blocks|key|4374222|text|虽然在一般情况下类似(“运行并获取多个任务的结果”)，但每个函数在其他情况下都有一些特定的功能：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|4374223|asyncio.gather()|offset|length|style|CODE|4374224|返回Future实例，允许对任务进行高级分组：|4374225|import+asyncio
from+pprint+import+pprint

import+random


async+def+coro(tag):
++++print(">",+tag)
++++await+asyncio.sleep(random.uniform(1,+3))
++++print("<",+tag)
++++return+tag


loop+=+asyncio.get_event_loop()

group1+=+asyncio.gather(*[coro("group+1.{}".format(i))+for+i+in+range(1,+6)])
group2+=+asyncio.gather(*[coro("group+2.{}".format(i))+for+i+in+range(1,+4)])
group3+=+asyncio.gather(*[coro("group+3.{}".format(i))+for+i+in+range(1,+10)])

all_groups+=+asyncio.gather(group1,+group2,+group3)

results+=+loop.run_until_complete(all_groups)

loop.close()

pprint(results)|code-block|syntax|javascript|4374226|可以通过调用group2.cancel()甚至all_groups.cancel()来取消组中的所有任务。另请参阅.gather(...,+return_exceptions=True)，|4374227|asyncio.wait()|4374228|支持在第一个任务完成后等待停止，或在指定的超时后等待停止，允许较低的操作精度：|4374229|import+asyncio
import+random


async+def+coro(tag):
++++print(">",+tag)
++++await+asyncio.sleep(random.uniform(0.5,+5))
++++print("<",+tag)
++++return+tag


loop+=+asyncio.get_event_loop()

tasks+=+[coro(i)+for+i+in+range(1,+11)]

print("Get+first+result:")
finished,+unfinished+=+loop.run_until_complete(
++++asyncio.wait(tasks,+return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED))

for+task+in+finished:
++++print(task.result())
print("unfinished:",+len(unfinished))

print("Get+more+results+in+2+seconds:")
finished2,+unfinished2+=+loop.run_until_complete(
++++asyncio.wait(unfinished,+timeout=2))

for+task+in+finished2:
++++print(task.result())
print("unfinished2:",+len(unfinished2))

print("Get+all+other+results:")
finished3,+unfinished3+=+loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(unfinished2))

for+task+in+finished3:
++++print(task.result())

loop.close()|4374230|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.gather|1|https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.wait^0|0|0|G|0|G|0|0|0|0|6|F|N|J|1L|10|0|0|E|0|E|1|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|16|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|17|8|@$D|18|E|19|F|G]]|9|@$D|1A|E|1B|1|1C]]|A|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|6|7|1D|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|L|7|1E|8|@]|9|@]|A|$M|N]]|$1|O|3|P|5|6|7|1F|8|@$D|1G|E|1H|F|G]|$D|1I|E|1J|F|G]|$D|1K|E|1L|F|G]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|Q|3|R|5|6|7|1M|8|@$D|1N|E|1O|F|G]]|9|@$D|1P|E|1Q|1|1R]]|A|$]]|$1|S|3|T|5|6|7|1S|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|U|3|V|5|L|7|1T|8|@]|9|@]|A|$M|N]]|$1|W|3|-4|5|6|7|1U|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|X|$Y|$5|Z|10|11|A|$12|13]]|14|$5|Z|10|11|A|$12|15]]]]

Although similar in general cases ("run and get results for many tasks"), each function has some specific functionality for other cases:

<h1><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.gather" rel="noreferrer"><code>asyncio.gather()</code></a></h1>

Returns a Future instance, allowing high level grouping of tasks:

<pre><code>import asyncio
from pprint import pprint

import random


async def coro(tag):
 print("&gt;", tag)
 await asyncio.sleep(random.uniform(1, 3))
 print("&lt;", tag)
 return tag


loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()

group1 = asyncio.gather(*[coro("group 1.{}".format(i)) for i in range(1, 6)])
group2 = asyncio.gather(*[coro("group 2.{}".format(i)) for i in range(1, 4)])
group3 = asyncio.gather(*[coro("group 3.{}".format(i)) for i in range(1, 10)])

all_groups = asyncio.gather(group1, group2, group3)

results = loop.run_until_complete(all_groups)

loop.close()

pprint(results)
</code></pre>

All tasks in a group can be cancelled by calling <code>group2.cancel()</code> or even <code>all_groups.cancel()</code>. See also <code>.gather(..., return_exceptions=True)</code>,

