blocks|key|3013999|text|每个对象都有一个__dict__变量，其中包含所有变量及其值。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|3014000|尝尝这个|3014001|>>>+hi_obj+=+hi()
>>>+hi_obj.__dict__.keys()|code-block|syntax|javascript|3014002|entityMap^0|8|8|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|O|8|@$9|P|A|Q|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|R|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|J|7|S|8|@]|D|@]|E|$K|L]]|$1|M|3|-4|5|6|7|T|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|N|$]]

Every object has a <code>__dict__</code> variable containing all the variables and its values in it.

Try this

<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; hi_obj = hi()
&gt;&gt;&gt; hi_obj.__dict__.keys()
</code></pre>

blocks|key|3858956|text|使用vars()|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|3858957|class+Foo(object):
++++def+__init__(self):
++++++++self.a+=+1
++++++++self.b+=+2

vars(Foo())+#==>+{'a':+1,+'b':+2}
vars(Foo()).keys()+#==>+['a',+'b']|code-block|syntax|javascript|3858958|entityMap^0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|I|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|J|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|G|3|-4|5|6|7|K|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|H|$]]

Use vars()

<pre><code>class Foo(object):
 def __init__(self):
 self.a = 1
 self.b = 2

vars(Foo()) #==&gt; {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
vars(Foo()).keys() #==&gt; ['a', 'b']
</code></pre>

blocks|key|3014070|text|通常情况下，您不能仅给定一个类就获得实例属性，至少在不实例化该类的情况下是不能的。但是，您可以在给定实例的情况下获取实例属性，或者在给定类的情况下获取类属性。请参阅“inspect”模块。您不能获得实例属性的列表，因为实例确实可以有任何属性，并且--如您的示例所示--创建它们的通常方法是在__init__方法中为它们赋值。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|3014071|一个例外情况是，如果您的类使用插槽，它是类允许实例具有的固定属性列表。插槽在http://www.python.org/2.2.3/descrintro.html中有解释，但是插槽有各种陷阱；它们影响内存布局，因此多重继承可能是有问题的，并且继承通常也必须考虑插槽。|offset|length|3014072|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://www.python.org/2.2.3/descrintro.html^0|0|12|17|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|N|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|O|8|@]|9|@$D|P|E|Q|1|R]]|A|$]]|$1|F|3|-4|5|6|7|S|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|G|$H|$5|I|J|K|A|$L|M]]]]

You normally can't get instance attributes given just a class, at least not without instantiating the class. You can get instance attributes given an instance, though, or class attributes given a class. See the 'inspect' module. You can't get a list of instance attributes because instances really can have anything as attribute, and -- as in your example -- the normal way to create them is to just assign to them in the __init__ method.

An exception is if your class uses slots, which is a fixed list of attributes that the class allows instances to have. Slots are explained in <a href="http://www.python.org/2.2.3/descrintro.html" rel="noreferrer">http://www.python.org/2.2.3/descrintro.html</a>, but there are various pitfalls with slots; they affect memory layout, so multiple inheritance may be problematic, and inheritance in general has to take slots into account, too.

blocks|key|3014089|text|您还可以使用以下命令测试对象是否具有特定变量：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|3014090|>>>+hi_obj+=+hi()
>>>+hasattr(hi_obj,+"some+attribute")|code-block|syntax|javascript|3014091|entityMap^0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|I|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|J|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|G|3|-4|5|6|7|K|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|H|$]]

You can also test if an object has a specific variable with:

<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; hi_obj = hi()
&gt;&gt;&gt; hasattr(hi_obj, "some attribute")
</code></pre>

blocks|key|760357|text|对于OP发布的示例，Vars()和dict方法都有效，但它们不适用于“松散”定义的对象，如：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|760358|class+foo:
++a+=+'foo'
++b+=+'bar'|code-block|syntax|javascript|760359|要打印所有不可调用的属性，可以使用以下函数：|760360|def+printVars(object):
++++for+i+in+[v+for+v+in+dir(object)+if+not+callable(getattr(object,v))]:
++++++++print+'\n%25s:'+%25+i
++++++++exec('print+object.%25s\n\n')+%25+i|760361|entityMap^0|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|M|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|N|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|G|3|H|5|6|7|O|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|I|3|J|5|D|7|P|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|K|3|-4|5|6|7|Q|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|L|$]]

Both the Vars() and dict methods will work for the example the OP posted, but they won't work for "loosely" defined objects like:

<pre><code>class foo:
 a = 'foo'
 b = 'bar'
</code></pre>

To print all non-callable attributes, you can use the following function:

