Python3入门机器学习（三）- matplotlib基础与简单应用

Meet相识

发布于 2018-09-12 16:44:56

1K0

发布于 2018-09-12 16:44:56

matplotlib基础

matplotlib 基础

import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np
# 对0到10分成100份
x = np.linspace(0,10,100)

array([ 0.        ,  0.1010101 ,  0.2020202 ,  0.3030303 ,  0.4040404 ,
        0.50505051,  0.60606061,  0.70707071,  0.80808081,  0.90909091,
        1.01010101,  1.11111111,  1.21212121,  1.31313131,  1.41414141,
        1.51515152,  1.61616162,  1.71717172,  1.81818182,  1.91919192,
        2.02020202,  2.12121212,  2.22222222,  2.32323232,  2.42424242,
        2.52525253,  2.62626263,  2.72727273,  2.82828283,  2.92929293,
        3.03030303,  3.13131313,  3.23232323,  3.33333333,  3.43434343,
        3.53535354,  3.63636364,  3.73737374,  3.83838384,  3.93939394,
        4.04040404,  4.14141414,  4.24242424,  4.34343434,  4.44444444,
        4.54545455,  4.64646465,  4.74747475,  4.84848485,  4.94949495,
        5.05050505,  5.15151515,  5.25252525,  5.35353535,  5.45454545,
        5.55555556,  5.65656566,  5.75757576,  5.85858586,  5.95959596,
        6.06060606,  6.16161616,  6.26262626,  6.36363636,  6.46464646,
        6.56565657,  6.66666667,  6.76767677,  6.86868687,  6.96969697,
        7.07070707,  7.17171717,  7.27272727,  7.37373737,  7.47474747,
        7.57575758,  7.67676768,  7.77777778,  7.87878788,  7.97979798,
        8.08080808,  8.18181818,  8.28282828,  8.38383838,  8.48484848,
        8.58585859,  8.68686869,  8.78787879,  8.88888889,  8.98989899,
        9.09090909,  9.19191919,  9.29292929,  9.39393939,  9.49494949,
        9.5959596 ,  9.6969697 ,  9.7979798 ,  9.8989899 , 10.        ])

y = np.sin(x)
y

array([ 0.        ,  0.10083842,  0.20064886,  0.2984138 ,  0.39313661,
        0.48385164,  0.56963411,  0.64960951,  0.72296256,  0.78894546,
        0.84688556,  0.8961922 ,  0.93636273,  0.96698762,  0.98775469,
        0.99845223,  0.99897117,  0.98930624,  0.96955595,  0.93992165,
        0.90070545,  0.85230712,  0.79522006,  0.73002623,  0.65739025,
        0.57805259,  0.49282204,  0.40256749,  0.30820902,  0.21070855,
        0.11106004,  0.01027934, -0.09060615, -0.19056796, -0.28858706,
       -0.38366419, -0.47483011, -0.56115544, -0.64176014, -0.7158225 ,
       -0.7825875 , -0.84137452, -0.89158426, -0.93270486, -0.96431712,
       -0.98609877, -0.99782778, -0.99938456, -0.99075324, -0.97202182,
       -0.94338126, -0.90512352, -0.85763861, -0.80141062, -0.73701276,
       -0.66510151, -0.58640998, -0.50174037, -0.41195583, -0.31797166,
       -0.22074597, -0.12126992, -0.0205576 ,  0.0803643 ,  0.18046693,
        0.27872982,  0.37415123,  0.46575841,  0.55261747,  0.63384295,
        0.7086068 ,  0.77614685,  0.83577457,  0.8868821 ,  0.92894843,
        0.96154471,  0.98433866,  0.99709789,  0.99969234,  0.99209556,
        0.97438499,  0.94674118,  0.90944594,  0.86287948,  0.8075165 ,
        0.74392141,  0.6727425 ,  0.59470541,  0.51060568,  0.42130064,
        0.32770071,  0.23076008,  0.13146699,  0.03083368, -0.07011396,
       -0.17034683, -0.26884313, -0.36459873, -0.45663749, -0.54402111])

# 第一个参数：横左边对应的值；第二个参数：纵坐标对应的值
# 实际上是点点之间的直线图，由于比较密，所以是曲线
plt.plot(x,y)

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x10c3edb70>]

cosy = np.cos(x)
cosy.shape

(100,)

siny = y.copy()
# 绘制两条曲线
plt.plot(x,siny)
plt.plot(x,cosy)

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x10bb34d30>]

plt.plot(x,siny)
# colors修改颜色
# linestyle 线条类型
plt.plot(x,cosy,color="red",linestyle="--")
# 坐标轴的范围
plt.xlim(-5,15)
plt.ylim(0,1.5)

(0, 1.5)

# label：设置图示
plt.plot(x,siny,label="sin(x)")
plt.plot(x,cosy,color="red",linestyle="--",label="cos(x)")
# 同时设置x轴和y轴的范围
plt.axis([-1,11,-2,2])
# 设置坐标轴备注
plt.xlabel("x axis")
plt.ylabel("y value")
# 激活加上图示
plt.legend()
plt.title("Welcome to the ML World!")