<h1><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.wait" rel="noreferrer"><code>asyncio.wait()</code></a></h1>

Supports waiting to be stopped after the first task is done, or after a specified timeout, allowing lower level precision of operations:

<pre><code>import asyncio
import random


async def coro(tag):
 print("&gt;", tag)
 await asyncio.sleep(random.uniform(0.5, 5))
 print("&lt;", tag)
 return tag


loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()

tasks = [coro(i) for i in range(1, 11)]

print("Get first result:")
finished, unfinished = loop.run_until_complete(
 asyncio.wait(tasks, return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED))

for task in finished:
 print(task.result())
print("unfinished:", len(unfinished))

print("Get more results in 2 seconds:")
finished2, unfinished2 = loop.run_until_complete(
 asyncio.wait(unfinished, timeout=2))

for task in finished2:
 print(task.result())
print("unfinished2:", len(unfinished2))

print("Get all other results:")
finished3, unfinished3 = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(unfinished2))

for task in finished3:
 print(task.result())

loop.close()
</code></pre>

blocks|key|4374276|text|与asyncio.gather相比，asyncio.wait更底层。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|4374277|顾名思义，asyncio.gather主要关注于收集结果。它等待一堆期货，并按给定的顺序返回结果。|4374278|asyncio.wait只是在等待未来。它不是直接给你结果，而是给出已完成和未决的任务。您必须手动收集这些值。|4374279|此外，您可以指定等待所有期货都完成，或者只等待第一个包含wait的期货。|4374280|entityMap^0|1|E|I|C|0|5|E|0|0|C|0|S|4|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|N|8|@$9|O|A|P|B|C]|$9|Q|A|R|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|S|8|@$9|T|A|U|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|6|7|V|8|@$9|W|A|X|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|6|7|Y|8|@$9|Z|A|10|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|L|3|-4|5|6|7|11|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|M|$]]

<code>asyncio.wait</code> is more low level than <code>asyncio.gather</code>.
As the name suggests, <code>asyncio.gather</code> mainly focuses on gathering the results. It waits on a bunch of futures and returns their results in a given order.
<code>asyncio.wait</code> just waits on the futures. And instead of giving you the results directly, it gives done and pending tasks. You have to manually collect the values.
Moreover, you could specify to wait for all futures to finish or just the first one with <code>wait</code>.

blocks|key|4374832|text|我还注意到，您可以通过简单地指定列表来在wait()中提供一组协程：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|4374833|result=loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait([
++++++++say('first+hello',+2),
++++++++say('second+hello',+1),
++++++++say('third+hello',+4)
++++]))|code-block|syntax|javascript|4374834|而gather()中的分组是通过指定多个协程来完成的：|4374835|result=loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(
++++++++say('first+hello',+2),
++++++++say('second+hello',+1),
++++++++say('third+hello',+4)
++++))|4374836|entityMap^0|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|M|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|N|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|G|3|H|5|6|7|O|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|I|3|J|5|D|7|P|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|K|3|-4|5|6|7|Q|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|L|$]]

I also noticed that you can provide a group of coroutines in wait() by simply specifying the list:

<pre><code>result=loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait([
 say('first hello', 2),
 say('second hello', 1),
 say('third hello', 4)
 ]))
</code></pre>

Whereas grouping in gather() is done by just specifying multiple coroutines:

<pre><code>result=loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(
 say('first hello', 2),
 say('second hello', 1),
 say('third hello', 4)
 ))
</code></pre>

blocks|key|4374876|text|当涉及到异常时，这两个函数的默认行为是很容易被忽略的一个非常重要的区别。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|4374877|4374878|我将使用这个例子来模拟一个协程，它会引发异常，有时-|4374879|import+asyncio
import+random


async+def+a_flaky_tsk(i):
++++await+asyncio.sleep(i)++#+bit+of+fuzz+to+simulate+a+real-world+example

