从 0 开始学 Linux 驱动开发(一)

#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>

MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Hcamal");

int hello_init(void)
{
    printk(KERN_INFO "Hello World\n");
    return 0;
}

void hello_exit(void)
{
    printk(KERN_INFO "Goodbye World\n");
}

module_init(hello_init);
module_exit(hello_exit);

ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)

	obj-m := hello.o

else

	KERN_DIR ?= /usr/src/linux-headers-$(shell uname -r)/
	PWD := $(shell pwd)

default:
	$(MAKE) -C $(KERN_DIR) M=$(PWD) modules

endif


clean:
	rm -rf *.o *~ core .depend .*.cmd *.ko *.mod.c .tmp_versions

$ uname -r
4.4.0-135-generic

/usr/src/linux-headers-4.4.0-135/  --> 该内核源码目录
/usr/src/linux-headers-4.4.0-135-generic/    --> 该内核编译好的源码目录

# insmod hello.ko        // 把hello.ko模块加载到内核中
# rmmod hello            // 把hello模块从内核中移除

# insmod hello.ko
insmod: ERROR: could not insert module hello.ko: Required key not available

#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>	/* printk() */
#include <linux/slab.h>		/* kmalloc() */
#include <linux/fs.h>		/* everything... */
#include <linux/errno.h>	/* error codes */
#include <linux/types.h>	/* size_t */
#include <linux/fcntl.h>	/* O_ACCMODE */
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>	/* copy_*_user */


MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Hcamael");

int scull_major =   0;
int scull_minor =   0;
int scull_nr_devs = 4;
int scull_quantum = 4000;
int scull_qset = 1000;

struct scull_qset {
	void **data;
	struct scull_qset *next;
};

struct scull_dev {
	struct scull_qset *data;  /* Pointer to first quantum set. */
	int quantum;              /* The current quantum size. */
	int qset;                 /* The current array size. */
	unsigned long size;       /* Amount of data stored here. */
	unsigned int access_key;  /* Used by sculluid and scullpriv. */
	struct mutex mutex;       /* Mutual exclusion semaphore. */
	struct cdev cdev;	  /* Char device structure. */
};

struct scull_dev *scull_devices;	/* allocated in scull_init_module */

/*
 * Follow the list.
 */
struct scull_qset *scull_follow(struct scull_dev *dev, int n)
{
	struct scull_qset *qs = dev->data;

        /* Allocate the first qset explicitly if need be. */
	if (! qs) {
		qs = dev->data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct scull_qset), GFP_KERNEL);
		if (qs == NULL)
			return NULL;
		memset(qs, 0, sizeof(struct scull_qset));
	}

	/* Then follow the list. */
	while (n--) {
		if (!qs->next) {
			qs->next = kmalloc(sizeof(struct scull_qset), GFP_KERNEL);
			if (qs->next == NULL)
				return NULL;
			memset(qs->next, 0, sizeof(struct scull_qset));
		}
		qs = qs->next;
		continue;
	}
	return qs;
}

/*
 * Data management: read and write.
 */

ssize_t scull_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t count,
                loff_t *f_pos)
{
	struct scull_dev *dev = filp->private_data;
	struct scull_qset *dptr; /* the first listitem */
	int quantum = dev->quantum, qset = dev->qset;
	int itemsize = quantum * qset; /* how many bytes in the listitem */
	int item, s_pos, q_pos, rest;
	ssize_t retval = 0;

	if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&dev->mutex))
		return -ERESTARTSYS;
	if (*f_pos >= dev->size)
		goto out;
	if (*f_pos + count > dev->size)
		count = dev->size - *f_pos;

	/* Find listitem, qset index, and offset in the quantum */
	item = (long)*f_pos / itemsize;
	rest = (long)*f_pos % itemsize;
	s_pos = rest / quantum; q_pos = rest % quantum;

	/* follow the list up to the right position (defined elsewhere) */
	dptr = scull_follow(dev, item);

	if (dptr == NULL || !dptr->data || ! dptr->data[s_pos])
		goto out; /* don't fill holes */

	/* read only up to the end of this quantum */
	if (count > quantum - q_pos)
		count = quantum - q_pos;

	if (raw_copy_to_user(buf, dptr->data[s_pos] + q_pos, count)) {
		retval = -EFAULT;
		goto out;
	}
	*f_pos += count;
	retval = count;

  out:
	mutex_unlock(&dev->mutex);
	return retval;
}

ssize_t scull_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buf, size_t count,
                loff_t *f_pos)
{
	struct scull_dev *dev = filp->private_data;
	struct scull_qset *dptr;
	int quantum = dev->quantum, qset = dev->qset;
	int itemsize = quantum * qset;
	int item, s_pos, q_pos, rest;
	ssize_t retval = -ENOMEM; /* Value used in "goto out" statements. */

	if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&dev->mutex))
		return -ERESTARTSYS;

	/* Find the list item, qset index, and offset in the quantum. */
	item = (long)*f_pos / itemsize;
	rest = (long)*f_pos % itemsize;
	s_pos = rest / quantum;
	q_pos = rest % quantum;

	/* Follow the list up to the right position. */
	dptr = scull_follow(dev, item);
	if (dptr == NULL)
		goto out;
	if (!dptr->data) {
		dptr->data = kmalloc(qset * sizeof(char *), GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!dptr->data)
			goto out;
		memset(dptr->data, 0, qset * sizeof(char *));
	}
	if (!dptr->data[s_pos]) {
		dptr->data[s_pos] = kmalloc(quantum, GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!dptr->data[s_pos])
			goto out;
	}
	/* Write only up to the end of this quantum. */
	if (count > quantum - q_pos)
		count = quantum - q_pos;

	if (raw_copy_from_user(dptr->data[s_pos]+q_pos, buf, count)) {
		retval = -EFAULT;
		goto out;
	}
	*f_pos += count;
	retval = count;

