从零开始安装 NixOS

sudo -i #切换到超级用户
lsblk
cfdisk /dev/sda #设置分区方案

# GPT 分区标签
# 1G，类型：EFI
# 4G，类型：swap
# 剩余空间，类型：Linux Filesystem

mkfs.ext4 -L nixos /dev/sda3
mkswap -L swap /dev/sda2
mkfs.fat -F 32 -n boot /dev/sda1

mount /dev/sda3 /mnt
mount --mkdir /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
swapon /dev/sda2

[root@nixos:~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
loop0    7:0    0  1.5G  1 loop /nix/.ro-store
sr0     11:0    1  1.6G  0 rom  /iso
sda    253:0    0   50G  0 disk
├─sda1 253:1    0    1G  0 part /mnt/boot
├─sda2 253:2    0    4G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3 253:3    0   35G  0 part /mnt

nixos-generate-config --root /mnt

# Edit this configuration file to define what should be installed on
# your system. Help is available in the configuration.nix(5) man page, on
# https://search.nixos.org/options and in the NixOS manual (`nixos-help`).

{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:

{
  imports =
    [ # Include the results of the hardware scan.
      ./hardware-configuration.nix
    ];

  # Use the systemd-boot EFI boot loader.
  boot.loader.systemd-boot.enable = true;
  boot.loader.efi.canTouchEfiVariables = true;

  networking.hostName = "nixos"; # Define your hostname.
  # Pick only one of the below networking options.
  # networking.wireless.enable = true;  # Enables wireless support via wpa_supplicant.
  networking.networkmanager.enable = true;  # Easiest to use and most distros use this by default.

  # Set your time zone.
  time.timeZone = "Asia/Shanghai";

  # Configure network proxy if necessary
  # networking.proxy.default = "http://user:password@proxy:port/";
  # networking.proxy.noProxy = "127.0.0.1,localhost,internal.domain";

  # 使用国内源
  nix.settings.substituters = [

    "https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/nix-channels/store?priority=10"
    "https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/nix-channels/store?priority=5"
    "https://cache.nixos.org/"
  ];

  # Select internationalisation properties.
  # i18n.defaultLocale = "en_US.UTF-8";
  # console = {
  #   font = "Lat2-Terminus16";
  #   keyMap = "us";
  #   useXkbConfig = true; # use xkb.options in tty.
  # };

  # Enable the X11 windowing system.
  # services.xserver.enable = true;
  services.xserver = {
    enable = true;
    windowManager.qtile.enable = true;
  };


  # Configure keymap in X11
  # services.xserver.xkb.layout = "us";
  # services.xserver.xkb.options = "eurosign:e,caps:escape";

  # Enable CUPS to print documents.
  # services.printing.enable = true;

  # Enable sound.
  # services.pulseaudio.enable = true;
  # OR
  # services.pipewire = {
  #   enable = true;
  #   pulse.enable = true;
  # };

  # Enable touchpad support (enabled default in most desktopManager).
  # services.libinput.enable = true;

  # Define a user account. Don't forget to set a password with ‘passwd’.
 users.users.demo = {   # demo换成你自己的用户名
   isNormalUser = true;
   extraGroups = [ "wheel" ]; # Enable ‘sudo’ for the user.
   packages = with pkgs; [
     tree
   ];
 };

  programs.firefox.enable = true;

  # List packages installed in system profile.
  # You can use https://search.nixos.org/ to find more packages (and options).
 environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
   vim 
   wget
   alacritty
 ];

  # Some programs need SUID wrappers, can be configured further or are
  # started in user sessions.
  # programs.mtr.enable = true;
  # programs.gnupg.agent = {
  #   enable = true;
  #   enableSSHSupport = true;
  # };

  # List services that you want to enable:

  # Enable the OpenSSH daemon.
   services.openssh.enable = true;

  # Open ports in the firewall.
  # networking.firewall.allowedTCPPorts = [ ... ];
  # networking.firewall.allowedUDPPorts = [ ... ];
  # Or disable the firewall altogether.
  # networking.firewall.enable = false;
  # 删除多余的说明注释

  system.stateVersion = "25.05"; # Did you read the comment?

}

nixos-install  /mnt/etc/nixos

## 输入密码,务必设置密码，否则你将无法登录,demo换成你的用户名

nixos-enter --root /mnt -c 'passwd demo'

## 启动系统
reboot

{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:

{
  imports = [ ./hardware-configuration.nix ];

  boot.loader.systemd-boot.enable = true;
  boot.loader.efi.canTouchEfiVariables = true;

  networking.hostName = "nixos";  # 替换为你的主机名
  networking.networkmanager.enable = true;

  time.timeZone = "Asia/Shanghai";

  # 使用国内源
  nix.settings.substituters = [
    "https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/nix-channels/store?priority=5"
    "https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/nix-channels/store?priority=10"
    "https://cache.nixos.org/"
  ];

  # 国际化设置
  i18n.defaultLocale = "en_US.UTF-8";
  i18n.extraLocaleSettings = {
    LC_ADDRESS = "zh_CN.UTF-8";
    LC_IDENTIFICATION = "zh_CN.UTF-8";
    LC_MEASUREMENT = "zh_CN.UTF-8";
    LC_MONETARY = "zh_CN.UTF-8";
    LC_NAME = "zh_CN.UTF-8";
    LC_NUMERIC = "zh_CN.UTF-8";
    LC_PAPER = "zh_CN.UTF-8";
    LC_TELEPHONE = "zh_CN.UTF-8";
    LC_TIME = "zh_CN.UTF-8";
  };

  # 输入法配置
  i18n.inputMethod = {
    enable = true;
    type = "fcitx5";
    fcitx5.addons = with pkgs; [
      fcitx5-rime
      fcitx5-chinese-addons
    ];
  };

  services.xserver = {
    enable = true;
    windowManager.qtile.enable = true;
  };

  users.users.demo = {  # 替换为你的用户名
    isNormalUser = true;
    extraGroups = [ "wheel" ];
    packages = with pkgs; [ tree ];
  };

  programs.firefox.enable = true;

  environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
    vim
    wget
    alacritty
    git
    fcitx5-configtool  # Fcitx5 配置工具
  ];

  # fcitx5 环境变量
  environment.variables = {
    GTK_IM_MODULE = "fcitx";
    QT_IM_MODULE = "fcitx";
    XMODIFIERS = "@im=fcitx";
  };

  fonts.packages = with pkgs; [
    nerd-fonts.jetbrains-mono
    noto-fonts-cjk  # 支持中文
  ];

  # 打印服务
  services.printing.enable = true;

  # 音频服务（PipeWire 优于 PulseAudio）
  services.pulseaudio.enable = false;
  security.rtkit.enable = true;
  services.pipewire = {
    enable = true;
    alsa.enable = true;
    alsa.support32Bit = true;
    pulse.enable = true;
  };

  system.stateVersion = "25.05";
}

sudo nixos-rebuild dry-run  # 检查配置是否有效
sudo nixos-rebuild switch   # 应用配置