++++if+i+%25+2+==+0:
++++++++print(i,+"ok")
++++else:
++++++++print(i,+"crashed!")
++++++++raise+ValueError

coros+=+[a_flaky_tsk(i)+for+i+in+range(10)]|code-block|syntax|javascript|4374880|4374881|await+asyncio.gather(*coros)输出-|offset|length|style|CODE|4374882|0+ok
1+crashed!
Traceback+(most+recent+call+last):
++File+"/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py",+line+20,+in+<module>
++++asyncio.run(main())
++File+"/Users/dev/.pyenv/versions/3.8.2/lib/python3.8/asyncio/runners.py",+line+43,+in+run
++++return+loop.run_until_complete(main)
++File+"/Users/dev/.pyenv/versions/3.8.2/lib/python3.8/asyncio/base_events.py",+line+616,+in+run_until_complete
++++return+future.result()
++File+"/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py",+line+17,+in+main
++++await+asyncio.gather(*coros)
++File+"/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py",+line+12,+in+a_flaky_tsk
++++raise+ValueError
ValueError|4374883|如您所见，索引1之后的coros从未执行过。|4374884|4374885|但await+asyncio.wait(coros)会继续执行任务，即使其中一些失败了-|4374886|0+ok
1+crashed!
2+ok
3+crashed!
4+ok
5+crashed!
6+ok
7+crashed!
8+ok
9+crashed!
Task+exception+was+never+retrieved
future:+<Task+finished+name='Task-10'+coro=<a_flaky_tsk()+done,+defined+at+/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py:6>+exception=ValueError()>
Traceback+(most+recent+call+last):
++File+"/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py",+line+12,+in+a_flaky_tsk
++++raise+ValueError
ValueError
Task+exception+was+never+retrieved
future:+<Task+finished+name='Task-8'+coro=<a_flaky_tsk()+done,+defined+at+/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py:6>+exception=ValueError()>
Traceback+(most+recent+call+last):
++File+"/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py",+line+12,+in+a_flaky_tsk
++++raise+ValueError
ValueError
Task+exception+was+never+retrieved
future:+<Task+finished+name='Task-2'+coro=<a_flaky_tsk()+done,+defined+at+/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py:6>+exception=ValueError()>
Traceback+(most+recent+call+last):
++File+"/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py",+line+12,+in+a_flaky_tsk
++++raise+ValueError
ValueError
Task+exception+was+never+retrieved
future:+<Task+finished+name='Task-9'+coro=<a_flaky_tsk()+done,+defined+at+/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py:6>+exception=ValueError()>
Traceback+(most+recent+call+last):
++File+"/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py",+line+12,+in+a_flaky_tsk
++++raise+ValueError
ValueError
Task+exception+was+never+retrieved
future:+<Task+finished+name='Task-3'+coro=<a_flaky_tsk()+done,+defined+at+/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py:6>+exception=ValueError()>
Traceback+(most+recent+call+last):
++File+"/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py",+line+12,+in+a_flaky_tsk
++++raise+ValueError
