warning=DAYS number of days warning users receives before password expiration (root only) -i, --inactive=DAYS number of days after password expiration when an account becomes disabled (root only) -S, --status report password status on the named account (root only) --stdin read new tokens from stdin (root only)
Help options: -?, --help Show this help message --usage Display brief usage message
man中的解释: Usage: usermod [options] LOGIN
Options: -c, --comment COMMENT new value of the GECOS field -d, --home HOME_DIR new home directory for the user account -e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE set account expiration date to EXPIRE_DATE -f, --inactive INACTIVE set password inactive after expiration to INACTIVE -g, --gid GROUP force use GROUP as new primary group -G, --groups GROUPS new list of supplementary GROUPS -a, --append append the user to the supplemental GROUPS mentioned by the -G option without removing the user from other groups -h, --help display this help message and exit -l, --login NEW_LOGIN new value of the login name -L, --lock lock the user account -m, --move-home move contents of the home directory to the new location (use only with -d) -o, --non-unique allow using duplicate (non-unique) UID -p, --password PASSWORD use encrypted password for the new password -R, --root CHROOT_DIR directory to chroot into -P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR prefix directory where are located the /etc/* files -s, --shell SHELL new login shell for the user account -u, --uid UID new UID for the user account -U, --unlock unlock the user account -v, --add-subuids FIRST-LAST add range of subordinate uids -V, --del-subuids FIRST-LAST remove range of subordinate uids -w, --add-subgids FIRST-LAST add range of subordinate gids -W, --del-subgids FIRST-LAST remove range of subordinate gids -Z, --selinux-user SEUSER new SELinux user mapping for the user account
man中的解释: Usage: groupadd [options] GROUP
Options: -f, --force exit successfully if the group already exists, and cancel -g if the GID is already used -g, --gid GID use GID for the new group -h, --help display this help message and exit -K, --key KEY=VALUE override /etc/login.defs defaults -o, --non-unique allow to create groups with duplicate (non-unique) GID -p, --password PASSWORD use this encrypted password for the new group -r, --system create a system account -R, --root CHROOT_DIR directory to chroot into -P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR directory prefix
groupdel 删除用户组 man中的解释: Usage: groupdel [options] GROUP
Options: -h, --help display this help message and exit -R, --root CHROOT_DIR directory to chroot into -P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR prefix directory where are located the /etc/* files -f, --force delete group even if it is the primary group of a user
man中的解释: Usage: su [options] [-] [<user> [<argument>...]]
Change the effective user ID and group ID to that of <user>. A mere - implies -l. If <user> is not given, root is assumed.
Options: -m, -p, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -g, --group <group> specify the primary group -G, --supp-group <group> specify a supplemental group
-, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command <command> pass a single command to the shell with -c --session-command <command> pass a single command to the shell with -c and do not create a new session -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -s, --shell <shell> run <shell> if /etc/shells allows it -P, --pty create a new pseudo-terminal
-h, --help display this help -V, --version display version
man中的解释: sudo - execute a command as another user
usage: sudo -h | -K | -k | -V usage: sudo -v [-AknS] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user] usage: sudo -l [-AknS] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-U user] [-u user] [command] usage: sudo [-AbEHknPS] [-r role] [-t type] [-C num] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-T timeout] [-u user] [VAR=value] [-i|-s] [<command>] usage: sudo -e [-AknS] [-r role] [-t type] [-C num] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-T timeout] [-u user] file ...
Options: -A, --askpass use a helper program for password prompting -b, --background run command in the background -B, --bell ring bell when prompting -C, --close-from=num close all file descriptors >= num -E, --preserve-env preserve user environment when running command --preserve-env=list preserve specific environment variables -e, --edit edit files instead of running a command -g, --group=group run command as the specified group name or ID -H, --set-home set HOME variable to target user's home dir -h, --help display help message and exit -h, --host=host run command on host (if supported by plugin) -i, --login run login shell as the target user; a command may also be specified -K, --remove-timestamp remove timestamp file completely -k, --reset-timestamp invalidate timestamp file -l, --list list user's privileges or check a specific command; use twice for longer format -n, --non-interactive non-interactive mode, no prompts are used -P, --preserve-groups preserve group vector instead of setting to target's -p, --prompt=prompt use the specified password prompt -r, --role=role create SELinux security context with specified role -S, --stdin read password from standard input -s, --shell run shell as the target user; a command may also be specified -t, --type=type create SELinux security context with specified type -T, --command-timeout=timeout terminate command after the specified time limit -U, --other-user=user in list mode, display privileges for user -u, --user=user run command (or edit file) as specified user name or ID -V, --version display version information and exit -v, --validate update user's timestamp without running a command -- stop processing command line arguments
man中的解释: visudo - safely edit the sudoers file
usage: visudo [-chqsV] [[-f] sudoers ]
Options: -c, --check check-only mode -f, --file=sudoers specify sudoers file location -h, --help display help message and exit -q, --quiet less verbose (quiet) syntax error messages -s, --strict strict syntax checking -V, --version display version information and exit
/etc/passwd 用户信息配置文件 /etc/shadow 用户密码信息配置文件
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