Text(0.5,1,'Welcome to the ML World!')

Scatter Plot(散点图)

plt.scatter(x,siny)

<matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x115ecf2e8>

# 从使用角度来讲，折线图X坐标是特征，纵轴是取值
# 散点图的横纵两个周是特征，颜色是取值，不同的label
plt.scatter(x,siny)
plt.scatter(x,cosy,color="red")

<matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x1162f76d8>

# 均值0，方差1的正态分布
x = np.random.normal(0,1,10000)
y = np.random.normal(0,1,10000)
# alpha 透明度
plt.scatter(x,y,alpha=0.5)

<matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x1162d13c8>

数据加载和简单的数据探索

import numpy as np

import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from sklearn import datasets

数据的获取

# 加载数据集load_xxx
iris = datasets.load_iris()

# 是一个字典
iris.keys()

dict_keys(['data', 'target', 'target_names', 'DESCR', 'feature_names'])

# 数据文档
print(iris.DESCR)

Iris Plants Database
====================

Notes
-----
Data Set Characteristics:
    :Number of Instances: 150 (50 in each of three classes)
    :Number of Attributes: 4 numeric, predictive attributes and the class
    :Attribute Information:
        - sepal length in cm
        - sepal width in cm
        - petal length in cm
        - petal width in cm
        - class:
                - Iris-Setosa
                - Iris-Versicolour
                - Iris-Virginica
    :Summary Statistics:

    ============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================
                    Min  Max   Mean    SD   Class Correlation
    ============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================
    sepal length:   4.3  7.9   5.84   0.83    0.7826
    sepal width:    2.0  4.4   3.05   0.43   -0.4194
    petal length:   1.0  6.9   3.76   1.76    0.9490  (high!)
    petal width:    0.1  2.5   1.20  0.76     0.9565  (high!)
    ============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================

    :Missing Attribute Values: None
    :Class Distribution: 33.3% for each of 3 classes.
    :Creator: R.A. Fisher
    :Donor: Michael Marshall (MARSHALL%PLU@io.arc.nasa.gov)
    :Date: July, 1988

This is a copy of UCI ML iris datasets.
http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Iris

The famous Iris database, first used by Sir R.A Fisher

This is perhaps the best known database to be found in the
pattern recognition literature.  Fisher's paper is a classic in the field and
is referenced frequently to this day.  (See Duda & Hart, for example.)  The
data set contains 3 classes of 50 instances each, where each class refers to a
type of iris plant.  One class is linearly separable from the other 2; the
latter are NOT linearly separable from each other.

References
----------
   - Fisher,R.A. "The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems"
     Annual Eugenics, 7, Part II, 179-188 (1936); also in "Contributions to
     Mathematical Statistics" (John Wiley, NY, 1950).
   - Duda,R.O., & Hart,P.E. (1973) Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis.
     (Q327.D83) John Wiley & Sons.  ISBN 0-471-22361-1.  See page 218.
   - Dasarathy, B.V. (1980) "Nosing Around the Neighborhood: A New System
     Structure and Classification Rule for Recognition in Partially Exposed
     Environments".  IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
     Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-2, No. 1, 67-71.
   - Gates, G.W. (1972) "The Reduced Nearest Neighbor Rule".  IEEE Transactions
     on Information Theory, May 1972, 431-433.
   - See also: 1988 MLC Proceedings, 54-64.  Cheeseman et al"s AUTOCLASS II
     conceptual clustering system finds 3 classes in the data.
   - Many, many more ...

