github阅读效果更佳
假设我们有一幅大师的画作了,我们怎么能够提取出“大师作品”中的纹理和颜色这些细节让我们的计算机知道,而不是只看到画的整体造型呢?
对于这个提取特征的问题我们先放一下,如果我们已经有了这些特征,我们要如何应用这些特征到我们新的图片上去呢?我们要将原有图片的风格干净的滤除掉,换作我们指定的风格。 看下面的图片
我们称风格画为s,原画为c,转换后的画为x,并且我们有两个评判函数:
代表内容的差异
代表风格的差异
此时我们要做的就变为了一个优化问题,我们要找到画x,使得内容差函数和风格差函数都很小
那怎么定义这些差异函数呢?在论文A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style中,定义的差距不是通过像素点之间的不同,而是从更高的层级,更感性的不同上去
于是问题就变为了怎么让计算机去知道图片的像素点之上的更具有表现力的意义上去,怎么能更好的理解图片。
对于这种看着很直观,但是很难通过具体的步骤去告诉计算机怎么做的问题,一个很有利的工具就是机器学习,下面就让我们来看看怎么去解决上面提到的计算机理解图片的问题,以及定义内容和样式的差异函数。
我们在解决上面问题前,先来看下图片分类问题,我们尝试着找到下面的一个函数
输入是一些数组,输出是一个分类,告诉我们这是不是一个小孩子,我们以前的想法都是看到函数f,我们就尝试着去创造各种各样的函数f,让f尽可能的捕捉到图片的特征,但是即使我们找出了这么个函数,但是如果遇到狗、猫、马等等呢,我们又必须重新去找f嘛?这显然不可能,因此我们需要摆脱以往的自己找函数,转而告诉计算机你怎么去找出这个函数,让这么复杂的工作交给机器去做,我们只要不断去纠正机器,说这个结果是好还是坏,如果不好,怎么改正去的。
上面的这个过程我们通过下图再具体的解释下:
我们有很多标记好的图片,现在我们要去找一个score函数,即评分函数,能够对输入的图片给出一个打分,告诉我们是哪个分类的分值最高,接着我们有一个评价函数Loss去评判分类的好坏,如果分类不好,我们会有一个优化函数去优化score中的变数,然后重新进行分类,直到我们的Loss符合我们的预期
基于上面的思路,在2014’s ImageNet Challenge比赛上,出现了VGGNet,并在次年出了一篇论文详细的进行了介绍
到这里,我们整理下我们的思路:
下面我们来具体实现下
import time
from PIL import Image
import numpy as np
from keras import backend
from keras.models import Model
from keras.applications.vgg16 import VGG16
from scipy.optimize import fmin_l_bfgs_b
from scipy.misc import imsave
Using TensorFlow backend.
接着我们将content image和style image都加载进来
height = 512
width = 512
content_image_path = 'images/hugo.jpg'
content_image = Image.open(content_image_path)
content_image = content_image.resize((height, width))
content_image
output_4_0.png
style_image_path = 'images/styles/wave.jpg'
style_image = Image.open(style_image_path)
style_image = style_image.resize((height, width))
style_image
output_5_0.png
接着我们将图片内容进行转换,转换到我们后续处理适合的形式
content_array = np.asarray(content_image, dtype='float32')
content_array = np.expand_dims(content_array, axis=0)
print(content_array.shape)
style_array = np.asarray(style_image, dtype='float32')
style_array = np.expand_dims(style_array, axis=0)
print(style_array.shape)
(1, 512, 512, 3)
(1, 512, 512, 3)
下一步为了符合 Simonyan and Zisserman (2015)中描述的数据输入格式,我们要做下面的转换
content_array[:, :, :, 0] -= 103.939
content_array[:, :, :, 1] -= 116.779
content_array[:, :, :, 2] -= 123.68
content_array = content_array[:, :, :, ::-1]
style_array[:, :, :, 0] -= 103.939
style_array[:, :, :, 1] -= 116.779
style_array[:, :, :, 2] -= 123.68
style_array = style_array[:, :, :, ::-1]
接着我们定义了在Keras中的3个变量
content_image = backend.variable(content_array)
style_image = backend.variable(style_array)
combination_image = backend.placeholder((1, height, width, 3))
# 我们将其组合到一起
input_tensor = backend.concatenate([content_image,
style_image,
combination_image], axis=0)
在Keras中有训练好的VGG模型,此处我们使用在Johnson et al. (2016)中提出的VGG16模型, 我们可以通过下面的语句方便的使用训练好的模型
