blocks|key|1692776|text|为了能够从用户空间控制无线驱动程序，内核和用户空间之间使用了一些IPC通信进程。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|1692777|1692778|在first+ioctl中使用了依赖于供应商的API。|unordered-list-item|offset|length|style|CODE|1692779|在1996年创建了wireless+extensions+(WE或WEXT)。|1692780|1692781|无线扩展(WE)是一个通用的|1692782|，它允许驱动程序向用户空间公开常见无线局域网的配置和统计数据。|blockquote|1692783|1692784|1692785|1692786|在2006年，John+Linville创建了mac80211，Johannes+Berg创建了cfg80211和nl80211。总而言之，它旨在取代无线扩展。|1692787|1692788|%2B---%2B%7C用户空间%7C%2B---%2B%5E---%7C+nl80211+v%2B---%2B%7C+cfg80211+%7C%2B-%2B%2B-%2B%7C+mac80211+%7C%7C+driver+%7Cdriver|1692789|重要的一点是nl80211/cfg80211/mac80211不再使用ioctl，它们使用netlink。|1692790|因此，像iw、hostapd或wpa_supplicant这样的工具使用一些netlink库(如libnl或libnl-tiny)和netlink接口公共头，当然也就是nl80211.h。|1692791|这里没有太多的文档，但我建议您先阅读libnl+documentation，然后再阅读iw+source+code+(因为我使用libnl)。|1692792|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Jean_Tourrilhes/Linux/Tools.html|1|https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/developers/Documentation/mac80211|2|https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/developers/Documentation/cfg80211|3|https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/developers/Documentation/nl80211|4|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netlink|5|http://wireless.kernel.org/en/users/Documentation/iw|6|http://hostap.epitest.fi/hostapd/|7|http://hostap.epitest.fi/wpa_supplicant/|8|https://www.infradead.org/~tgr/libnl/|9|http://git.openwrt.org/?p=openwrt.git;a=tree;f=package/libs/libnl-tiny|10|https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/source/include/uapi/linux/nl80211.h|11|12|http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/jberg/iw.git^0|0|0|7|5|0|9|J|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|N|8|1|1C|8|2|1L|7|3|0|0|0|19|7|4|0|4|2|5|7|7|6|F|E|7|1C|5|8|1I|A|9|2C|9|A|0|I|J|B|17|E|C|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|20|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|-4|5|6|7|21|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|C|3|D|5|E|7|22|8|@$F|23|G|24|H|I]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|E|7|25|8|@]|9|@$F|26|G|27|1|28]]|A|$]]|$1|L|3|-4|5|6|7|29|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|M|3|N|5|6|7|2A|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|O|3|P|5|Q|7|2B|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|R|3|-4|5|6|7|2C|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|S|3|-4|5|6|7|2D|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|T|3|-4|5|6|7|2E|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|U|3|V|5|E|7|2F|8|@]|9|@$F|2G|G|2H|1|2I]|$F|2J|G|2K|1|2L]|$F|2M|G|2N|1|2O]]|A|$]]|$1|W|3|-4|5|6|7|2P|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|X|3|Y|5|6|7|2Q|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|Z|3|10|5|6|7|2R|8|@]|9|@$F|2S|G|2T|1|2U]]|A|$]]|$1|11|3|12|5|6|7|2V|8|@]|9|@$F|2W|G|2X|1|2Y]|$F|2Z|G|30|1|31]|$F|32|G|33|1|34]|$F|35|G|36|1|37]|$F|38|G|39|1|3A]|$F|3B|G|3C|1|3D]]|A|$]]|$1|13|3|14|5|6|7|3E|8|@]|9|@$F|3F|G|3G|1|3H]|$F|3I|G|3J|1|3K]]|A|$]]|$1|15|3|-4|5|6|7|3L|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|16|$17|$5|18|19|1A|A|$1B|1C]]|1D|$5|18|19|1A|A|$1B|1E]]|1F|$5|18|19|1A|A|$1B|1G]]|1H|$5|18|19|1A|A|$1B|1I]]|1J|$5|18|19|1A|A|$1B|1K]]|1L|$5|18|19|1A|A|$1B|1M]]|1N|$5|18|19|1A|A|$1B|1O]]|1P|$5|18|19|1A|A|$1B|1Q]]|1R|$5|18|19|1A|A|$1B|1S]]|1T|$5|18|19|1A|A|$1B|1U]]|1V|$5|18|19|1A|A|$1B|1W]]|1X|$5|18|19|1A|A|$1B|1S]]|1Y|$5|18|19|1A|A|$1B|1Z]]]]

To be able to control wireless drivers from userspace, some IPC communication processes between kernel and userspace are used.