# 数据集
iris.data

array([[5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2],
       [4.9, 3. , 1.4, 0.2],
       [4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2],
       [4.6, 3.1, 1.5, 0.2],
       [5. , 3.6, 1.4, 0.2],
       [5.4, 3.9, 1.7, 0.4],
       [4.6, 3.4, 1.4, 0.3],
       [5. , 3.4, 1.5, 0.2],
       [4.4, 2.9, 1.4, 0.2],
       [4.9, 3.1, 1.5, 0.1],
       [5.4, 3.7, 1.5, 0.2],
       [4.8, 3.4, 1.6, 0.2],
       [4.8, 3. , 1.4, 0.1],
       [4.3, 3. , 1.1, 0.1],
       [5.8, 4. , 1.2, 0.2],
       [5.7, 4.4, 1.5, 0.4],
       [5.4, 3.9, 1.3, 0.4],
       [5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.3],
       [5.7, 3.8, 1.7, 0.3],
       [5.1, 3.8, 1.5, 0.3],
       [5.4, 3.4, 1.7, 0.2],
       [5.1, 3.7, 1.5, 0.4],
       [4.6, 3.6, 1. , 0.2],
       [5.1, 3.3, 1.7, 0.5],
       [4.8, 3.4, 1.9, 0.2],
       [5. , 3. , 1.6, 0.2],
       [5. , 3.4, 1.6, 0.4],
       [5.2, 3.5, 1.5, 0.2],
       [5.2, 3.4, 1.4, 0.2],
       [4.7, 3.2, 1.6, 0.2],
       [4.8, 3.1, 1.6, 0.2],
       [5.4, 3.4, 1.5, 0.4],
       [5.2, 4.1, 1.5, 0.1],
       [5.5, 4.2, 1.4, 0.2],
       [4.9, 3.1, 1.5, 0.1],
       [5. , 3.2, 1.2, 0.2],
       [5.5, 3.5, 1.3, 0.2],
       [4.9, 3.1, 1.5, 0.1],
       [4.4, 3. , 1.3, 0.2],
       [5.1, 3.4, 1.5, 0.2],
       [5. , 3.5, 1.3, 0.3],
       [4.5, 2.3, 1.3, 0.3],
       [4.4, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2],
       [5. , 3.5, 1.6, 0.6],
       [5.1, 3.8, 1.9, 0.4],
       [4.8, 3. , 1.4, 0.3],
       [5.1, 3.8, 1.6, 0.2],
       [4.6, 3.2, 1.4, 0.2],
       [5.3, 3.7, 1.5, 0.2],
       [5. , 3.3, 1.4, 0.2],
       [7. , 3.2, 4.7, 1.4],
       [6.4, 3.2, 4.5, 1.5],
       [6.9, 3.1, 4.9, 1.5],
       [5.5, 2.3, 4. , 1.3],
       [6.5, 2.8, 4.6, 1.5],
       [5.7, 2.8, 4.5, 1.3],
       [6.3, 3.3, 4.7, 1.6],
       [4.9, 2.4, 3.3, 1. ],
       [6.6, 2.9, 4.6, 1.3],
       [5.2, 2.7, 3.9, 1.4],
       [5. , 2. , 3.5, 1. ],
       [5.9, 3. , 4.2, 1.5],
       [6. , 2.2, 4. , 1. ],
       [6.1, 2.9, 4.7, 1.4],
       [5.6, 2.9, 3.6, 1.3],
       [6.7, 3.1, 4.4, 1.4],
       [5.6, 3. , 4.5, 1.5],
       [5.8, 2.7, 4.1, 1. ],
       [6.2, 2.2, 4.5, 1.5],
       [5.6, 2.5, 3.9, 1.1],
       [5.9, 3.2, 4.8, 1.8],
       [6.1, 2.8, 4. , 1.3],
       [6.3, 2.5, 4.9, 1.5],
       [6.1, 2.8, 4.7, 1.2],
       [6.4, 2.9, 4.3, 1.3],
       [6.6, 3. , 4.4, 1.4],
       [6.8, 2.8, 4.8, 1.4],
       [6.7, 3. , 5. , 1.7],
       [6. , 2.9, 4.5, 1.5],
       [5.7, 2.6, 3.5, 1. ],
       [5.5, 2.4, 3.8, 1.1],
       [5.5, 2.4, 3.7, 1. ],
       [5.8, 2.7, 3.9, 1.2],
       [6. , 2.7, 5.1, 1.6],
       [5.4, 3. , 4.5, 1.5],
       [6. , 3.4, 4.5, 1.6],
       [6.7, 3.1, 4.7, 1.5],
       [6.3, 2.3, 4.4, 1.3],
       [5.6, 3. , 4.1, 1.3],
       [5.5, 2.5, 4. , 1.3],
       [5.5, 2.6, 4.4, 1.2],
       [6.1, 3. , 4.6, 1.4],
       [5.8, 2.6, 4. , 1.2],
       [5. , 2.3, 3.3, 1. ],
       [5.6, 2.7, 4.2, 1.3],
       [5.7, 3. , 4.2, 1.2],
       [5.7, 2.9, 4.2, 1.3],
       [6.2, 2.9, 4.3, 1.3],
       [5.1, 2.5, 3. , 1.1],
       [5.7, 2.8, 4.1, 1.3],
       [6.3, 3.3, 6. , 2.5],
       [5.8, 2.7, 5.1, 1.9],
       [7.1, 3. , 5.9, 2.1],
       [6.3, 2.9, 5.6, 1.8],
       [6.5, 3. , 5.8, 2.2],
       [7.6, 3. , 6.6, 2.1],
       [4.9, 2.5, 4.5, 1.7],
       [7.3, 2.9, 6.3, 1.8],
       [6.7, 2.5, 5.8, 1.8],
       [7.2, 3.6, 6.1, 2.5],
       [6.5, 3.2, 5.1, 2. ],
       [6.4, 2.7, 5.3, 1.9],
       [6.8, 3. , 5.5, 2.1],
       [5.7, 2.5, 5. , 2. ],
       [5.8, 2.8, 5.1, 2.4],
       [6.4, 3.2, 5.3, 2.3],
       [6.5, 3. , 5.5, 1.8],
       [7.7, 3.8, 6.7, 2.2],
       [7.7, 2.6, 6.9, 2.3],
       [6. , 2.2, 5. , 1.5],
       [6.9, 3.2, 5.7, 2.3],
       [5.6, 2.8, 4.9, 2. ],
       [7.7, 2.8, 6.7, 2. ],
       [6.3, 2.7, 4.9, 1.8],
       [6.7, 3.3, 5.7, 2.1],
       [7.2, 3.2, 6. , 1.8],
       [6.2, 2.8, 4.8, 1.8],
       [6.1, 3. , 4.9, 1.8],
       [6.4, 2.8, 5.6, 2.1],
       [7.2, 3. , 5.8, 1.6],
       [7.4, 2.8, 6.1, 1.9],
       [7.9, 3.8, 6.4, 2. ],
       [6.4, 2.8, 5.6, 2.2],
       [6.3, 2.8, 5.1, 1.5],
       [6.1, 2.6, 5.6, 1.4],
       [7.7, 3. , 6.1, 2.3],
       [6.3, 3.4, 5.6, 2.4],
       [6.4, 3.1, 5.5, 1.8],
       [6. , 3. , 4.8, 1.8],
       [6.9, 3.1, 5.4, 2.1],
       [6.7, 3.1, 5.6, 2.4],
       [6.9, 3.1, 5.1, 2.3],
       [5.8, 2.7, 5.1, 1.9],
       [6.8, 3.2, 5.9, 2.3],
       [6.7, 3.3, 5.7, 2.5],
       [6.7, 3. , 5.2, 2.3],
       [6.3, 2.5, 5. , 1.9],
       [6.5, 3. , 5.2, 2. ],
       [6.2, 3.4, 5.4, 2.3],
       [5.9, 3. , 5.1, 1.8]])

