在PXE引导过程中找不到DHCP服务器
在PXE引导过程中找不到DHCP服务器
提问于 2016-06-08 18:04:42
我试图运行PXE服务器，但遇到了“PXE-E51:未收到DHCP或proxyDHCP提供的”错误，这通常意味着：
PXE客户端没有收到对其DHCPDISCOVER消息的答复。造成这一问题的可能原因是：
- 没有DHCP或引导服务器。
- DHCP或BOOTP服务器没有运行。
- DHCP或BOOTP服务器未配置为服务PXE客户端。
- DHCP或BOOTP服务器位于不同的子网中，不存在DHCP或BOOTP转发机制。
我的设置和配置非常接近于服务器故障上的类似问题中指定的设置和配置；不同的是，与问题的作者不同，我在DHCP服务器的日志中绝对没有看到任何DHCPDISCOVER，而dhcpdump -i eth0没有显示任何内容。
当我尝试使用另一台机器启动时，我会在日志中看到DHCPDISCOVER和DHCPOFFER条目，并且机器开始查询TFTP。当我通过PXE引导虚拟机时，也会发生同样的事情。
这意味着，我相信，交换机并没有阻止DHCP通信(同时，DHCP监听也被禁用)。这还意味着正确配置了防火墙(当然，我禁用了主机和DHCP服务器上的防火墙)。
如果我将真正的机器从交换机断开，PXE引导会显式地指出连接有问题，所以这不应该是以太网电缆的问题。
这不包括前三种可能的原因。至于第四个，我不知道该查什么。对于交换机、路由器、主机和DHCP服务器，广播和网络掩码值是相同的。
这看起来很像STP问题，但是STP在交换机上被禁用了。
我还需要查什么？
将端口镜像配置为将Tx/Rx镜像到开发机器使用的端口，dhcpdump将显示以下内容：
TIME: 2016-06-08 22:34:12.722
IP: 0.0.0.0 (0:0:0:0:0:0) > 255.255.255.255 (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)
OP: 1 (BOOTPREQUEST)
HTYPE: 1 (Ethernet)
HLEN: 6
HOPS: 0
XID: 01000000
SECS: 4
FLAGS: 7f80
CIADDR: 0.0.0.0
YIADDR: 0.0.0.0
SIADDR: 0.0.0.0
GIADDR: 0.0.0.0
CHADDR: 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00
SNAME: .
FNAME: .
OPTION: 53 ( 1) DHCP message type 1 (DHCPDISCOVER)
OPTION: 55 ( 24) Parameter Request List 1 (Subnet mask)
2 (Time offset)
3 (Routers)
5 (Name server)
6 (DNS server)
11 (Resource location server)
12 (Host name)
13 (Boot file size)
15 (Domainname)
16 (Swap server)
17 (Root path)
18 (Extensions path)
43 (Vendor specific info)
54 (Server identifier)
60 (Vendor class identifier)
67 (Bootfile name)
128 (???)
129 (???)
130 (???)
131 (???)
132 (???)
133 (???)
134 (???)
135 (???)
OPTION: 57 ( 2) Maximum DHCP message size 1260
OPTION: 97 ( 17) UUID/GUID 0000020003000400 ........
0500060007000800 ........
09 .
OPTION: 93 ( 2) Client System 0000 ..
OPTION: 94 ( 3) Client NDI 010201 ...
OPTION: 60 ( 32) Vendor class identifier PXEClient:Arch:00000:UNDI:002001
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIME: 2016-06-08 22:34:14.724
IP: 0.0.0.0 (0:0:0:0:0:0) > 255.255.255.255 (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)
OP: 1 (BOOTPREQUEST)
HTYPE: 1 (Ethernet)
HLEN: 6
HOPS: 0
XID: 02000000
SECS: 6
FLAGS: 7f80
CIADDR: 0.0.0.0
YIADDR: 0.0.0.0
SIADDR: 0.0.0.0
GIADDR: 0.0.0.0
CHADDR: 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00
SNAME: .
FNAME: .
OPTION: 53 ( 1) DHCP message type 1 (DHCPDISCOVER)
OPTION: 55 ( 24) Parameter Request List 1 (Subnet mask)
2 (Time offset)
3 (Routers)
5 (Name server)
6 (DNS server)
11 (Resource location server)
12 (Host name)
13 (Boot file size)
15 (Domainname)
16 (Swap server)
17 (Root path)
18 (Extensions path)
43 (Vendor specific info)
54 (Server identifier)
60 (Vendor class identifier)
67 (Bootfile name)
128 (???)
