Scrapy1.4最新官方文档总结 2 Tutorial创建项目提取信息XPath简短介绍继续提取名人名言用爬虫提取信息保存数据提取下一页使用爬虫参数更多例子
Scrapy1.4最新官方文档总结 2 Tutorial创建项目提取信息XPath简短介绍继续提取名人名言用爬虫提取信息保存数据提取下一页使用爬虫参数更多例子
SeanCheney
发布于 2018-04-24 10:30:46
发布于 2018-04-24 10:30:46
推荐四个Python学习资源：
- Dive Into Python 3
- Python Tutorial
- Learn Python The Hard Way
- this list of Python resources for non-programmers
创建项目
使用命令：
scrapy startproject tutorial会生成以下文件：
在tutorial/spiders文件夹新建文件quotes_spider.py，它的代码如下：
import scrapy
class QuotesSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "quotes"
def start_requests(self):
urls = [
'http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/1/',
'http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/2/',
]
for url in urls:
yield scrapy.Request(url=url, callback=self.parse)
def parse(self, response):
page = response.url.split("/")[-2]
filename = 'quotes-%s.html' % page
with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
f.write(response.body)
self.log('Saved file %s' % filename)start_requests方法返回 scrapy.Request对象。每收到一个，就实例化一个Response对象，并调用和request绑定的调回方法（即parse），将response作为参数。
切换到根目录，运行爬虫：
scrapy crawl quotes
输出日志
根目录下会产生两个文件，quotes-1.html和quotes-2.html。
另一种方法是定义一个包含URLs的类，parse( )是Scrapy默认的调回方法，即使没有指明调回，也会执行：
import scrapy
class QuotesSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "quotes"
start_urls = [
'http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/1/',
'http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/2/',
]
def parse(self, response):
page = response.url.split("/")[-2]
filename = 'quotes-%s.html' % page
with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
f.write(response.body)提取信息
学习Scrapy提取信息的最好方法是使用Scrapy Shell，win7 shell运行：
scrapy shell "http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/1/"或者，gitbash运行，注意有单引号和双引号的区别：
scrapy shell 'http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/1/'输出如下：
利用CSS进行提取：
>>> response.css('title')
[<Selector xpath='descendant-or-self::title' data='<title>Quotes to Scrape</title>'>]只提取标题的文本：
>>> response.css('title::text').extract()
['Quotes to Scrape']::text表示只提取文本，去掉的话，显示如下：
>>> response.css('title').extract()
['<title>Quotes to Scrape</title>']因为返回对象是一个列表，只提取第一个的话，使用：
>>> response.css('title::text').extract_first()
'Quotes to Scrape'或者，使用序号：
>>> response.css('title::text')[0].extract()
'Quotes to Scrape'前者更好，可以避免潜在的序号错误。
除了使用 extract()和 extract_first()，还可以用正则表达式：
>>> response.css('title::text').re(r'Quotes.*')
['Quotes to Scrape']
>>> response.css('title::text').re(r'Q\w+')
['Quotes']
>>> response.css('title::text').re(r'(\w+) to (\w+)')
['Quotes', 'Scrape']
提取日志
XPath简短介绍
Scrapy还支持XPath：
>>> response.xpath('//title')
[<Selector xpath='//title' data='<title>Quotes to Scrape</title>'>]
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()').extract_first()
'Quotes to Scrape'其实，CSS是底层转化为XPath的，但XPath的功能更为强大，比如它可以选择包含next page的链接。更多见 using XPath with Scrapy Selectors here。
继续提取名人名言
http://quotes.toscrape.com的每个名言的HTML结构如下：
<div class="quote">
<span class="text">“The world as we have created it is a process of our
thinking. It cannot be changed without changing our thinking.”</span>
<span>
by <small class="author">Albert Einstein</small>
<a href="/author/Albert-Einstein">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<a class="tag" href="/tag/change/page/1/">change</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/deep-thoughts/page/1/">deep-thoughts</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/thinking/page/1/">thinking</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/world/page/1/">world</a>
</div>
</div>使用：
$ scrapy shell "http://quotes.toscrape.com"将HTML的元素以列表的形式提取出来：
response.css("div.quote")只要第一个：
quote = response.css("div.quote")[0]提取出标题、作者、标签：
>>> title = quote.css("span.text::text").extract_first()
>>> title
'“The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without changing our thinking.”'
