blocks|key|3375910|text|Pdp-1+LISP|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|BOLD|entityRanges|data|3375911|源代码Pdf包括解释性文章和符号列表：http://www.google.com/url?sa=D&q=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102650371|3375912|ASCII源代码清单：http://hack.org/mc/software/lisp.p2|3375913|不错的概述：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-1|3375914|Pdp-1手册，包括指令集参考：1961.pdf|3375915|宏扩展手册，描述指令是如何由算术组成的：Macro.pdf|3375916|指令集的交替表示，说明移位指令和操作指令的可组合性：http://simh.trailing-edge.com/docs/architecture18b.pdf|3375917|最后一个链接对于理解诸如第一条指令这样的技巧是至关重要的：|3375918|-/Lisp+interpreter+3-20-64,+part+1
+000004+++++++++++++++++4/
-/go
+000004+++++++++go,
+000004+764607++++++++++hlt%2Bcla%2Bcli%2B7-opr-opr|code-block|syntax|javascript|3375919|这可以用更少的混淆(但更少的语义信息)写成如下：|3375920|opr+4607|3375921|或者具有更多的语义(甚至更模糊)，如：|3375922|hlt%2Bcla%2Bcli%2Bclf%2B07-opr-opr-opr|3375923|但既然是clf+==+opr，那就太傻了。|CODE|3375924|60年代装配编程的最后一个关键资源是Knuth，第1卷(1ed或2ed)。这解释了pdp-1代码展示的一些更基本的自残。|3375925|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://www.google.com/url?sa=D&q=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102650371|1|http://hack.org/mc/software/lisp.p2|2|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-1|3|http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp1/F15B_PDP1_Handbook_1961.pdf|4|http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp1/PDP-1_Macro.pdf|5|http://simh.trailing-edge.com/docs/architecture18b.pdf^0|0|A|0|J|2N|0|0|B|Z|1|0|6|Y|2|0|G|8|3|0|K|9|4|0|Q|1I|5|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|4|3|B|3|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|1T|8|@$9|1U|A|1V|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|1W|8|@]|D|@$9|1X|A|1Y|1|1Z]]|E|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|6|7|20|8|@]|D|@$9|21|A|22|1|23]]|E|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|6|7|24|8|@]|D|@$9|25|A|26|1|27]]|E|$]]|$1|L|3|M|5|6|7|28|8|@]|D|@$9|29|A|2A|1|2B]]|E|$]]|$1|N|3|O|5|6|7|2C|8|@]|D|@$9|2D|A|2E|1|2F]]|E|$]]|$1|P|3|Q|5|6|7|2G|8|@]|D|@$9|2H|A|2I|1|2J]]|E|$]]|$1|R|3|S|5|6|7|2K|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|T|3|U|5|V|7|2L|8|@]|D|@]|E|$W|X]]|$1|Y|3|Z|5|6|7|2M|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|10|3|11|5|V|7|2N|8|@]|D|@]|E|$W|X]]|$1|12|3|13|5|6|7|2O|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|14|3|15|5|V|7|2P|8|@]|D|@]|E|$W|X]]|$1|16|3|17|5|6|7|2Q|8|@$9|2R|A|2S|B|18]|$9|2T|A|2U|B|18]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|19|3|1A|5|6|7|2V|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|1B|3|-4|5|6|7|2W|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|1C|$1D|$5|1E|1F|1G|E|$1H|1I]]|1J|$5|1E|1F|1G|E|$1H|1K]]|1L|$5|1E|1F|1G|E|$1H|1M]]|1N|$5|1E|1F|1G|E|$1H|1O]]|1P|$5|1E|1F|1G|E|$1H|1Q]]|1R|$5|1E|1F|1G|E|$1H|1S]]]]

Pdp-1 LISP

Pdf of Source including explanatory article, and symbol listings:
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=D&amp;q=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102650371" rel="nofollow">http://www.google.com/url?sa=D&amp;q=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102650371</a>

An ASCII source listing:
<a href="http://hack.org/mc/software/lisp.p2" rel="nofollow">http://hack.org/mc/software/lisp.p2</a>

A nice overview:
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-1" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-1</a>

Pdp-1 Handbook, including instruction set reference:
<a href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp1/F15B_PDP1_Handbook_1961.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp1/F15B_PDP1_Handbook_1961.pdf</a>

Macro asembler manual, describing how instructions are formed by arithmetic:
<a href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp1/PDP-1_Macro.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp1/PDP-1_Macro.pdf</a>

Alternate presentation of instruction set illustrating composability of shift and operate instructions:
<a href="http://simh.trailing-edge.com/docs/architecture18b.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://simh.trailing-edge.com/docs/architecture18b.pdf</a>

This last link is vital for understanding such tricks as the very first instruction:

<pre><code>-/Lisp interpreter 3-20-64, part 1
 000004 4/
-/go
 000004 go,
 000004 764607 hlt+cla+cli+7-opr-opr
</code></pre>

This could have been written with less obfuscation (but less semantic info) as:

<pre><code>opr 4607
</code></pre>

Or with more semantics (and still more obfuscated) as:

<pre><code>hlt+cla+cli+clf+07-opr-opr-opr
</code></pre>

But since <code>clf</code> == <code>opr</code> that would be silly.