model = VGG16(input_tensor=input_tensor, weights='imagenet',
include_top=False)
Downloading data from https://github.com/fchollet/deep-learning-models/releases/download/v0.1/vgg16_weights_tf_dim_ordering_tf_kernels_notop.h5
在Keras中对于VGG16的每一层都有自己的名字和输出,我们可以方便的取到 此处我们取的16层模型,最先的19层模型可以看地址:http://ethereon.github.io/netscope/#/gist/3785162f95cd2d5fee77
layers = dict([(layer.name, layer.output) for layer in model.layers])
layers
{'block1_conv1': <tf.Tensor 'Relu:0' shape=(3, 512, 512, 64) dtype=float32>,
'block1_conv2': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_1:0' shape=(3, 512, 512, 64) dtype=float32>,
'block1_pool': <tf.Tensor 'MaxPool:0' shape=(3, 256, 256, 64) dtype=float32>,
'block2_conv1': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_2:0' shape=(3, 256, 256, 128) dtype=float32>,
'block2_conv2': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_3:0' shape=(3, 256, 256, 128) dtype=float32>,
'block2_pool': <tf.Tensor 'MaxPool_1:0' shape=(3, 128, 128, 128) dtype=float32>,
'block3_conv1': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_4:0' shape=(3, 128, 128, 256) dtype=float32>,
'block3_conv2': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_5:0' shape=(3, 128, 128, 256) dtype=float32>,
'block3_conv3': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_6:0' shape=(3, 128, 128, 256) dtype=float32>,
'block3_pool': <tf.Tensor 'MaxPool_2:0' shape=(3, 64, 64, 256) dtype=float32>,
'block4_conv1': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_7:0' shape=(3, 64, 64, 512) dtype=float32>,
'block4_conv2': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_8:0' shape=(3, 64, 64, 512) dtype=float32>,
'block4_conv3': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_9:0' shape=(3, 64, 64, 512) dtype=float32>,
'block4_pool': <tf.Tensor 'MaxPool_3:0' shape=(3, 32, 32, 512) dtype=float32>,
'block5_conv1': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_10:0' shape=(3, 32, 32, 512) dtype=float32>,
'block5_conv2': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_11:0' shape=(3, 32, 32, 512) dtype=float32>,
'block5_conv3': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_12:0' shape=(3, 32, 32, 512) dtype=float32>,
'block5_pool': <tf.Tensor 'MaxPool_4:0' shape=(3, 16, 16, 512) dtype=float32>,
'input_1': <tf.Tensor 'concat:0' shape=(3, 512, 512, 3) dtype=float32>}
下面我们来回到我们之前要做的事情,我们需要定义图片内容和风格的差异,现在我们有了VGG16之后,我们就可以开始了,先初始化一些变量
content_weight = 0.025
style_weight = 5.0
total_variation_weight = 1.0
下面我们将开始使用VGG16的各个层来定义内容和风格这两个比较抽象的东西
loss = backend.variable(0.)
我们来看看不同层级出来的图片信息,我们提取出VGG16中的不同层级,然后将其运用到图片上,看下会得到什么
此处reluX_Y对应着blockX_convY
而定义content loss的函数也很简单,就是使用欧拉距离
注意此处为什么使用block2_conv2
呢?为什么他就代表了content了呢?