129 (???)
130 (???)
131 (???)
132 (???)
133 (???)
134 (???)
135 (???)
OPTION: 57 ( 2) Maximum DHCP message size 1260
OPTION: 97 ( 17) UUID/GUID 0000020003000400 ........
0500060007000800 ........
09 .
OPTION: 93 ( 2) Client System 0000 ..
OPTION: 94 ( 3) Client NDI 010201 ...
OPTION: 60 ( 32) Vendor class identifier PXEClient:Arch:00000:UNDI:002001
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIME: 2016-06-08 22:34:18.729
IP: 0.0.0.0 (0:0:0:0:0:0) > 255.255.255.255 (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)
OP: 1 (BOOTPREQUEST)
HTYPE: 1 (Ethernet)
HLEN: 6
HOPS: 0
XID: 03000000
SECS: 10
FLAGS: 7f80
CIADDR: 0.0.0.0
YIADDR: 0.0.0.0
SIADDR: 0.0.0.0
GIADDR: 0.0.0.0
CHADDR: 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00
SNAME: .
FNAME: .
OPTION: 53 ( 1) DHCP message type 1 (DHCPDISCOVER)
OPTION: 55 ( 24) Parameter Request List 1 (Subnet mask)
2 (Time offset)
3 (Routers)
5 (Name server)
6 (DNS server)
11 (Resource location server)
12 (Host name)
13 (Boot file size)
15 (Domainname)
16 (Swap server)
17 (Root path)
18 (Extensions path)
43 (Vendor specific info)
54 (Server identifier)
60 (Vendor class identifier)
67 (Bootfile name)
128 (???)
129 (???)
130 (???)
131 (???)
132 (???)
133 (???)
134 (???)
135 (???)
OPTION: 57 ( 2) Maximum DHCP message size 1260
OPTION: 97 ( 17) UUID/GUID 0000020003000400 ........
0500060007000800 ........
09 .
OPTION: 93 ( 2) Client System 0000 ..
OPTION: 94 ( 3) Client NDI 010201 ...
OPTION: 60 ( 32) Vendor class identifier PXEClient:Arch:00000:UNDI:002001
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIME: 2016-06-08 22:34:26.739
IP: 0.0.0.0 (0:0:0:0:0:0) > 255.255.255.255 (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)
OP: 1 (BOOTPREQUEST)
HTYPE: 1 (Ethernet)
HLEN: 6
HOPS: 0
XID: 04000000
SECS: 18
FLAGS: 7f80
CIADDR: 0.0.0.0
YIADDR: 0.0.0.0
SIADDR: 0.0.0.0
GIADDR: 0.0.0.0
CHADDR: 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00
SNAME: .
FNAME: .
OPTION: 53 ( 1) DHCP message type 1 (DHCPDISCOVER)
OPTION: 55 ( 24) Parameter Request List 1 (Subnet mask)
2 (Time offset)
3 (Routers)
5 (Name server)
6 (DNS server)
11 (Resource location server)
12 (Host name)
13 (Boot file size)
15 (Domainname)
16 (Swap server)
17 (Root path)
18 (Extensions path)
43 (Vendor specific info)
54 (Server identifier)
60 (Vendor class identifier)
67 (Bootfile name)
128 (???)
129 (???)
130 (???)
131 (???)
132 (???)
133 (???)
134 (???)
135 (???)
OPTION: 57 ( 2) Maximum DHCP message size 1260
OPTION: 97 ( 17) UUID/GUID 0000020003000400 ........
0500060007000800 ........
09 .
OPTION: 93 ( 2) Client System 0000 ..
OPTION: 94 ( 3) Client NDI 010201 ...
OPTION: 60 ( 32) Vendor class identifier PXEClient:Arch:00000:UNDI:002001
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIME: 2016-06-08 22:34:42.759
IP: 0.0.0.0 (0:0:0:0:0:0) > 255.255.255.255 (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)
OP: 1 (BOOTPREQUEST)
HTYPE: 1 (Ethernet)
HLEN: 6
HOPS: 0
XID: 05000000
SECS: 34
FLAGS: 7f80
CIADDR: 0.0.0.0
YIADDR: 0.0.0.0
SIADDR: 0.0.0.0
GIADDR: 0.0.0.0
CHADDR: 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00
SNAME: .
FNAME: .
