创建一个ERC721标准的NFT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
/**
 * @dev ERC165标准接口, 详见
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165[EIP].
 *
 * 合约可以声明支持的接口，供其他合约检查
 *
 */
interface IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev 如果合约实现了查询的`interfaceId`，则返回true
     * 规则详见：https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified[EIP section]
     *
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
import "./IERC165.sol";
/**
 * @dev ERC721标准接口.
 */
interface IERC721 is IERC165 {
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 indexed tokenId);
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed approved, uint256 indexed tokenId);
    event ApprovalForAll(address indexed owner, address indexed operator, bool approved);
    function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint256 balance);
    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address owner);
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external;
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId
    ) external;
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId
    ) external;
    function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) external;
    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool _approved) external;
    function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address operator);
    function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
// ERC721接收者接口：合约必须实现这个接口来通过安全转账接收ERC721
interface IERC721Receiver {
    function onERC721Received(
        address operator,
        address from,
        uint tokenId,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bytes4);
}
IERC721Metadata.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
interface IERC721Metadata {
    function name() external view returns (string memory);
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);
    function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (string memory);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (utils/Strings.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;
/**
 * @dev String operations.
 */
library Strings {
    bytes16 private constant _HEX_SYMBOLS = "0123456789abcdef";
    uint8 private constant _ADDRESS_LENGTH = 20;
    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation.
     */
    function toString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        // Inspired by OraclizeAPI's implementation - MIT licence
        // https://github.com/oraclize/ethereum-api/blob/b42146b063c7d6ee1358846c198246239e9360e8/oraclizeAPI_0.4.25.sol
        if (value == 0) {
            return "0";
        }
        uint256 temp = value;
        uint256 digits;
        while (temp != 0) {
            digits++;
            temp /= 10;
        }
        bytes memory buffer = new bytes(digits);
        while (value != 0) {
            digits -= 1;
            buffer[digits] = bytes1(uint8(48 + uint256(value % 10)));
            value /= 10;
        }
        return string(buffer);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation.
     */
    function toHexString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        if (value == 0) {
            return "0x00";
        }
        uint256 temp = value;
        uint256 length = 0;
        while (temp != 0) {
            length++;
            temp >>= 8;
        }
        return toHexString(value, length);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation with fixed length.
     */
    function toHexString(uint256 value, uint256 length) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        bytes memory buffer = new bytes(2 * length + 2);
        buffer[0] = "0";
        buffer[1] = "x";
        for (uint256 i = 2 * length + 1; i > 1; --i) {
            buffer[i] = _HEX_SYMBOLS[value & 0xf];
            value >>= 4;
        }
        require(value == 0, "Strings: hex length insufficient");
        return string(buffer);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Converts an `address` with fixed length of 20 bytes to its not checksummed ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation.
     */
    function toHexString(address addr) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return toHexString(uint256(uint160(addr)), _ADDRESS_LENGTH);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.1;
// Address库
library Address {
    // 利用extcodesize判断一个地址是否为合约地址
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        uint size;
        assembly {
            size := extcodesize(account)
        }
        return size > 0;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// by 0xAA
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;
import "./IERC165.sol";
import "./IERC721.sol";
import "./IERC721Receiver.sol";
import "./IERC721Metadata.sol";
import "./Address.sol";
import "./String.sol";
contract ERC721 is IERC721, IERC721Metadata{
    using Address for address; // 使用Address库，用isContract来判断地址是否为合约
    using Strings for uint256; // 使用String库，
    // Token名称
    string public override name;
    // Token代号
    string public override symbol;
    // tokenId 到 owner address 的持有人映射
    mapping(uint => address) private _owners;
    // address 到 持仓数量 的持仓量映射
    mapping(address => uint) private _balances;
    // tokenID 到 授权地址 的授权映射
    mapping(uint => address) private _tokenApprovals;
    //  owner地址。到operator地址 的批量授权映射
    mapping(address => mapping(address => bool)) private _operatorApprovals;
    /**
     * 构造函数，初始化`name` 和`symbol` .