layer_features = layers['block2_conv2']
content_image_features = layer_features[0, :, :, :]
content_image_features.shape
TensorShape([Dimension(256), Dimension(256), Dimension(128)])
def content_loss(content, combination):
return backend.sum(backend.square(combination - content))
layer_features = layers['block2_conv2']
content_image_features = layer_features[0, :, :, :]
combination_features = layer_features[2, :, :, :]
loss += content_weight * content_loss(content_image_features,
combination_features)
下面我么要定义style loss,这个事情就变的复杂了,为此定义了Gram matrix,至于为什么Gram matrix能代表style?这个可能要看看这篇论文了:Texture Synthesis Using Convolutional Neural Networks
def gram_matrix(x):
features = backend.batch_flatten(backend.permute_dimensions(x, (2, 0, 1)))
gram = backend.dot(features, backend.transpose(features))
return gram
def style_loss(style, combination):
S = gram_matrix(style)
C = gram_matrix(combination)
channels = 3
size = height * width
return backend.sum(backend.square(S - C)) / (4. * (channels ** 2) * (size ** 2))
feature_layers = ['block1_conv2', 'block2_conv2',
'block3_conv3', 'block4_conv3',
'block5_conv3']
for layer_name in feature_layers:
layer_features = layers[layer_name]
style_features = layer_features[1, :, :, :]
combination_features = layer_features[2, :, :, :]
sl = style_loss(style_features, combination_features)
loss += (style_weight / len(feature_layers)) * sl
如果我们只用前面定义的两个loss函数,出来的图片会比较多的噪声,于是引入了total variation loss
def total_variation_loss(x):
a = backend.square(x[:, :height-1, :width-1, :] - x[:, 1:, :width-1, :])
b = backend.square(x[:, :height-1, :width-1, :] - x[:, :height-1, 1:, :])
return backend.sum(backend.pow(a + b, 1.25))
loss += total_variation_weight * total_variation_loss(combination_image)
接着我们定义梯度函数,并且使用L-BFGS优化算法
grads = backend.gradients(loss, combination_image)
outputs = [loss]
outputs += grads
f_outputs = backend.function([combination_image], outputs)
def eval_loss_and_grads(x):
x = x.reshape((1, height, width, 3))
outs = f_outputs([x])
loss_value = outs[0]
grad_values = outs[1].flatten().astype('float64')
return loss_value, grad_values
class Evaluator(object):
def __init__(self):
self.loss_value = None
self.grads_values = None
def loss(self, x):
assert self.loss_value is None
loss_value, grad_values = eval_loss_and_grads(x)
self.loss_value = loss_value
self.grad_values = grad_values
return self.loss_value
def grads(self, x):
assert self.loss_value is not None
grad_values = np.copy(self.grad_values)
self.loss_value = None
self.grad_values = None
return grad_values
evaluator = Evaluator()
x = np.random.uniform(0, 255, (1, height, width, 3)) - 128.
iterations = 10
for i in range(iterations):
print('Start of iteration', i)
start_time = time.time()
x, min_val, info = fmin_l_bfgs_b(evaluator.loss, x.flatten(),
fprime=evaluator.grads, maxfun=20)
print('Current loss value:', min_val)
end_time = time.time()
print('Iteration %d completed in %ds' % (i, end_time - start_time))
Start of iteration 0
Current loss value: 8.07324e+10
Iteration 0 completed in 80s
Start of iteration 1
Current loss value: 5.27136e+10
Iteration 1 completed in 37s
Start of iteration 2
Current loss value: 4.3404e+10
Iteration 2 completed in 37s
Start of iteration 3
Current loss value: 3.98068e+10
Iteration 3 completed in 37s
Start of iteration 4
Current loss value: 3.80434e+10
Iteration 4 completed in 37s
Start of iteration 5
Current loss value: 3.70919e+10
Iteration 5 completed in 37s
Start of iteration 6
Current loss value: 3.65379e+10
Iteration 6 completed in 37s
Start of iteration 7
Current loss value: 3.61779e+10
Iteration 7 completed in 37s
Start of iteration 8
Current loss value: 3.59321e+10
Iteration 8 completed in 37s
Start of iteration 9
Current loss value: 3.57626e+10
Iteration 9 completed in 37s
x = x.reshape((height, width, 3))
x = x[:, :, ::-1]
x[:, :, 0] += 103.939
x[:, :, 1] += 116.779
x[:, :, 2] += 123.68
x = np.clip(x, 0, 255).astype('uint8')
Image.fromarray(x)
output_34_0.png
本文只是一个粗略的学习过程,还有更多的论文需要去学习,期待继续学习分享的
原文:https://harishnarayanan.org/writing/artistic-style-transfer/ github地址:https://github.com/llSourcell/How-to-Generate-Art-Demo/blob/master/demo.ipynb 视频地址:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oex0eWoU7AQ