C.60: Make copy assignment non-virtual, take the parameter by const&, and return by non-const& C.60: 拷贝赋值运算符应该是以const&为参数，返回非常量引用类型的非虚函数
This answer is from https://stackoverflow.com/a/3279550/10133369
The special member functions are the default constructor, copy constructor, copy assignment operator, move constructor, move assignment operator, and destructor.
C.63: Make move assignment non-virtual, take the parameter by &&, and return by non-const & C.63:保证移动赋值运算符为非虚函数，参数类型为右值引用，返回值为常量引用类型
C.62: Make copy assignment safe for self-assignment C.62:保证拷贝赋值对自我赋值安全
The convention for operator overloads (especially on value types) is foroperator=(const T&) to perform the assignment and then return (non-const)*this. This ensures consistency with standard-library types and follows the principle of "do as the ints do."
C.65: Make move assignment safe for self-assignment C.65:让移动操作对自赋值安全
If you define a copy constructor, you must also define a copy assignment operator.
C++中临时对象（Temporary Object）又称无名对象。临时对象主要出现在如下场景。
##ESLint配置信息完整版 #####说明： "no-undef": 0,和"no-undef": 'off',一样，表示关闭该功能 "no-undef": 1, 表示仅提示 "no-undef": 2, 表示报错 ####配置信息（来自网络） “no-alert”: 0,//禁止使用alert confirm prompt “no-array-constructor”: 2,//禁止使用数组构造器 “no-bitwise”: 0,//禁止使用按位运算符 “no-caller”: 1,//禁止使用a
c++中初始化和赋值操作差别是很大的。 对于基本数据类型差别不大： 比如：
任何管理资源的类（包装程序，如智能指针）都需要实现big three。尽管拷贝构造函数和析构函数的目标和实现很简单。
(Adapted from Wu, Hamada, 2009) The following experiment was performed at a pulp mill. Plant performance is based on pulp brightness as measured by a reflective meter. Each of the shift operators (dentoted A, B, C, and D) made five pulp handsheets from unbleached pulp. Reflectance was read for each of the handsheets using a brightness tester as reported in the table below:
C++ 会以值语义处理用户自定义类型的对象，这就是说在不同的上下文环境中，这个对象的复制是隐式的，我们还是先来看看“对象的复制”到底是怎么做的。举一个简单的例子，
Reference-counting 可用于字符串以外的场合，任何 class 如果其不同的对象可能拥有相同的值，都适用此技术。但是如果重写class以便适用reference counting可能需要大量的工作。
但由于比赛前一天，Andy喝了太多碳酸饮料，导致身体不适，所以临时让Allen上场了，
Reference-counting可用于字符串以外的场合，任何class如果其不同的对象可能拥有相同的值，都适用此技术。但是如果重写class以便适用reference counting可能需要大量的工作。
注意：ECMAScript 是 JavaScript 所基于的标准，由 TC39 委员会管理。ECMAScript 始终是一个不需要的名称，这会使一切都对初学者感到困惑。人们经常谈论 JavaScript 功能，但参考的是 ECMAScript 规范。
花下猫语：本篇译文仍是 Brett 大佬的“Python语法糖”系列，他在演示“-=”操作的实现时，竟发现 CPython 的一个 bug，顺手就修复了，这才是大佬……
https://eli.thegreenplace.net/2011/12/15/understanding-lvalues-and-rvalues-in-c-and-c/
The default operations are conceptually a matched set. Their semantics are interrelated. Users will be surprised if copy/move construction and copy/move assignment do logically different things. Users will be surprised if constructors and destructors do not provide a consistent view of resource management. Users will be surprised if copy and move don't reflect the way constructors and destructors work.
右值引用（rvalue reference）是 C++11 为了实现移动语意（move semantic）和完美转发（perfect forwarding）而提出来的。
C.100: Follow the STL when defining a container
每年，JavaScript 的更新都会添加新特性。今年发布的是 ES2020 或称 ES11，预计 ES2021 或称 ES12 将于 2021 年中发布。添加到 JavaScript 的新特性都会经历四个阶段。在本文中，我将讨论已经进入第四阶段且已添加到谷歌 Chrome V8 引擎中的新特性。
在Android的源代码中，经常会看到形如：sp< xxx>、wp< xxx>这样的类型定义，这其实是Android中的智能指针。
因为最近在研究不同数据库的sql的转换，自己也手写了勉强能用的词法解析器和语法解析器。虽然到后来发现了sqlparse和PLY这两个awesome的库， 可以让我节省大量的时间，但是因为自己写了，才明
上述涉及到的移动语义，是由C++11之前存在的一些历史遗留问题，使C++标准库的实现在多种场景下消除了不必要的额外开销（如std::vector, std::string).这些问题都由于构造函数和拷贝构造函数以及赋值构造函数引起.