<ul>
<li>At first <code>ioctl</code> with vendor dependent APIs was used.</li>
<li>In 1996, Jean Tourrilhes creates <a href="http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Jean_Tourrilhes/Linux/Tools.html" rel="noreferrer">wireless extensions</a> (WE or WEXT).</li>
</ul>

<blockquote>
 The Wireless Extension (WE) is a generic API allowing a driver to
 expose to the user space configuration and statistics specific to
 common Wireless LANs.
</blockquote>

<ul>
<li>In 2006, John Linville creates <a href="https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/developers/Documentation/mac80211" rel="noreferrer">mac80211</a> and Johannes Berg creates <a href="https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/developers/Documentation/cfg80211" rel="noreferrer">cfg80211</a> and <a href="https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/developers/Documentation/nl80211" rel="noreferrer">nl80211</a>. Together it is intended to replace wireless extensions.

<pre><code>+-------------+
| |
| Userspace |
| |
+-------------+
 ^
- - - | - - - - 
 | nl80211
 v
+-------------+
| |
| cfg80211 |
| |
+-------------+
+-------------+
| |
| mac80211 |
| driver |
| |
+-------------+
</code></pre></li>
</ul>

An important point is that nl80211/cfg80211/mac80211 no longer use ioctl, they use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netlink" rel="noreferrer">netlink</a>.

So, tools like <a href="http://wireless.kernel.org/en/users/Documentation/iw" rel="noreferrer">iw</a>, <a href="http://hostap.epitest.fi/hostapd/" rel="noreferrer">hostapd</a> or the <a href="http://hostap.epitest.fi/wpa_supplicant/" rel="noreferrer">wpa_supplicant</a> use some netlink libraries (like <a href="https://www.infradead.org/~tgr/libnl/" rel="noreferrer">libnl</a> or <a href="http://git.openwrt.org/?p=openwrt.git;a=tree;f=package/libs/libnl-tiny" rel="noreferrer">libnl-tiny</a>) and the netlink interface public header which is of course <a href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/source/include/uapi/linux/nl80211.h" rel="noreferrer">nl80211.h</a>.

There is not so much documentations, but I advise you to read the <a href="https://www.infradead.org/~tgr/libnl/" rel="noreferrer">libnl documentation</a> and then the <a href="http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/jberg/iw.git" rel="noreferrer">iw source code</a> (because iw use libnl).

blocks|key|2145336|text|更详细地描述nl80211和cfg80211如何与系统的其他部分(user+space、kernel和hardware)协同工作。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|2145337|2145338|nl80211是用户空间软件(iw、wpa_supplicant等)之间的接口以及内核(cfg80211和mac80211内核模块，以及特定的驱动程序)。|unordered-list-item|2145339|+WiFi驱动程序和硬件可以是全MAC或软MAC(请参见Wireless_network_interface_controller).|2145340|cfg80211_ops是全MAC驱动程序和mac80211模块注册到cfg80211的一组操作module.|2145341|ieee80211_ops是软MAC驱动程序注册到mac80211模块的一组操作。|2145342|2145343|​|2145344|📷|atomic|2145345|2145346|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network_interface_controller|1|IMAGE|IMMUTABLE|imageUrl|https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-900000/3006511d1a41edb6341e11522fd9f261.png|imageAlt^0|6|7|E|8|X|A|18|6|1F|8|0|0|0|7|F|2|I|E|18|8|1H|8|0|S|11|0|0|0|C|M|8|Z|8|0|0|D|P|8|0|0|0|0|1|1|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|1A|8|@$9|1B|A|1C|B|C]|$9|1D|A|1E|B|C]|$9|1F|A|1G|B|C]|$9|1H|A|1I|B|C]|$9|1J|A|1K|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|-4|5|6|7|1L|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|G|3|H|5|I|7|1M|8|@$9|1N|A|1O|B|C]|$9|1P|A|1Q|B|C]|$9|1R|A|1S|B|C]|$9|1T|A|1U|B|C]|$9|1V|A|1W|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|I|7|1X|8|@]|D|@$9|1Y|A|1Z|1|20]]|E|$]]|$1|L|3|M|5|I|7|21|8|@$9|22|A|23|B|C]|$9|24|A|25|B|C]|$9|26|A|27|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|N|3|O|5|I|7|28|8|@$9|29|A|2A|B|C]|$9|2B|A|2C|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|P|3|-4|5|6|7|2D|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|Q|3|R|5|6|7|2E|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|S|3|T|5|U|7|2F|8|@]|D|@$9|2G|A|2H|1|2I]]|E|$]]|$1|V|3|R|5|6|7|2J|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|W|3|-4|5|6|7|2K|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|X|$Y|$5|Z|10|11|E|$12|13]]|14|$5|15|10|16|E|$17|18|19|-4]]]]

A slightly more detailed picture of how <code>nl80211</code> and <code>cfg80211</code> work with other parts of the system (<code>user space</code>, <code>kernel</code>, and <code>hardware</code>). 

