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numpy.testing.utils

assert_(val, msg='') Assert that works in release mode. assert_almost_equal(actual, desired, decimal=7, err_msg='', verbose=True) Raise an assertion if two items are not equal up to desired precision. The test is equivalent to abs(desired-actual) < 0.5 * 10**(-decimal) Given two objects (numbers or ndarrays), check that all elements of these objects are almost equal. An exception is raised at conflicting values. For ndarrays this delegates to assert_array_almost_equal Parameters ---------- actual : number or ndarray The object to check. desired : number or ndarray The expected object. decimal : integer (decimal=7) desired precision err_msg : string The error message to be printed in case of failure. verbose : bool If True, the conflicting values are appended to the error message. Raises ------ AssertionError If actual and desired are not equal up to specified precision. See Also -------- assert_array_almost_equal: compares array_like objects assert_equal: tests objects for equality Examples -------- >>> npt.assert_almost_equal(2.3333333333333, 2.33333334) >>> npt.assert_almost_equal(2.3333333333333, 2.33333334, decimal=10) ... <type 'exceptions.AssertionError'>: Items are not equal: ACTUAL: 2.3333333333333002 DESIRED: 2.3333333399999998 >>> npt.assert_almost_equal(np.array([1.0,2.3333333333333]), np.array([1.0,2.33333334]), decimal=9) ... <type 'exceptions.AssertionError'>: Arrays are not almost equal <BLANKLINE> (mismatch 50.0%) x: array([ 1. , 2.33333333]) y: array([ 1. , 2.33333334]) assert_approx_equal(actual, desired, significant=7, err_msg='', verbose=True) Raise an assertion if two items are not equal up to significant digits. Given two numbers, check that they are approximately equal. Approximately equal is defined as the number of significant digits that

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WCF的Binding模型之五:绑定元素(Binding Element)

在上面的内容中,先后介绍了信道、信道管理器、信道监听器和信道工厂。从对象的创建来讲,信道管理器是信道的创建者。说的再具体点,客户端的信道通过信道工厂创建,服务端的信道通过信道监听器创建。但是信道工厂和信道监听器又是如果被创建出来的呢? 我们在一开始就已经说过,作为终结点三要素的绑定对象实现了所有的通信细节,并且通过创建信道栈实现了消息的传递。从这一点来说,绑定对象无疑是信道层所有通信对象的最终缔造者,所以信道工厂和信道监听器最终的创建都是靠绑定对象实现的。关于这个创建过程又和另一个重要的对象密切相关,那就

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