     */
    constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) {
        name = name_;
        symbol = symbol_;
    }
    // 实现IERC165接口supportsInterface
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId)
        external
        pure
        override
        returns (bool)
    {
        return
            interfaceId == type(IERC721).interfaceId ||
            interfaceId == type(IERC165).interfaceId ||
            interfaceId == type(IERC721Metadata).interfaceId;
    }
    // 实现IERC721的balanceOf，利用_balances变量查询owner地址的balance。
    function balanceOf(address owner) external view override returns (uint) {
        require(owner != address(0), "owner = zero address");
        return _balances[owner];
    }
    // 实现IERC721的ownerOf，利用_owners变量查询tokenId的owner。
    function ownerOf(uint tokenId) public view override returns (address owner) {
        owner = _owners[tokenId];
        require(owner != address(0), "token doesn't exist");
    }
    // 实现IERC721的isApprovedForAll，利用_operatorApprovals变量查询owner地址是否将所持NFT批量授权给了operator地址。
    function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator)
        external
        view
        override
        returns (bool)
    {
        return _operatorApprovals[owner][operator];
    }
    // 实现IERC721的setApprovalForAll，将持有代币全部授权给operator地址。调用_setApprovalForAll函数。
    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) external override {
        _operatorApprovals[msg.sender][operator] = approved;
        emit ApprovalForAll(msg.sender, operator, approved);
    }
    // 实现IERC721的getApproved，利用_tokenApprovals变量查询tokenId的授权地址。
    function getApproved(uint tokenId) external view override returns (address) {
        require(_owners[tokenId] != address(0), "token doesn't exist");
        return _tokenApprovals[tokenId];
    }
    // 授权函数。通过调整_tokenApprovals来，授权 to 地址操作 tokenId，同时释放Approval事件。
    function _approve(
        address owner,
        address to,
        uint tokenId
    ) private {
        _tokenApprovals[tokenId] = to;
        emit Approval(owner, to, tokenId);
    }
    // 实现IERC721的approve，将tokenId授权给 to 地址。条件：to不是owner，且msg.sender是owner或授权地址。调用_approve函数。
    function approve(address to, uint tokenId) external override {
        address owner = _owners[tokenId];
        require(
            msg.sender == owner || _operatorApprovals[owner][msg.sender],
            "not owner nor approved for all"
        );
        _approve(owner, to, tokenId);
    }
    // 查询 spender地址是否被可以使用tokenId（他是owner或被授权地址）。
    function _isApprovedOrOwner(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint tokenId
    ) private view returns (bool) {
        return (spender == owner ||
            _tokenApprovals[tokenId] == spender ||
            _operatorApprovals[owner][spender]);
    }
    /*
     * 转账函数。通过调整_balances和_owner变量将 tokenId 从 from 转账给 to，同时释放Tranfer事件。
     * 条件:
     * 1. tokenId 被 from 拥有
     * 2. to 不是0地址
     */
    function _transfer(
        address owner,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint tokenId
    ) private {
        require(from == owner, "not owner");
        require(to != address(0), "transfer to the zero address");
        _approve(owner, address(0), tokenId);
        _balances[from] -= 1;
        _balances[to] += 1;
        _owners[tokenId] = to;
        emit Transfer(from, to, tokenId);
    }
    // 实现IERC721的transferFrom，非安全转账，不建议使用。调用_transfer函数
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint tokenId
    ) external override {
        address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);
        require(
            _isApprovedOrOwner(owner, msg.sender, tokenId),
            "not owner nor approved"
        );
        _transfer(owner, from, to, tokenId);
    }
    /**
     * 安全转账，安全地将 tokenId 代币从 from 转移到 to，会检查合约接收者是否了解 ERC721 协议，以防止代币被永久锁定。调用了_transfer函数和_checkOnERC721Received函数。条件：
     * from 不能是0地址.
     * to 不能是0地址.
     * tokenId 代币必须存在，并且被 from拥有.
     * 如果 to 是智能合约, 他必须支持 IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received.
     */
    function _safeTransfer(
        address owner,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint tokenId,
        bytes memory _data
    ) private {
        _transfer(owner, from, to, tokenId);
        require(_checkOnERC721Received(from, to, tokenId, _data), "not ERC721Receiver");
    }
    /**
     * 实现IERC721的safeTransferFrom，安全转账，调用了_safeTransfer函数。
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint tokenId,
        bytes memory _data
    ) public override {
        address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);
        require(
            _isApprovedOrOwner(owner, msg.sender, tokenId),
            "not owner nor approved"
        );
        _safeTransfer(owner, from, to, tokenId, _data);
    }
    // safeTransferFrom重载函数
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint tokenId
    ) external override {
        safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, "");
    }
    /**
     * 铸造函数。通过调整_balances和_owners变量来铸造tokenId并转账给 to，同时释放Tranfer事件。铸造函数。通过调整_balances和_owners变量来铸造tokenId并转账给 to，同时释放Tranfer事件。
     * 这个mint函数所有人都能调用，实际使用需要开发人员重写，加上一些条件。
     * 条件:
     * 1. tokenId尚不存在。
     * 2. to不是0地址.
     */
    function _mint(address to, uint tokenId) internal virtual {
        require(to != address(0), "mint to zero address");
        require(_owners[tokenId] == address(0), "token already minted");
        _balances[to] += 1;
        _owners[tokenId] = to;
        emit Transfer(address(0), to, tokenId);
    }
    // 销毁函数，通过调整_balances和_owners变量来销毁tokenId，同时释放Tranfer事件。条件：tokenId存在。
    function _burn(uint tokenId) internal virtual {
        address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);
        require(msg.sender == owner, "not owner of token");
        _approve(owner, address(0), tokenId);
        _balances[owner] -= 1;
        delete _owners[tokenId];
        emit Transfer(owner, address(0), tokenId);
    }
    // _checkOnERC721Received：函数，用于在 to 为合约的时候调用IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received, 以防 tokenId 被不小心转入黑洞。
    function _checkOnERC721Received(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint tokenId,
        bytes memory _data
    ) private returns (bool) {
        if (to.isContract()) {
            return
                IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(
                    msg.sender,
                    from,
                    tokenId,
                    _data
                ) == IERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector;
        } else {
            return true;
        }
    }
    /**
     * 实现IERC721Metadata的tokenURI函数，查询metadata。
     */
    function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        require(_owners[tokenId] != address(0), "Token Not Exist");
        string memory baseURI = _baseURI();
        return bytes(baseURI).length > 0 ? string(abi.encodePacked(baseURI, tokenId.toString())) : "";
    }
    /**
     * 计算{tokenURI}的BaseURI，tokenURI就是把baseURI和tokenId拼接在一起，需要开发重写。
     * BAYC的baseURI为ipfs://QmeSjSinHpPnmXmspMjwiXyN6zS4E9zccariGR3jxcaWtq/
     */
    function _baseURI() internal view virtual returns (string memory) {
        return "";
    }
}