<ul>
<li><code>nl80211</code> is the interface between user space software (<code>iw</code>, <code>wpa_supplicant</code>, etc.) and the kernel (<code>cfg80211</code> and <code>mac80211</code> kernel modules, and specific drivers). </li>
<li>The WiFi drivers and hardware could be Full-MAC or Soft-MAC (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network_interface_controller" rel="noreferrer">Wireless_network_interface_controller</a>).</li>
<li><code>cfg80211_ops</code> is a set of operations that Full-MAC drivers and <code>mac80211</code> module register to <code>cfg80211</code> module.</li>
<li><code>ieee80211_ops</code> is a set of operations that Soft-MAC drivers register to <code>mac80211</code> module.</li>
</ul>

<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/TNLK1.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/TNLK1.png" alt="enter image description here"></a>

blocks|key|2145373|text|请看我对How+to+learn+the+structure+of+Linux+wireless+drivers+(mac80211)?的回复|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|offset|length|data|2145374|在wpa_supplicant中，您可以遵循src/drivers/driver_nl80211.c中的代码。这是一个wpa_supplicant驱动程序(不是内核驱动程序，而是wpa_supplicant代码中使用的抽象)，它使用libnl与内核cfg80211模块通信。例如，当wpa_supplicant发出扫描命令时，就会调用wpa_driver_nl80211_scan。它使用名为NL80211_CMD_TRIGGER_SCAN的命令和扫描所需的所有参数构建netlink消息。|style|CODE|2145375|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7157181/how-to-learn-the-structure-of-wireless-drivers-mac80211/18026691#18026691^0|4|1S|0|0|1|E|M|S|2H|E|38|5|3G|8|3X|E|4N|N|5G|O|6J|7|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|P|8|@]|9|@$A|Q|B|R|1|S]]|C|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|6|7|T|8|@$A|U|B|V|F|G]|$A|W|B|X|F|G]|$A|Y|B|Z|F|G]|$A|10|B|11|F|G]|$A|12|B|13|F|G]|$A|14|B|15|F|G]|$A|16|B|17|F|G]|$A|18|B|19|F|G]|$A|1A|B|1B|F|G]]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|H|3|-4|5|6|7|1C|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]]|I|$J|$5|K|L|M|C|$N|O]]]]

See my reply to 
<a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7157181/how-to-learn-the-structure-of-wireless-drivers-mac80211/18026691#18026691">How to learn the structure of Linux wireless drivers (mac80211)?</a>

In <code>wpa_supplicant</code>, you can follow the code in <code>src/drivers/driver_nl80211.c</code>. This is a wpa_supplicant driver (not a kernel driver but an abstraction used in <code>wpa_supplicant</code> code) which uses <code>libnl</code> to communicate with the kernel <code>cfg80211</code> module. When <code>wpa_supplicant</code> issues a scan for example then <code>wpa_driver_nl80211_scan</code> gets called. It builds the <code>netlink</code> message with a command called <code>NL80211_CMD_TRIGGER_SCAN</code> and with all the parameters required for the scan.

blocks|key|5674528|text|我已经为linux中的无线堆栈创建了一个基本代码流程图，|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|5674529|从wpa_supplicant+>+cfg80211+>+mac80211+>+ath9k_htc。|5674530|已跟踪linux内核5.4.31的代码。|5674531|这是link。|offset|length|5674532|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://github.com/akshdeep-singh/80211_code_flow_linux/blob/master/codeflow.pdf^0|0|0|0|2|4|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|R|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|S|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|6|7|T|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|U|8|@]|9|@$H|V|I|W|1|X]]|A|$]]|$1|J|3|-4|5|6|7|Y|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|K|$L|$5|M|N|O|A|$P|Q]]]]

I've created a basic code flow diagram for the wireless stack in linux, 
all the way from wpa_supplicant > cfg80211 > mac80211 > ath9k_htc.

The code has been traced for linux kernel 5.4.31.

Here is the <a href="https://github.com/akshdeep-singh/80211_code_flow_linux/blob/master/codeflow.pdf" rel="noreferrer">link</a>.

I want to learn about how <code>nl80211</code> and <code>cfg80211</code> works in detail. Function flow, how <code>nl80211</code> interact with network tools like <code>wpa_supplicant</code>, <code>iw</code>. 

Plz suggest me some useful links or books to refer.

How nl80211 library & cfg80211 work?

翻译质量差，导致语言生硬或混乱。

没有提供实际的解决方法或示例。

解答不清晰，无法理解或解决问题。

页面排版不美观，阅读体验差。

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我想详细了解一下nl80211和cfg80211是如何工作的。功能流，nl80211如何与wpa_supplicant、iw等网络工具交互。请推荐一些有用的链接或书籍给我参考。

问nl80211库和cfg80211是如何工作的？
EN

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问nl80211库和cfg80211是如何工作的？EN