OPTION: 53 ( 1) DHCP message type 1 (DHCPDISCOVER)
OPTION: 55 ( 24) Parameter Request List 1 (Subnet mask)
2 (Time offset)
3 (Routers)
5 (Name server)
6 (DNS server)
11 (Resource location server)
12 (Host name)
13 (Boot file size)
15 (Domainname)
16 (Swap server)
17 (Root path)
18 (Extensions path)
43 (Vendor specific info)
54 (Server identifier)
60 (Vendor class identifier)
67 (Bootfile name)
128 (???)
129 (???)
130 (???)
131 (???)
132 (???)
133 (???)
134 (???)
135 (???)
OPTION: 57 ( 2) Maximum DHCP message size 1260
OPTION: 97 ( 17) UUID/GUID 0000020003000400 ........
0500060007000800 ........
09 .
OPTION: 93 ( 2) Client System 0000 ..
OPTION: 94 ( 3) Client NDI 010201 ...
OPTION: 60 ( 32) Vendor class identifier PXEClient:Arch:00000:UNDI:002001
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIME: 2016-06-08 22:35:14.817
IP: 0.0.0.0 (0:0:0:0:0:0) > 255.255.255.255 (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)
OP: 1 (BOOTPREQUEST)
HTYPE: 1 (Ethernet)
HLEN: 6
HOPS: 0
XID: 06000000
SECS: 66
FLAGS: 7f80
CIADDR: 0.0.0.0
YIADDR: 0.0.0.0
SIADDR: 0.0.0.0
GIADDR: 0.0.0.0
CHADDR: 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00
SNAME: .
FNAME: .
OPTION: 53 ( 1) DHCP message type 1 (DHCPDISCOVER)
OPTION: 55 ( 24) Parameter Request List 1 (Subnet mask)
2 (Time offset)
3 (Routers)
5 (Name server)
6 (DNS server)
11 (Resource location server)
12 (Host name)
13 (Boot file size)
15 (Domainname)
16 (Swap server)
17 (Root path)
18 (Extensions path)
43 (Vendor specific info)
54 (Server identifier)
60 (Vendor class identifier)
67 (Bootfile name)
128 (???)
129 (???)
130 (???)
131 (???)
132 (???)
133 (???)
134 (???)
135 (???)
OPTION: 57 ( 2) Maximum DHCP message size 1260
OPTION: 97 ( 17) UUID/GUID 0000020003000400 ........
0500060007000800 ........
09 .
OPTION: 93 ( 2) Client System 0000 ..
OPTION: 94 ( 3) Client NDI 010201 ...
OPTION: 60 ( 32) Vendor class identifier PXEClient:Arch:00000:UNDI:002001
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIME: 2016-06-08 22:36:18.800
IP: 0.0.0.0 (0:0:0:0:0:0) > 255.255.255.255 (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)
OP: 1 (BOOTPREQUEST)
HTYPE: 1 (Ethernet)
HLEN: 6
HOPS: 0
XID: 07000000
SECS: 130
FLAGS: 7f80
CIADDR: 0.0.0.0
YIADDR: 0.0.0.0
SIADDR: 0.0.0.0
GIADDR: 0.0.0.0
CHADDR: 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00
SNAME: .
FNAME: .
OPTION: 53 ( 1) DHCP message type 1 (DHCPDISCOVER)
OPTION: 55 ( 24) Parameter Request List 1 (Subnet mask)
2 (Time offset)
3 (Routers)
5 (Name server)
6 (DNS server)
11 (Resource location server)
12 (Host name)
13 (Boot file size)
15 (Domainname)
16 (Swap server)
17 (Root path)
18 (Extensions path)
43 (Vendor specific info)
54 (Server identifier)
60 (Vendor class identifier)
67 (Bootfile name)
128 (???)
129 (???)
130 (???)
131 (???)
132 (???)
133 (???)
134 (???)
135 (???)
OPTION: 57 ( 2) Maximum DHCP message size 1260
OPTION: 97 ( 17) UUID/GUID 0000020003000400 ........
0500060007000800 ........
09 .
OPTION: 93 ( 2) Client System 0000 ..
OPTION: 94 ( 3) Client NDI 010201 ...