ValueError|4374887|4374888|当然，这两种行为都可以通过使用-|4374889|asyncio.gather(...,+return_exceptions=True)|4374890|或,|4374891|asyncio.wait([...],+return_when=asyncio.FIRST_EXCEPTION)|4374892|4374893|但它不会就此结束！|4374894|注意:上面日志中的Task+exception+was+never+retrieved。|4374895|在您逐个await子任务之前，asyncio.wait()不会从子任务中重新引发异常。(日志中的堆栈跟踪只是消息，它们不能被捕获！)|4374896|done,+pending+=+await+asyncio.wait(coros)
for+tsk+in+done:
++++try:
++++++++await+tsk
++++except+Exception+as+e:
++++++++print("I+caught:",+repr(e))|4374897|输出-|4374898|0+ok
1+crashed!
2+ok
3+crashed!
4+ok
5+crashed!
6+ok
7+crashed!
8+ok
9+crashed!
I+caught:+ValueError()
I+caught:+ValueError()
I+caught:+ValueError()
I+caught:+ValueError()
I+caught:+ValueError()|4374899|4374900|另一方面，要用asyncio.gather()捕获异常，您必须-|4374901|results+=+await+asyncio.gather(*coros,+return_exceptions=True)
for+result_or_exc+in+results:
++++if+isinstance(result_or_exc,+Exception):
++++++++print("I+caught:",+repr(result_or_exc))|4374902|(输出与之前相同)|4374903|entityMap^0|0|0|0|0|0|0|S|0|0|7|1|0|0|1|P|0|0|0|0|0|17|0|0|0|1K|0|0|0|9|Y|0|4|5|F|E|0|0|0|0|0|7|G|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|1U|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|-4|5|6|7|1V|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|C|3|D|5|6|7|1W|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|E|3|F|5|G|7|1X|8|@]|9|@]|A|$H|I]]|$1|J|3|-4|5|6|7|1Y|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|K|3|L|5|6|7|1Z|8|@$M|20|N|21|O|P]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|Q|3|R|5|G|7|22|8|@]|9|@]|A|$H|I]]|$1|S|3|T|5|6|7|23|8|@$M|24|N|25|O|P]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|U|3|-4|5|6|7|26|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|V|3|W|5|6|7|27|8|@$M|28|N|29|O|P]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|X|3|Y|5|G|7|2A|8|@]|9|@]|A|$H|I]]|$1|Z|3|-4|5|6|7|2B|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|10|3|11|5|6|7|2C|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|12|3|13|5|6|7|2D|8|@$M|2E|N|2F|O|P]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|14|3|15|5|6|7|2G|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|16|3|17|5|6|7|2H|8|@$M|2I|N|2J|O|P]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|18|3|-4|5|6|7|2K|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|19|3|1A|5|6|7|2L|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|1B|3|1C|5|6|7|2M|8|@$M|2N|N|2O|O|P]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|1D|3|1E|5|6|7|2P|8|@$M|2Q|N|2R|O|P]|$M|2S|N|2T|O|P]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|1F|3|1G|5|G|7|2U|8|@]|9|@]|A|$H|I]]|$1|1H|3|1I|5|6|7|2V|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|1J|3|1K|5|G|7|2W|8|@]|9|@]|A|$H|I]]|$1|1L|3|-4|5|6|7|2X|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|1M|3|1N|5|6|7|2Y|8|@$M|2Z|N|30|O|P]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|1O|3|1P|5|G|7|31|8|@]|9|@]|A|$H|I]]|$1|1Q|3|1R|5|6|7|32|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|1S|3|-4|5|6|7|33|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|1T|$]]

