在数值计算中,通常需要标度数才能在安全范围内。
例如,计算欧几里德距离:sqrt(a^2+b^2)。在这里,如果a或b的大小太小/太大,则可能发生下溢/溢出。
解决这一问题的一个常见方法是将数字除以最大震级数。然而,这一解决办法是:
所以我认为,与其除以最大的震级数,不如把它乘以一个2的倒数幂。这似乎是一个更好的解决办法,因为:
因此,我想创建一个小的实用程序函数,它具有这样的逻辑( ^,我的意思是指数):
void getScaler(double value, double &scaler, double &scalerReciprocal) {
int e = <exponent of value>;
if (e<-1022) { scaler=2^-1022; scalerReciprocal = 2^1022; }
} else if (e>1022) { scaler=2^1022; scalerReciprocal = 2^-1022; }
} else { scaler=2^e; scalerReciprocal = 2^(2046-e); }
}这个函数应该返回一个规范化的scaler & scalerReciprocal,两者都是2次方数,其中scaler接近value,scalerReciprocal是scaler的倒数.
scaler/scaleReciprocal允许的最大指数是-1022..1022 (我不想使用低于正常的scaler,因为低于正常的数字可能很慢)。
什么是快速方式来做这件事?这能用纯浮点运算来完成吗?或者我应该从value中提取指数,并使用简单的ifs来执行逻辑?与(-)1022快速(因为范围是对称的)比较有什么诡计吗?
注意:scaler不需要是最接近的-2的能力.如果某些逻辑需要它,scaler可以是一些小功率的-2远离最近的值.
发布于 2019-01-22 14:46:29
基于wim的回答,这里有另一个解决方案,它可以更快,因为它有一个更少的指令。输出有一点不同,但仍然满足了需求。
其思想是使用位操作来修复边框情况:将一个01放到指数的lsb中,而不管它的值如何。因此,指数:
00变到01),或者减半( 10->01)或1/4 ( 11->01)。因此,这个修改后的例程可以工作(我认为只使用2个快速asm指令就可以解决这个问题是很酷的):
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdint.h>
#include<immintrin.h>
/* gcc -Wall -m64 -O3 -march=sandybridge dbl_scale.c */
union dbl_int64{
double d;
uint64_t i;
};
double get_scale(double t){
union dbl_int64 x;
uint64_t and_i;
uint64_t or_i;
/* 0xFEDCBA9876543210 */
and_i = 0x7FD0000000000000ull;
or_i = 0x0010000000000000ull;
x.d = t;
x.i = (x.i & and_i)|or_i; /* Set fraction bits to zero, take absolute value */
return x.d;
}
double get_scale_x86(double t){
__m128d x = _mm_set_sd(t);
__m128d x_and = _mm_castsi128_pd(_mm_set1_epi64x(0x7FD0000000000000ull));
__m128d x_or = _mm_castsi128_pd(_mm_set1_epi64x(0x0010000000000000ull));
x = _mm_and_pd(x, x_and);
x = _mm_or_pd(x, x_or);
return _mm_cvtsd_f64(x);
}
/* Compute the inverse 1/t of a double t with all zero fraction bits */
/* and exponent between the limits of function get_scale */
/* A single integer subtraction is much less expensive than a */
/* floating point division. */
double inv_of_scale(double t){
union dbl_int64 x;
/* 0xFEDCBA9876543210 */
uint64_t inv_mask = 0x7FE0000000000000ull;
x.d = t;
x.i = inv_mask - x.i;
return x.d;
}
double inv_of_scale_x86(double t){
__m128i inv_mask = _mm_set1_epi64x(0x7FE0000000000000ull);
__m128d x = _mm_set_sd(t);
__m128i x_i = _mm_sub_epi64(inv_mask, _mm_castpd_si128(x));
return _mm_cvtsd_f64(_mm_castsi128_pd(x_i));
}
int main(){
int n = 14;
int i;
/* Several example values, 4.94e-324 is the smallest subnormal */
double y[14] = { 4.94e-324, 1.1e-320, 1.1e-300, 1.1e-5, 0.7, 1.7, 123.1, 1.1e300,
1.79e308, -1.1e-320, -0.7, -1.7, -123.1, -1.1e307};
double z, s, u;
printf("Portable code:\n");
printf(" x pow_of_2 inverse pow2*inv x*inverse \n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++){
z = y[i];
s = get_scale(z);
u = inv_of_scale(s);
printf("%14e %14e %14e %14e %14e\n", z, s, u, s*u, z*u);
}
printf("\nx86 specific SSE code:\n");