OPTION: 60 ( 32) Vendor class identifier PXEClient:Arch:00000:UNDI:002001
---------------------------------------------------------------------------相比之下，下面是虚拟机成功地从PXE启动时的转储：
TIME: 2016-06-08 22:43:33.301
IP: 0.0.0.0 (52:54:0:7c:82:35) > 255.255.255.255 (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)
OP: 1 (BOOTPREQUEST)
HTYPE: 1 (Ethernet)
HLEN: 6
HOPS: 0
XID: e5cf9a4f
SECS: 4
FLAGS: 0
CIADDR: 0.0.0.0
YIADDR: 0.0.0.0
SIADDR: 0.0.0.0
GIADDR: 0.0.0.0
CHADDR: 52:54:00:7c:82:35:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00
SNAME: .
FNAME: .
OPTION: 53 ( 1) DHCP message type 1 (DHCPDISCOVER)
OPTION: 57 ( 2) Maximum DHCP message size 1472
OPTION: 93 ( 2) Client System 0000 ..
OPTION: 94 ( 3) Client NDI 010201 ...
OPTION: 60 ( 32) Vendor class identifier PXEClient:Arch:00000:UNDI:002001
OPTION: 77 ( 4) User-class Identification 69505845 iPXE
OPTION: 55 ( 21) Parameter Request List 1 (Subnet mask)
3 (Routers)
6 (DNS server)
7 (Log server)
12 (Host name)
15 (Domainname)
17 (Root path)
43 (Vendor specific info)
60 (Vendor class identifier)
66 (TFTP server name)
67 (Bootfile name)
128 (???)
129 (???)
130 (???)
131 (???)
132 (???)
133 (???)
134 (???)
135 (???)
175 (???)
203 (???)
OPTION: 175 ( 48) ??? b1050110ec813918 ......9.
0101220101190101 ..".....
210101100102eb03 !.......
0100001301011401 ........
0111010117010115 ........
0101270101120101 ..'.....
OPTION: 61 ( 7) Client-identifier 01:52:54:00:7c:82:35
OPTION: 97 ( 17) UUID/GUID 00b818a0926b2af5 .....k*.
e854b1abacc0fd2d .T.....-
ba .
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIME: 2016-06-08 22:43:34.302
IP: 0.0.0.0 (52:54:0:7c:82:35) > 255.255.255.255 (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)
OP: 1 (BOOTPREQUEST)
HTYPE: 1 (Ethernet)
HLEN: 6
HOPS: 0
XID: e5cf9a4f
SECS: 8
FLAGS: 0
CIADDR: 0.0.0.0
YIADDR: 0.0.0.0
SIADDR: 0.0.0.0
GIADDR: 0.0.0.0
CHADDR: 52:54:00:7c:82:35:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00
SNAME: .
FNAME: .
OPTION: 53 ( 1) DHCP message type 1 (DHCPDISCOVER)
OPTION: 57 ( 2) Maximum DHCP message size 1472
OPTION: 93 ( 2) Client System 0000 ..
OPTION: 94 ( 3) Client NDI 010201 ...
OPTION: 60 ( 32) Vendor class identifier PXEClient:Arch:00000:UNDI:002001
OPTION: 77 ( 4) User-class Identification 69505845 iPXE
OPTION: 55 ( 21) Parameter Request List 1 (Subnet mask)
3 (Routers)
6 (DNS server)
7 (Log server)
12 (Host name)
15 (Domainname)
17 (Root path)
43 (Vendor specific info)
60 (Vendor class identifier)
66 (TFTP server name)
67 (Bootfile name)
128 (???)
129 (???)
130 (???)
131 (???)
132 (???)
133 (???)
134 (???)
135 (???)
175 (???)
203 (???)
OPTION: 175 ( 48) ??? b1050110ec813918 ......9.
0101220101190101 ..".....
210101100102eb03 !.......
0100001301011401 ........
0111010117010115 ........
0101270101120101 ..'.....
OPTION: 61 ( 7) Client-identifier 01:52:54:00:7c:82:35
OPTION: 97 ( 17) UUID/GUID 00b818a0926b2af5 .....k*.
e854b1abacc0fd2d .T.....-
ba .
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIME: 2016-06-08 22:43:34.302
IP: 192.168.1.40 (52:54:0:ed:3d:b7) > 192.168.1.249 (52:54:0:7c:82:35)
OP: 2 (BOOTPREPLY)
HTYPE: 1 (Ethernet)
HLEN: 6
HOPS: 0
XID: e5cf9a4f
SECS: 4
FLAGS: 0
CIADDR: 0.0.0.0
YIADDR: 192.168.1.249
SIADDR: 0.0.0.0
GIADDR: 0.0.0.0
CHADDR: 52:54:00:7c:82:35:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00
SNAME: .
