python执行shell命令

import subprocess

result = subprocess.run(['ls', '-l'], capture_output=True, text=True)
print(result.stdout)

try:
    result = subprocess.run(['invalid_command'], check=True, capture_output=True, text=True)
except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
    print(f"命令执行失败，返回码：{e.returncode}")
    print(f"错误输出：{e.stderr}")

with open('output.txt', 'w') as f:
    subprocess.run(['ls', '-l'], stdout=f)

import subprocess

proc = subprocess.Popen(['some_command'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
stdout, stderr = proc.communicate(input=b'some_input')

try:
    result = subprocess.run(['long_running_command'], timeout=10, capture_output=True, text=True)
except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
    print("命令执行超时")

# 不安全的做法
subprocess.run(f'echo {user_input}', shell=True)  # 可能导致Shell注入

# 安全的做法
subprocess.run(['echo', user_input])  # 安全，不会导致Shell注入