printf(" x pow_of_2 inverse pow2*inv x*inverse \n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++){
z = y[i];
s = get_scale_x86(z);
u = inv_of_scale_x86(s);
printf("%14e %14e %14e %14e %14e\n", z, s, u, s*u, z*u);
}
return 0;
}发布于 2019-01-22 10:34:32
函数s = get_scale(z)计算“2的闭幂”。由于s的分数位为零,所以s的逆值只是一个(廉价的)整数减法:参见函数inv_of_scale。
在x86上,get_scale和inv_of_scale用clang编译成相当高效的程序集。编译器clang将三元操作符转换为minsd和maxsd,参见Peter的评论。使用gcc,将这些函数转换为x86本质代码(get_scale_x86和inv_of_scale_x86)、见戈德波特的效率略高一些。
请注意,https://stackoverflow.com/a/11996970虽然gcc 8.2和clang7.0不抱怨工会,但是您可以通过把戏而不是联合技巧来轻松地改进C++。这样的代码修改应该是微不足道的。代码应该正确地处理异常。
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdint.h>
#include<immintrin.h>
/* gcc -Wall -m64 -O3 -march=sandybridge dbl_scale.c */
union dbl_int64{
double d;
uint64_t i;
};
double get_scale(double t){
union dbl_int64 x;
union dbl_int64 x_min;
union dbl_int64 x_max;
uint64_t mask_i;
/* 0xFEDCBA9876543210 */
x_min.i = 0x0010000000000000ull;
x_max.i = 0x7FD0000000000000ull;
mask_i = 0x7FF0000000000000ull;
x.d = t;
x.i = x.i & mask_i; /* Set fraction bits to zero, take absolute value */
x.d = (x.d < x_min.d) ? x_min.d : x.d; /* If subnormal: set exponent to 1 */
x.d = (x.d > x_max.d) ? x_max.d : x.d; /* If exponent is very large: set exponent to 7FD, otherwise the inverse is a subnormal */
return x.d;
}
double get_scale_x86(double t){
__m128d x = _mm_set_sd(t);
__m128d x_min = _mm_castsi128_pd(_mm_set1_epi64x(0x0010000000000000ull));
__m128d x_max = _mm_castsi128_pd(_mm_set1_epi64x(0x7FD0000000000000ull));
__m128d mask = _mm_castsi128_pd(_mm_set1_epi64x(0x7FF0000000000000ull));
x = _mm_and_pd(x, mask);
x = _mm_max_sd(x, x_min);
x = _mm_min_sd(x, x_max);
return _mm_cvtsd_f64(x);
}
/* Compute the inverse 1/t of a double t with all zero fraction bits */
/* and exponent between the limits of function get_scale */
/* A single integer subtraction is much less expensive than a */
/* floating point division. */
double inv_of_scale(double t){
union dbl_int64 x;
/* 0xFEDCBA9876543210 */
uint64_t inv_mask = 0x7FE0000000000000ull;
x.d = t;
x.i = inv_mask - x.i;
return x.d;
}
double inv_of_scale_x86(double t){
__m128i inv_mask = _mm_set1_epi64x(0x7FE0000000000000ull);
__m128d x = _mm_set_sd(t);
__m128i x_i = _mm_sub_epi64(inv_mask, _mm_castpd_si128(x));
return _mm_cvtsd_f64(_mm_castsi128_pd(x_i));
}
int main(){
int n = 14;
int i;
/* Several example values, 4.94e-324 is the smallest subnormal */
double y[14] = { 4.94e-324, 1.1e-320, 1.1e-300, 1.1e-5, 0.7, 1.7, 123.1, 1.1e300,
1.79e308, -1.1e-320, -0.7, -1.7, -123.1, -1.1e307};
double z, s, u;
printf("Portable code:\n");
printf(" x pow_of_2 inverse pow2*inv x*inverse \n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++){
z = y[i];
s = get_scale(z);
u = inv_of_scale(s);
printf("%14e %14e %14e %14e %14e\n", z, s, u, s*u, z*u);
}
printf("\nx86 specific SSE code:\n");