<pre><code>def printVars(object):
 for i in [v for v in dir(object) if not callable(getattr(object,v))]:
 print '\n%s:' % i
 exec('print object.%s\n\n') % i
</code></pre>

blocks|key|5269958|text|您的示例显示的是“实例变量”，而不是真正的类变量。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|5269959|在hi_obj.__class__.__dict__.items()中查找类变量，以及其他类成员，如成员函数和包含模块。|offset|length|style|CODE|5269960|class+Hi(+object+):
++++class_var+=+(+23,+'skidoo'+)+#+class+variable
++++def+__init__(+self+):
++++++++self.ii+=+"foo"+#+instance+variable
++++++++self.jj+=+"bar"|code-block|syntax|javascript|5269961|类变量由类的所有实例共享。|5269962|entityMap^0|0|1|X|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|Q|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|R|8|@$D|S|E|T|F|G]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|J|7|U|8|@]|9|@]|A|$K|L]]|$1|M|3|N|5|6|7|V|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|O|3|-4|5|6|7|W|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|P|$]]

Your example shows "instance variables", not really class variables.

Look in <code>hi_obj.__class__.__dict__.items()</code> for the class variables, along with other other class members like member functions and the containing module.

<pre><code>class Hi( object ):
 class_var = ( 23, 'skidoo' ) # class variable
 def __init__( self ):
 self.ii = "foo" # instance variable
 self.jj = "bar"
</code></pre>

Class variables are shared by all instances of the class.

blocks|key|760317|text|建议|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|760318|>>>+print+vars.__doc__
vars([object])+->+dictionary

Without+arguments,+equivalent+to+locals().
With+an+argument,+equivalent+to+object.__dict__.|code-block|syntax|javascript|760319|换句话说，它本质上只是包装了__dict__|760320|entityMap^0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|K|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|L|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|G|3|H|5|6|7|M|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|I|3|-4|5|6|7|N|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|J|$]]

Suggest

<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; print vars.__doc__
vars([object]) -&gt; dictionary

Without arguments, equivalent to locals().
With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__.
</code></pre>

In otherwords, it essentially just wraps __dict__

blocks|key|763174|text|虽然不是OP问题的直接答案，但有一种很好的方法可以找出函数中哪些变量在作用域中。请看下面的代码：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|763175|>>>+def+f(x,+y):
++++z+=+x**2+%2B+y**2
++++sqrt_z+=+z**.5
++++return+sqrt_z

>>>+f.func_code.co_varnames
('x',+'y',+'z',+'sqrt_z')
>>>+|code-block|syntax|javascript|763176|func_code属性中有各种有趣的东西。它允许你做一些很酷的事情。下面是我如何使用它的一个例子：|763177|def+exec_command(self,+cmd,+msg,+sig):

++++def+message(msg):
++++++++a+=+self.link.process(self.link.recieved_message(msg))
++++++++self.exec_command(*a)

++++def+error(msg):
++++++++self.printer.printInfo(msg)

++++def+set_usrlist(msg):
++++++++self.client.connected_users+=+msg

++++def+chatmessage(msg):
++++++++self.printer.printInfo(msg)

++++if+not+locals().has_key(cmd):+return
++++cmd+=+locals()[cmd]

++++try:
++++++++if+'sig'+in+cmd.func_code.co_varnames+and+\
+++++++++++++++++++++++'msg'+in+cmd.func_code.co_varnames:+
++++++++++++cmd(msg,+sig)
++++++++elif+'msg'+in+cmd.func_code.co_varnames:+
++++++++++++cmd(msg)
++++++++else:
++++++++++++cmd()
++++except+Exception,+e:
++++++++print+'\n-----------ERROR-----------'
++++++++print+'error:+',+e
++++++++print+'Error+proccessing:+',+cmd.__name__
++++++++print+'Message:+',+msg
++++++++print+'Sig:+',+sig
++++++++print+'-----------ERROR-----------\n'|763178|entityMap^0|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|M|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|N|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|G|3|H|5|6|7|O|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|I|3|J|5|D|7|P|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|K|3|-4|5|6|7|Q|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|L|$]]

Although not directly an answer to the OP question, there is a pretty sweet way of finding out what variables are in scope in a function. take a look at this code:

<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; def f(x, y):
 z = x**2 + y**2
 sqrt_z = z**.5
 return sqrt_z

&gt;&gt;&gt; f.func_code.co_varnames
('x', 'y', 'z', 'sqrt_z')
&gt;&gt;&gt; 
</code></pre>

The func_code attribute has all kinds of interesting things in it. It allows you todo some cool stuff. Here is an example of how I have have used this:

<pre><code>def exec_command(self, cmd, msg, sig):

 def message(msg):
 a = self.link.process(self.link.recieved_message(msg))
 self.exec_command(*a)

 def error(msg):
 self.printer.printInfo(msg)

 def set_usrlist(msg):
 self.client.connected_users = msg

 def chatmessage(msg):
 self.printer.printInfo(msg)

 if not locals().has_key(cmd): return
 cmd = locals()[cmd]

 try:
 if 'sig' in cmd.func_code.co_varnames and \
 'msg' in cmd.func_code.co_varnames: 
 cmd(msg, sig)
 elif 'msg' in cmd.func_code.co_varnames: 
 cmd(msg)
 else:
 cmd()
 except Exception, e:
 print '\n-----------ERROR-----------'
 print 'error: ', e
 print 'Error proccessing: ', cmd.__name__
 print 'Message: ', msg
 print 'Sig: ', sig
 print '-----------ERROR-----------\n'
</code></pre>

blocks|key|5270142|text|构建在dmark的答案之上，得到以下内容，如果你想要sprintf的等价物，这是很有用的，并希望能帮助某些人……|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|5270143|def+sprint(object):
++++result+=+''
++++for+i+in+[v+for+v+in+dir(object)+if+not+callable(getattr(object,+v))+and+v[0]+!=+'_']:
++++++++result+%2B=+'\n%25s:'+%25+i+%2B+str(getattr(object,+i,+''))
++++return+result|code-block|syntax|javascript|5270144|entityMap^0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|I|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|J|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|G|3|-4|5|6|7|K|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|H|$]]

built on dmark's answer to get the following, which is useful if you want the equiv of sprintf and hopefully will help someone...

<pre><code>def sprint(object):
 result = ''
 for i in [v for v in dir(object) if not callable(getattr(object, v)) and v[0] != '_']:
 result += '\n%s:' % i + str(getattr(object, i, ''))
 return result
</code></pre>

blocks|key|3859144|text|有时，您希望根据公共/私有变量来过滤列表。例如。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|3859145|def+pub_vars(self):
++++"""Gives+the+variable+names+of+our+instance+we+want+to+expose
++++"""
++++return+[k+for+k+in+vars(self)+if+not+k.startswith('_')]|code-block|syntax|javascript|3859146|entityMap^0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|I|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|J|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|G|3|-4|5|6|7|K|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|H|$]]

Sometimes you want to filter the list based on public/private vars. E.g.

<pre><code>def pub_vars(self):
 """Gives the variable names of our instance we want to expose
 """
 return [k for k in vars(self) if not k.startswith('_')]
</code></pre>

blocks|key|763235|text|首先，您需要检查类，然后，检查函数的字节码，然后，复制字节码，最后，使用类这是一个棘手的模块，因为一些类使用构造函数来创建它们的方法，比如+types+中的构造函数。我将在GitHub上提供它的代码。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|BOLD|CODE|entityRanges|data|763236|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://github.com/g7a20/class-inst-vars^0|D|4|P|5|1Y|5|24|O|1Y|5|2E|6|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|O|8|@$9|P|A|Q|B|C]|$9|R|A|S|B|C]|$9|T|A|U|B|C]|$9|V|A|W|B|C]|$9|X|A|Y|B|D]]|E|@$9|Z|A|10|1|11]]|F|$]]|$1|G|3|-4|5|6|7|12|8|@]|E|@]|F|$]]]|H|$I|$5|J|K|L|F|$M|N]]]]

You will need to first, examine the class, next, examine the bytecode for functions, then, copy the bytecode, and finally, use the <code>__code__.co_varnames</code>. This is tricky because some classes create their methods using constructors like those in the <code>types</code> module. I will provide code for it on <a href="https://github.com/g7a20/class-inst-vars" rel="nofollow noreferrer">GitHub</a>.

Is there a built-in method in Python to get an array of all a class' instance variables? For example, if I have this code:

<pre><code>class hi:
 def __init__(self):
 self.ii = "foo"
 self.kk = "bar"
</code></pre>

Is there a way for me to do this:

<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; mystery_method(hi)
["ii", "kk"]
</code></pre>

Edit: I originally had asked for class variables erroneously.

How to get instance variables in Python?

翻译质量差，导致语言生硬或混乱。

没有提供实际的解决方法或示例。

解答不清晰，无法理解或解决问题。

页面排版不美观，阅读体验差。

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Python中有没有内置的方法来获取所有类的实例变量的数组？例如，如果我有这样的代码：class hi:  def __init__(self):    self.ii = "foo"    self.kk = "bar"我有没有办法做到这一点：>>> mystery_method(hi)["ii", "kk"]编辑:我最初错误地请求了类变量。

问如何在Python中获取实例变量？
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问如何在Python中获取实例变量？
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