        /* Update the size. */
	if (dev->size < *f_pos)
		dev->size = *f_pos;

  out:
	mutex_unlock(&dev->mutex);
	return retval;
}

/* Beginning of the scull device implementation. */

/*
 * Empty out the scull device; must be called with the device
 * mutex held.
 */
int scull_trim(struct scull_dev *dev)
{
	struct scull_qset *next, *dptr;
	int qset = dev->qset;   /* "dev" is not-null */
	int i;

	for (dptr = dev->data; dptr; dptr = next) { /* all the list items */
		if (dptr->data) {
			for (i = 0; i < qset; i++)
				kfree(dptr->data[i]);
			kfree(dptr->data);
			dptr->data = NULL;
		}
		next = dptr->next;
		kfree(dptr);
	}
	dev->size = 0;
	dev->quantum = scull_quantum;
	dev->qset = scull_qset;
	dev->data = NULL;
	return 0;
}

int scull_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
    printk(KERN_DEBUG "process %i (%s) success release minor(%u) file\n", current->pid, current->comm, iminor(inode));
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Open and close
 */

int scull_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
	struct scull_dev *dev; /* device information */

	dev = container_of(inode->i_cdev, struct scull_dev, cdev);
	filp->private_data = dev; /* for other methods */

	/* If the device was opened write-only, trim it to a length of 0. */
	if ( (filp->f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY) {
		if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&dev->mutex))
			return -ERESTARTSYS;
		scull_trim(dev); /* Ignore errors. */
		mutex_unlock(&dev->mutex);
	}
    printk(KERN_DEBUG "process %i (%s) success open minor(%u) file\n", current->pid, current->comm, iminor(inode));
	return 0;
}

/*
 * The "extended" operations -- only seek.
 */

loff_t scull_llseek(struct file *filp, loff_t off, int whence)
{
	struct scull_dev *dev = filp->private_data;
	loff_t newpos;

	switch(whence) {
	  case 0: /* SEEK_SET */
		newpos = off;
		break;

	  case 1: /* SEEK_CUR */
		newpos = filp->f_pos + off;
		break;

	  case 2: /* SEEK_END */
		newpos = dev->size + off;
		break;

	  default: /* can't happen */
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	if (newpos < 0)
		return -EINVAL;
	filp->f_pos = newpos;
	return newpos;
}

struct file_operations scull_fops = {
	.owner =    THIS_MODULE,
	.llseek =   scull_llseek,
	.read =     scull_read,
	.write =    scull_write,
	// .unlocked_ioctl = scull_ioctl,
	.open =     scull_open,
	.release =  scull_release,
};

/*
 * Set up the char_dev structure for this device.
 */
static void scull_setup_cdev(struct scull_dev *dev, int index)
{
	int err, devno = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor + index);

	cdev_init(&dev->cdev, &scull_fops);
	dev->cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
	dev->cdev.ops = &scull_fops;
	err = cdev_add (&dev->cdev, devno, 1);
	/* Fail gracefully if need be. */
	if (err)
		printk(KERN_NOTICE "Error %d adding scull%d", err, index);
    else
        printk(KERN_INFO "scull: %d add success\n", index);
}


void scull_cleanup_module(void)
{
	int i;
	dev_t devno = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor);

	/* Get rid of our char dev entries. */
	if (scull_devices) {
		for (i = 0; i < scull_nr_devs; i++) {
			scull_trim(scull_devices + i);
			cdev_del(&scull_devices[i].cdev);
		}
		kfree(scull_devices);
	}

	/* cleanup_module is never called if registering failed. */
	unregister_chrdev_region(devno, scull_nr_devs);
    printk(KERN_INFO "scull: cleanup success\n");
}


int scull_init_module(void)
{
	int result, i;
	dev_t dev = 0;

	/*
	 * Get a range of minor numbers to work with, asking for a dynamic major
	 * unless directed otherwise at load time.
	 */
	if (scull_major) {
		dev = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor);
		result = register_chrdev_region(dev, scull_nr_devs, "scull");
	} else {
		result = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, scull_minor, scull_nr_devs, "scull");
		scull_major = MAJOR(dev);
	}
	if (result < 0) {
		printk(KERN_WARNING "scull: can't get major %d\n", scull_major);
		return result;
	} else {
        printk(KERN_INFO "scull: get major %d success\n", scull_major);
    }

        /*
	 * Allocate the devices. This must be dynamic as the device number can
	 * be specified at load time.
	 */
	scull_devices = kmalloc(scull_nr_devs * sizeof(struct scull_dev), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!scull_devices) {
		result = -ENOMEM;
		goto fail;
	}
	memset(scull_devices, 0, scull_nr_devs * sizeof(struct scull_dev));

        /* Initialize each device. */
	for (i = 0; i < scull_nr_devs; i++) {
		scull_devices[i].quantum = scull_quantum;
		scull_devices[i].qset = scull_qset;
		mutex_init(&scull_devices[i].mutex);
		scull_setup_cdev(&scull_devices[i], i);
	}

	return 0; /* succeed */

  fail:
	scull_cleanup_module();
	return result;
}

module_init(scull_init_module);
module_exit(scull_cleanup_module);

brw-rw----  1 root disk      8,   0 Dec 17 13:02 sda
brw-rw----  1 root disk      8,   1 Dec 17 13:02 sda1

struct file_operations scull_fops = {
	.owner =    THIS_MODULE,
	.llseek =   scull_llseek,
	.read =     scull_read,
	.write =    scull_write,
	.open =     scull_open,
	.release =  scull_release,
};