>>> author = quote.css("small.author::text").extract_first()
>>> author
'Albert Einstein'标签是一组字符串：
>>> tags = quote.css("div.tags a.tag::text").extract()
>>> tags
['change', 'deep-thoughts', 'thinking', 'world']弄明白了提取每个名言，现在提取所有的：
>>> for quote in response.css("div.quote"):
... text = quote.css("span.text::text").extract_first()
... author = quote.css("small.author::text").extract_first()
... tags = quote.css("div.tags a.tag::text").extract()
... print(dict(text=text, author=author, tags=tags))
{'tags': ['change', 'deep-thoughts', 'thinking', 'world'], 'author': 'Albert Einstein', 'text': '“The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without changing our thinking.”'}
{'tags': ['abilities', 'choices'], 'author': 'J.K. Rowling', 'text': '“It is our choices, Harry, that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities.”'}
... a few more of these, omitted for brevity
>>>用爬虫提取信息
使用Python的yield：
import scrapy
class QuotesSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "quotes"
start_urls = [
'http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/1/',
'http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/2/',
]
def parse(self, response):
for quote in response.css('div.quote'):
yield {
'text': quote.css('span.text::text').extract_first(),
'author': quote.css('small.author::text').extract_first(),
'tags': quote.css('div.tags a.tag::text').extract(),
}运行爬虫，日志如下：
2016-09-19 18:57:19 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/1/>
{'tags': ['life', 'love'], 'author': 'André Gide', 'text': '“It is better to be hated for what you are than to be loved for what you are not.”'}
2016-09-19 18:57:19 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/1/>
{'tags': ['edison', 'failure', 'inspirational', 'paraphrased'], 'author': 'Thomas A. Edison', 'text': "“I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work.”"}保存数据
最便捷的方式是使用feed export，保存为json，命令如下：
scrapy crawl quotes -o quotes.json保存为json lines：
scrapy crawl quotes -o quotes.jl保存为csv：
scrapy crawl quotes -o quotes.csv提取下一页
首先看下一页的链接：
<ul class="pager">
<li class="next">
<a href="/page/2/">Next <span aria-hidden="true">→</span></a>
</li>
</ul>提取出来：
>>> response.css('li.next a').extract_first()
'<a href="/page/2/">Next <span aria-hidden="true">→</span></a>'只要href：
>>> response.css('li.next a::attr(href)').extract_first()
'/page/2/'利用urljoin生成完整的url，生成下一页的请求，就可以循环抓取了：
import scrapy
class QuotesSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "quotes"
start_urls = [
'http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/1/',
]
def parse(self, response):
for quote in response.css('div.quote'):
yield {
'text': quote.css('span.text::text').extract_first(),
'author': quote.css('small.author::text').extract_first(),
'tags': quote.css('div.tags a.tag::text').extract(),
}
next_page = response.css('li.next a::attr(href)').extract_first()
if next_page is not None:
next_page = response.urljoin(next_page)
yield scrapy.Request(next_page, callback=self.parse)更简洁的方式是使用 response.follow：
import scrapy
class QuotesSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "quotes"
start_urls = [
'http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/1/',
]
def parse(self, response):
for quote in response.css('div.quote'):
yield {
'text': quote.css('span.text::text').extract_first(),
'author': quote.css('span small::text').extract_first(),
'tags': quote.css('div.tags a.tag::text').extract(),
}
next_page = response.css('li.next a::attr(href)').extract_first()
if next_page is not None:
yield response.follow(next_page, callback=self.parse)直接将参数传递给response.follow：
for href in response.css('li.next a::attr(href)'):
yield response.follow(href, callback=self.parse)对于a标签，response.follow可以直接使用它的属性，这样就可以变得更简洁：
for a in response.css('li.next a'):
yield response.follow(a, callback=self.parse)下面这个爬虫提取作者信息，使用了调回和自动获取下一页：
import scrapy
class AuthorSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'author'
start_urls = ['http://quotes.toscrape.com/']
def parse(self, response):
# 作者链接
for href in response.css('.author + a::attr(href)'):
yield response.follow(href, self.parse_author)
# 分页链接
for href in response.css('li.next a::attr(href)'):
yield response.follow(href, self.parse)
def parse_author(self, response):
def extract_with_css(query):
return response.css(query).extract_first().strip()
yield {
'name': extract_with_css('h3.author-title::text'),
'birthdate': extract_with_css('.author-born-date::text'),
'bio': extract_with_css('.author-description::text'),
}使用爬虫参数
在命令行中使用参数，只要添加 -a：
scrapy crawl quotes -o quotes-humor.json -a tag=humor将humor传递给tag：
import scrapy
class QuotesSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "quotes"
def start_requests(self):
url = 'http://quotes.toscrape.com/'
tag = getattr(self, 'tag', None)
if tag is not None:
url = url + 'tag/' + tag
yield scrapy.Request(url, self.parse)
def parse(self, response):
for quote in response.css('div.quote'):
yield {
'text': quote.css('span.text::text').extract_first(),
'author': quote.css('small.author::text').extract_first(),
}
next_page = response.css('li.next a::attr(href)').extract_first()
if next_page is not None:
yield response.follow(next_page, self.parse)更多例子
https://github.com/scrapy/quotesbot上有个叫做quotesbot的爬虫，提供了CSS和XPath两种写法：
import scrapy
class ToScrapeCSSSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "toscrape-css"
start_urls = [
'http://quotes.toscrape.com/',
]
def parse(self, response):
for quote in response.css("div.quote"):
yield {
'text': quote.css("span.text::text").extract_first(),
'author': quote.css("small.author::text").extract_first(),
'tags': quote.css("div.tags > a.tag::text").extract()
}
next_page_url = response.css("li.next > a::attr(href)").extract_first()
if next_page_url is not None:
yield scrapy.Request(response.urljoin(next_page_url))import scrapy
class ToScrapeSpiderXPath(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'toscrape-xpath'
start_urls = [
'http://quotes.toscrape.com/',
]
def parse(self, response):
for quote in response.xpath('//div[@class="quote"]'):
yield {
'text': quote.xpath('./span[@class="text"]/text()').extract_first(),
'author': quote.xpath('.//small[@class="author"]/text()').extract_first(),
'tags': quote.xpath('.//div[@class="tags"]/a[@class="tag"]/text()').extract()
}
next_page_url = response.xpath('//li[@class="next"]/a/@href').extract_first()
if next_page_url is not None:
yield scrapy.Request(response.urljoin(next_page_url))本文参与 腾讯云自媒体分享计划，分享自作者个人站点/博客。
原始发表：2017.10.02 ，如有侵权请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除
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