A very important distinction, which is easy to miss, is the default behavior of these two functions, when it comes to exceptions.
<hr />
I'll use this example to simulate a coroutine that will raise exceptions, sometimes -
<pre><code>import asyncio
import random


async def a_flaky_tsk(i):
 await asyncio.sleep(i) # bit of fuzz to simulate a real-world example

 if i % 2 == 0:
 print(i, &quot;ok&quot;)
 else:
 print(i, &quot;crashed!&quot;)
 raise ValueError

coros = [a_flaky_tsk(i) for i in range(10)]
</code></pre>
<hr />
<code>await asyncio.gather(*coros)</code> outputs -
<pre><code>0 ok
1 crashed!
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py&quot;, line 20, in &lt;module&gt;
 asyncio.run(main())
 File &quot;/Users/dev/.pyenv/versions/3.8.2/lib/python3.8/asyncio/runners.py&quot;, line 43, in run
 return loop.run_until_complete(main)
 File &quot;/Users/dev/.pyenv/versions/3.8.2/lib/python3.8/asyncio/base_events.py&quot;, line 616, in run_until_complete
 return future.result()
 File &quot;/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py&quot;, line 17, in main
 await asyncio.gather(*coros)
 File &quot;/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py&quot;, line 12, in a_flaky_tsk
 raise ValueError
ValueError
</code></pre>
As you can see, the coros after index <code>1</code> never got to execute.
<hr />
But <code>await asyncio.wait(coros)</code> continues to execute tasks, even if some of them fail -
<pre><code>0 ok
1 crashed!
2 ok
3 crashed!
4 ok
5 crashed!
6 ok
7 crashed!
8 ok
9 crashed!
Task exception was never retrieved
future: &lt;Task finished name='Task-10' coro=&lt;a_flaky_tsk() done, defined at /Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py:6&gt; exception=ValueError()&gt;
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py&quot;, line 12, in a_flaky_tsk
 raise ValueError
ValueError
Task exception was never retrieved
future: &lt;Task finished name='Task-8' coro=&lt;a_flaky_tsk() done, defined at /Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py:6&gt; exception=ValueError()&gt;
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py&quot;, line 12, in a_flaky_tsk
 raise ValueError
ValueError
Task exception was never retrieved
future: &lt;Task finished name='Task-2' coro=&lt;a_flaky_tsk() done, defined at /Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py:6&gt; exception=ValueError()&gt;
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py&quot;, line 12, in a_flaky_tsk
 raise ValueError
ValueError
Task exception was never retrieved
future: &lt;Task finished name='Task-9' coro=&lt;a_flaky_tsk() done, defined at /Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py:6&gt; exception=ValueError()&gt;
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py&quot;, line 12, in a_flaky_tsk
 raise ValueError
ValueError
Task exception was never retrieved
future: &lt;Task finished name='Task-3' coro=&lt;a_flaky_tsk() done, defined at /Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py:6&gt; exception=ValueError()&gt;
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;/Users/dev/PycharmProjects/trading/xxx.py&quot;, line 12, in a_flaky_tsk
 raise ValueError
ValueError
</code></pre>
<hr />
Of course, this behavior can be changed for both by using -
<code>asyncio.gather(..., return_exceptions=True)</code>
or,
<code>asyncio.wait([...], return_when=asyncio.FIRST_EXCEPTION)</code>
<hr />
But it doesn't end here!
Notice:
<code>Task exception was never retrieved</code>
in the logs above.
<code>asyncio.wait()</code> won't re-raise exceptions from the child tasks until you <code>await</code> them individually. (The stacktrace in the logs are just messages, they cannot be caught!)
<pre><code>done, pending = await asyncio.wait(coros)
for tsk in done:
 try:
 await tsk
 except Exception as e:
 print(&quot;I caught:&quot;, repr(e))
</code></pre>
Output -
<pre><code>0 ok
1 crashed!
2 ok
3 crashed!
4 ok
5 crashed!
6 ok
7 crashed!
8 ok
9 crashed!
I caught: ValueError()
I caught: ValueError()
I caught: ValueError()
I caught: ValueError()
I caught: ValueError()
</code></pre>
<hr />
On the other hand, to catch exceptions with <code>asyncio.gather()</code>, you must -
<pre><code>results = await asyncio.gather(*coros, return_exceptions=True)
for result_or_exc in results:
 if isinstance(result_or_exc, Exception):
 print(&quot;I caught:&quot;, repr(result_or_exc))
</code></pre>
(Same output as before)

<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.gather" rel="noreferrer"><code>asyncio.gather</code></a> and <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.wait" rel="noreferrer"><code>asyncio.wait</code></a> seem to have similar uses: I have a bunch of async things that I want to execute/wait for (not necessarily waiting for one to finish before the next one starts). They use a different syntax, and differ in some details, but it seems very un-pythonic to me to have 2 functions that have such a huge overlap in functionality. What am I missing?

Asyncio.gather vs asyncio.wait

翻译质量差，导致语言生硬或混乱。

没有提供实际的解决方法或示例。

解答不清晰，无法理解或解决问题。

页面排版不美观，阅读体验差。

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和似乎有相似的用途:我有一堆想要执行/等待的异步事务(不一定要等到一个完成后才开始下一个)。它们使用不同的语法，在一些细节上也不同，但在我看来，有两个函数在功能上有如此巨大的重叠，这对我来说是非常不自然的。我遗漏了什么？

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