# 形状
iris.data.shape

(150, 4)

# 每一列的意思
iris.feature_names

['sepal length (cm)',
 'sepal width (cm)',
 'petal length (cm)',
 'petal width (cm)']

# 每一个样本（鸢尾花）对应的类型
iris.target

array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
       1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
       1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
       2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
       2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2])

iris.target.shape

(150,)

# 0，1，2对应的名字
iris.target_names

array(['setosa', 'versicolor', 'virginica'], dtype='<U10')

数据的可视化

# 所有的行，取前两列
X = iris.data[:,:2]
X

# X[:,0]这样可以取出第0列
plt.scatter(X[:,0],X[:,1])

<matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x1a17c22748>

# 使用不同的颜色标识不同类别的鸢尾花
y = iris.target
y

array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
       1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
       1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
       2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
       2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2])

# marker 是形状
for i,colors,marker in [(0,"red","o"),(1,"blue","+"),(2,"green","x")]:
    plt.scatter(X[y==i,0],X[y==i,1],color=colors,marker=marker)

# 使用另外两个维度
X = iris.data[:,2:]

# marker 是形状
for i,colors,marker in [(0,"red","o"),(1,"blue","+"),(2,"green","x")]:
    plt.scatter(X[y==i,0],X[y==i,1],color=colors,marker=marker)

本文参与腾讯云自媒体分享计划，分享自作者个人站点/博客。

原始发表：2018.04.11 ，如有侵权请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除

其他

本文分享自作者个人站点/博客前往查看

如有侵权，请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除。

本文参与腾讯云自媒体分享计划，欢迎热爱写作的你一起参与！

其他

登录后参与评论

0 条评论

热度

Python3入门机器学习（三）- matplotlib基础与简单应用

Python3入门机器学习（三）- matplotlib基础与简单应用

matplotlib基础

matplotlib 基础

Scatter Plot(散点图)

数据加载和简单的数据探索

数据的获取

数据的可视化

社区

活动

资源

关于

腾讯云开发者

热门产品

热门推荐

更多推荐