One last crucial resource for 60s-era assembly programming is Knuth, vol. 1 (1ed or 2ed). This explains some of the more basic self-mutilations that pdp-1 code exhibits.

blocks|key|1821969|text|x86程序集：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|BOLD|entityRanges|data|1821970|这里是一本手册，有1400多页，包括一些练习，一些章节集中在布尔代数和系统组织等内容上。|unordered-list-item|1821971|英特尔的文档和手册这里，你不应该需要这几年前;)|1821972|优化指南+(相当高级的东西)|1821973|这里+--您可以在控制台和窗口中找到用于开发win32应用程序的汇编程序。它还包括windows+SDK和对所有win32+APIs的描述。|1821974|如果您是在linux上开发的话，这似乎是一个不错的GAS手册。|1821975|一些例子+(windows)|1821976|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://flint.cs.yale.edu/cs422/doc/art-of-asm/pdf/|1|http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/architectures-software-developer-manuals.html/|2|http://www.agner.org/optimize/optimizing_assembly.pdf|3|http://www.masm32.com/|4|http://www.cs.utah.edu/dept/old/texinfo/as/as_toc.html|5|http://www.assembly.happycodings.com/index.html^0|0|7|0|0|2|0|0|9|2|1|0|0|4|2|0|0|2|3|0|G|1|4|0|0|4|5|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|1A|8|@$9|1B|A|1C|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|H|7|1D|8|@]|D|@$9|1E|A|1F|1|1G]]|E|$]]|$1|I|3|J|5|H|7|1H|8|@]|D|@$9|1I|A|1J|1|1K]]|E|$]]|$1|K|3|L|5|H|7|1L|8|@]|D|@$9|1M|A|1N|1|1O]]|E|$]]|$1|M|3|N|5|H|7|1P|8|@]|D|@$9|1Q|A|1R|1|1S]]|E|$]]|$1|O|3|P|5|H|7|1T|8|@]|D|@$9|1U|A|1V|1|1W]]|E|$]]|$1|Q|3|R|5|H|7|1X|8|@]|D|@$9|1Y|A|1Z|1|20]]|E|$]]|$1|S|3|-4|5|6|7|21|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|T|$U|$5|V|W|X|E|$Y|Z]]|10|$5|V|W|X|E|$Y|11]]|12|$5|V|W|X|E|$Y|13]]|14|$5|V|W|X|E|$Y|15]]|16|$5|V|W|X|E|$Y|17]]|18|$5|V|W|X|E|$Y|19]]]]

x86 Assembly:

<ul>
<li><a href="http://flint.cs.yale.edu/cs422/doc/art-of-asm/pdf/" rel="nofollow">Here</a>'s a manual with more than 1400 pages and some exercises included, some chapters are focused on stuff like boolean algebra and system organization</li>
<li>Intel's documentation and manuals <a href="http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/architectures-software-developer-manuals.html/" rel="nofollow">here</a>, you shouldn't need this before a few years ;)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.agner.org/optimize/optimizing_assembly.pdf" rel="nofollow">An optimization guide</a> (quite advanced stuff)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.masm32.com/" rel="nofollow">Here</a> you can find an assembler for developing win32 apps, both in console and in window. It also includes the windows SDK and a description of all win32 APIs</li>
<li><a href="http://www.cs.utah.edu/dept/old/texinfo/as/as_toc.html" rel="nofollow">This</a> seems to be a good GAS (GNU Assembler) manual if you're developing on linux</li>
<li><a href="http://www.assembly.happycodings.com/index.html" rel="nofollow">Some examples</a> (windows)</li>
</ul>

This is a wiki question to gather useful references for learning assembly languages for various architectures. 

I recently attempted to read the source code for Basic Pdp-1 Lisp from 1964, and needed to search extensively for reference materials to make even the slightest bit of sense from the code. I feel the links I've collected may prove useful to anyone attempting to read code of similar vintage, like <a href="http://www.stibbe.net/History/Games_Speech/Spacewar!.htm" rel="nofollow">SpaceWar!</a>

So a good answer should comprise:

<ul>
<li>The name of the architecture</li>
<li>A non-trivial program in assembly language 
(This is the real focus of the question: a classic program that's worth learning assembly in order to read it.)</li>
<li>Handbooks and instruction references for understanding the program</li>
</ul>

I'll start things off with my collected references for reading Pdp-1 LISP.

Materials for reading various assembly languages?

翻译质量差，导致语言生硬或混乱。

没有提供实际的解决方法或示例。

解答不清晰，无法理解或解决问题。

页面排版不美观，阅读体验差。

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这是一个wiki问题，可以为学习各种体系结构的汇编语言收集有用的参考资料。我最近尝试阅读1964年的基本Pdp-1 Lisp的源代码，并且需要广泛地搜索参考资料，以便从代码中得到一点意义。我觉得我收集到的链接对任何试图阅读类似年份代码的人都是有用的，比如因此，一个好的答案应该包括：体系结构的名称汇编语言中的一个非平凡程...

问阅读各种汇编语言的材料？
EN

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问阅读各种汇编语言的材料？EN