argument 引数（传给函式的值）。叁见 parameter 叁数、实质叁数、实叁、自变量
C++11新标准中一个最主要的特性就是提供了移动而非拷贝对象的能力。如此做的好处就是，在某些情况下，对象拷贝后就立即被销毁了，此时如果移动而非拷贝对象会大幅提升性能。参考如下程序：
导读：Python 3.8 的第一个 Alpha 版本已经发布了，这个版本包含了一个备受争议的功能：赋值表达式。这是一种同时完成判断与取值的操作，出自 PEP-572。
Avoid errors. Readability. Not everyone has the operator table memorized.
Here, the conventional semantics is maintained: Copies compare equal.
Readability. Convention. Reusability. Support for generic code。
C.90: Rely on constructors and assignment operators, not memset and memcpy
However, most MOIAs only adopt a single hypermutation operator to evolve each clone [23]–[25], which may induce some difficulties in solving complicated MOPs (e.g., complicated unconstrained MOPs such as the unconstrained functions (UFs) in [26]). This may be due to the fact that a single hypermutation operator will have difficulties to achieve a proper balance between proximity and diversity. This conforms to the no-free-lunch theorem that states that a single search strategy cannot have the best performance in terms of both proximity and diversity [27]. This motivated us to study whether multiple search strategies can be combined in MOIAs so that their search patterns can complement each other.
For implementing self-ownership, smart pointers must carefu
Remember that arguments are passed by assignment in Python. Since assignment just creates references to objects, there’s no alias between an argument name in the caller and callee, and so no call-by-reference per se.
A well-designed tagged union is type safe. An anonymous union simplifies the definition of a class with a (tag, union) pair.
一直以来，我都对C++中左值（lvalue）和右值（lvalue）的概念模糊不清。我认为是时候好好理解他们了，因为这些概念随着C++语言的进化变得越来越重要。
目前已经确定的有 5 个新特性，为了能让你更好地记住，我特定挑了 3 个我觉得比较有意思的和你讲讲吧。
Most multi-objective immune algorithms (MOIAs) adopt clonal selection to speed up convergence, as this operator only clones the best individuals during the search process. However, this approach somehow deteriorates the population diversity, which may cause a MOIA to be trapped in a local optimum and could also lead to premature convergence when tackling some complicated multiobjective optimization problems (MOPs). In order to overcome this problem, an adaptive immune-inspired multi-objective algorithm (AIMA) is presented in this paper, in which multiple differential evolution (DE) strategies having distinct advantages are embedded into a conventional MOIA. Our proposed approach strengthens the exploration capabilities of a MOIA while also improving its population diversity. At each generation, based on the current search stage, an adaptive selection method is designed to choose an appropriate DE strategy for evolution. The core idea is to effectively combine the advantages of three DE strategies when solving different MOPs. A number of comparative experiments are conducted on the well-known and frequently- used WFG and DTLZ test problems. Our experimental results validate the superiority of our proposed AIMA, as it performs better than some state-of-the-art multi-objective opti- mization algorithms and some state-of-the-art MOIAs.
C++引用计数是C++为弥补没有垃圾回收机制而提出的内存管理的一个方法和技巧，它允许多个拥有共同值的对象共享同一个对象实体。
这是餐桌上一个必点菜，大家都知道，根本不是独家秘笈， 但是看了无数次文章和book，依然完全被锤，停留 表面上，完全不知道对方在想什么，
auto是旧关键字，在C++11之前，auto用来声明自动变量，表明变量存储在栈，很少使用。在C++11中被赋予了新的含义和作用，用于类型推断。
这是专题【Advanced C++】的第一篇文章，在这个专题中笔者将分享一些自己在使用C++过程中遇到的一些困惑与钻研之后的收获，并且分享一些大厂面试会问到的点。名为advanced C++，是因为阅读这个专题会需要一些C++基础，希望这个专题能帮读者解开一些对C++的困惑之处，同时可以跟大家一起探讨精进C++的理解和使用技巧。
flink-runtime_2.11-1.7.0-sources.jar!/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/DefaultOperatorStateBackend.java
除此之外，还有一些其他工具，比如mimetools、unittest等，上述四个tools作用于内建类型和函数、类等，比较通用，也较为常用。 -operator ： 内置的操作符模块 -collections ： 简化容器类型的一些操作和使用 -itertools ： 可迭代类型工具 -functools ： 函数工具，尤其是装饰器
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