Python文件类型大全：从.py到.pyd，你见过几种？

# hello.py
def greet(name):
    return f"Hello, {name}!"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print(greet("Python开发者: 程序员晚枫"))

# Python会自动在__pycache__目录生成.pyc文件
python -m py_compile hello.py

# 安装Cython
pip install cython

# 创建Cython文件
# hello.pyx
def cython_greet(name):
    return f"Hello from Cython, {name}!"

# setup.py
from setuptools import setup
from Cython.Build import cythonize

setup(ext_modules=cythonize("hello.pyx"))

# 编译生成.pyd
python setup.py build_ext --inplace

# 像普通模块一样导入
import hello
print(hello.cython_greet("程序员晚枫"))

# fastmath.pyx
def fibonacci(int n):
    cdef int i
    cdef double a = 0.0, b = 1.0
    for i in range(n):
        a, b = b, a + b
    return a

# my_app.pyw
import tkinter as tk

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("无控制台应用")
root.mainloop()

# pyproject.toml（现代Python项目）
[build-system]
requires = ["setuptools", "wheel"]

[project]
name = "my-project"
version = "0.1.0"

# setup.cfg（传统配置）
[metadata]
name = my-project
version = 0.1.0

# requirements.txt
requests>=2.25.0
pandas>=1.3.0

# math.pyi
def sqrt(x: float) -> float: ...
def pow(x: float, y: float) -> float: ...

# my_paths.pth
/home/user/my_python_libs
../relative/path/to/modules

# 创建.pyz文件
python -m zipapp my_app -o app.pyz

# 运行
python app.pyz

# test_example.py
import pytest

def test_addition():
    assert 1 + 1 == 2

# conftest.py（pytest配置）
import pytest

@pytest.fixture
def sample_data():
    return {"key": "value"}

my_project/
├── src/
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── main.py
│   └── utils.py
├── tests/
│   ├── __init__.py
│   └── test_main.py
├── docs/
│   └── conf.py
├── .python-version
├── pyproject.toml
├── requirements.txt
├── setup.py
└── README.md

python -m dis hello.pyc

# 使用Cython批量编译
from Cython.Build import cythonize
from setuptools import setup, Extension

extensions = [
    Extension("my_module", ["my_module.pyx"])
]

setup(ext_modules=cythonize(extensions))

# setup.py
from setuptools import setup, find_packages

setup(
    name="my-package",
    version="1.0.0",
    packages=find_packages(),
    install_requires=[
        "requests>=2.25.0",
    ],
    entry_points={
        'console_scripts': [
            'my-command=my_package.cli:main',
        ],
    },
)

# 性能测试示例
import timeit

# Python版本
def python_fib(n):
    if n <= 1:
        return n
    return python_fib(n-1) + python_fib(n-2)

# Cython编译版本（假设已编译为.pyd）
from cython_fib import cython_fib

# 测试性能
n = 35
python_time = timeit.timeit(lambda: python_fib(n), number=1)
cython_time = timeit.timeit(lambda: cython_fib(n), number=1)

print(f"Python: {python_time:.2f}s")
print(f"Cython: {cython_time:.2f}s")
print(f"加速比: {python_time/cython_time:.1f}x")