printf(" x pow_of_2 inverse pow2*inv x*inverse \n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++){
z = y[i];
s = get_scale_x86(z);
u = inv_of_scale_x86(s);
printf("%14e %14e %14e %14e %14e\n", z, s, u, s*u, z*u);
}
return 0;
}输出看起来很好:
Portable code:
x pow_of_2 inverse pow2*inv x*inverse
4.940656e-324 2.225074e-308 4.494233e+307 1.000000e+00 2.220446e-16
1.099790e-320 2.225074e-308 4.494233e+307 1.000000e+00 4.942713e-13
1.100000e-300 7.466109e-301 1.339386e+300 1.000000e+00 1.473324e+00
1.100000e-05 7.629395e-06 1.310720e+05 1.000000e+00 1.441792e+00
7.000000e-01 5.000000e-01 2.000000e+00 1.000000e+00 1.400000e+00
1.700000e+00 1.000000e+00 1.000000e+00 1.000000e+00 1.700000e+00
1.231000e+02 6.400000e+01 1.562500e-02 1.000000e+00 1.923437e+00
1.100000e+300 6.696929e+299 1.493222e-300 1.000000e+00 1.642544e+00
1.790000e+308 4.494233e+307 2.225074e-308 1.000000e+00 3.982882e+00
-1.099790e-320 2.225074e-308 4.494233e+307 1.000000e+00 -4.942713e-13
-7.000000e-01 5.000000e-01 2.000000e+00 1.000000e+00 -1.400000e+00
-1.700000e+00 1.000000e+00 1.000000e+00 1.000000e+00 -1.700000e+00
-1.231000e+02 6.400000e+01 1.562500e-02 1.000000e+00 -1.923437e+00
-1.100000e+307 5.617791e+306 1.780059e-307 1.000000e+00 -1.958065e+00
x86 specific SSE code:
x pow_of_2 inverse pow2*inv x*inverse
4.940656e-324 2.225074e-308 4.494233e+307 1.000000e+00 2.220446e-16
1.099790e-320 2.225074e-308 4.494233e+307 1.000000e+00 4.942713e-13
1.100000e-300 7.466109e-301 1.339386e+300 1.000000e+00 1.473324e+00
1.100000e-05 7.629395e-06 1.310720e+05 1.000000e+00 1.441792e+00
7.000000e-01 5.000000e-01 2.000000e+00 1.000000e+00 1.400000e+00
1.700000e+00 1.000000e+00 1.000000e+00 1.000000e+00 1.700000e+00
1.231000e+02 6.400000e+01 1.562500e-02 1.000000e+00 1.923437e+00
1.100000e+300 6.696929e+299 1.493222e-300 1.000000e+00 1.642544e+00
1.790000e+308 4.494233e+307 2.225074e-308 1.000000e+00 3.982882e+00
-1.099790e-320 2.225074e-308 4.494233e+307 1.000000e+00 -4.942713e-13
-7.000000e-01 5.000000e-01 2.000000e+00 1.000000e+00 -1.400000e+00
-1.700000e+00 1.000000e+00 1.000000e+00 1.000000e+00 -1.700000e+00
-1.231000e+02 6.400000e+01 1.562500e-02 1.000000e+00 -1.923437e+00
-1.100000e+307 5.617791e+306 1.780059e-307 1.000000e+00 -1.958065e+00Vectorization
函数get_scale应该与支持自动矢量化的编译器进行矢量化.下面的代码是用clang很好地矢量化。 (不需要编写SSE/AVX代码)。
/* Test how well get_scale vectorizes: */
void get_scale_vec(double * __restrict__ t, double * __restrict__ x){
int n = 1024;
int i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++){
x[i] = get_scale(t[i]);
}
}不幸的是,gcc没有找到vmaxpd和vminpd指令。
发布于 2019-01-21 21:08:03
您可以使用
double frexp (double x, int* exp); 返回值是x的分数部分,exp是指数(减去偏移量)。
或者,下面的代码获取双倍的指数部分。
int get_exp(double *d) {
long long *l = (long long *) d;
return ((*l & (0x7ffLL << 52) )>> 52)-1023 ;
}https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54297525
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