FNAME: pxelinux.0.
OPTION: 53 ( 1) DHCP message type 2 (DHCPOFFER)
OPTION: 54 ( 4) Server identifier 192.168.1.40
OPTION: 51 ( 4) IP address leasetime 43200 (12h)
OPTION: 1 ( 4) Subnet mask 255.255.254.0
OPTION: 3 ( 4) Routers 192.168.1.1
OPTION: 6 ( 8) DNS server 192.168.1.3,192.168.1.4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIME: 2016-06-08 22:43:36.405
IP: 0.0.0.0 (52:54:0:7c:82:35) > 255.255.255.255 (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)
OP: 1 (BOOTPREQUEST)
HTYPE: 1 (Ethernet)
HLEN: 6
HOPS: 0
XID: e5cf9a4f
SECS: 14
FLAGS: 0
CIADDR: 0.0.0.0
YIADDR: 0.0.0.0
SIADDR: 0.0.0.0
GIADDR: 0.0.0.0
CHADDR: 52:54:00:7c:82:35:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00
SNAME: .
FNAME: .
OPTION: 53 ( 1) DHCP message type 3 (DHCPREQUEST)
OPTION: 57 ( 2) Maximum DHCP message size 1472
OPTION: 93 ( 2) Client System 0000 ..
OPTION: 94 ( 3) Client NDI 010201 ...
OPTION: 60 ( 32) Vendor class identifier PXEClient:Arch:00000:UNDI:002001
OPTION: 77 ( 4) User-class Identification 69505845 iPXE
OPTION: 55 ( 21) Parameter Request List 1 (Subnet mask)
3 (Routers)
6 (DNS server)
7 (Log server)
12 (Host name)
15 (Domainname)
17 (Root path)
43 (Vendor specific info)
60 (Vendor class identifier)
66 (TFTP server name)
67 (Bootfile name)
128 (???)
129 (???)
130 (???)
131 (???)
132 (???)
133 (???)
134 (???)
135 (???)
175 (???)
203 (???)
OPTION: 175 ( 48) ??? b1050110ec813918 ......9.
0101220101190101 ..".....
210101100102eb03 !.......
0100001301011401 ........
0111010117010115 ........
0101270101120101 ..'.....
OPTION: 61 ( 7) Client-identifier 01:52:54:00:7c:82:35
OPTION: 97 ( 17) UUID/GUID 00b818a0926b2af5 .....k*.
e854b1abacc0fd2d .T.....-
ba .
OPTION: 54 ( 4) Server identifier 192.168.1.40
OPTION: 50 ( 4) Request IP address 192.168.1.249
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIME: 2016-06-08 22:43:36.405
IP: 192.168.1.40 (52:54:0:ed:3d:b7) > 192.168.1.249 (52:54:0:7c:82:35)
OP: 2 (BOOTPREPLY)
HTYPE: 1 (Ethernet)
HLEN: 6
HOPS: 0
XID: e5cf9a4f
SECS: 14
FLAGS: 0
CIADDR: 0.0.0.0
YIADDR: 192.168.1.249
SIADDR: 0.0.0.0
GIADDR: 0.0.0.0
CHADDR: 52:54:00:7c:82:35:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00
SNAME: .
FNAME: pxelinux.0.
OPTION: 53 ( 1) DHCP message type 5 (DHCPACK)
OPTION: 54 ( 4) Server identifier 192.168.1.40
OPTION: 51 ( 4) IP address leasetime 43200 (12h)
OPTION: 1 ( 4) Subnet mask 255.255.254.0
OPTION: 3 ( 4) Routers 192.168.1.1
OPTION: 6 ( 8) DNS server 192.168.1.3,192.168.1.4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------回答 1
Server Fault用户
回答已采纳
发布于 2016-06-20 09:56:40
dhcpdump中的相关行是：
CHADDR: 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00似乎主板是错误的，这导致缺乏MAC地址在PXE启动。反过来，这意味着来自客户机的所有DHCPDISCOVER请求都是在没有有效CHADDR的情况下发送的，因此从未到达DHCP服务器，原因是我并不真正理解它们(如果它们将到达DHCP服务器，但服务器将决定不回复)。
强行写MAC地址解决了问题。
页面原文内容由Server Fault提供。腾讯云小微IT领域专用引擎提供翻译支持
原文链接：
https://serverfault.com/questions/782763
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