python——客户端
客户端
综述
twisted是一个设计非常灵活的框架，通过它可以写出功能强大的客户端，然而要在代码中使用非常多的层次结构。这个文档包括创建用于TCP,SSL和Unix sockets的客户端 在 底层，实际上完成协议语法和处理的是Protocol类。这个类通常是来自于twisted.internet.protocol.Protocol。大 多数的protocol handlers继承自这个类或它的子类。protocol类的一个实例将在你连接到服务器时被初始化，在断开连接时结束。这意味着持久的配置不会被保存 在Protocol中。 持久的配置将会保存在Factory类中，它通常继承自 twisted.internet.protocol.Factory(或者 twisted.internet.protocol.ClientFactory)。默认的factory类仅仅实例化Protocol,并且设置 factory属性指向自己。这使得Protocol可以访问、修改和持久配置。 Protocol
这个类将会是代码中使用最多的类，是twisted异步处理数据的一个协议，这意味着这个协议从不等待一个事件，它只是响应从网络中到来的事件。
下面是一个简单的例子：
from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol
from sys import stdout
class Echo(protocol):
def dataReceived(self,data):
stdout.write(data)这是一个简单的例子，将从连接进来的程序读到的数据显示到标准输出上。下面的例子中Protocol会相应另外一个事件：
from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol
class WelcomeMessage(Protocol):
def connectionMade(self):
self.transport.write("Hello server, I am the client!\r\n")
self.transport.loseConnection()这个协议连接到服务器，发送一条消息，然后关闭连接。
这个connectionMade通常在Protocol对象出现时创建，connectionLost在Protocol断开时创建。
简单的，单用户客户端
大多数情况，protocol仅需要连接服务器一次，并且代码只是想获得一个protocol的连接实例。正是由于这些原因，twisted.internet.endpoints提供了一些合适的API，特别是其中的connectProtocol提供了一个protocol实例而不是factory。
from twisted.internet import reactor
from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol
from twisted.internet.endpoints import TCP4ClientEndpoint,connectProtocol
class Greeter(Protocol):
def sendMessage(self, msg):
self.transport.write("Message %s\n" % msg)
def gotProtocol(p):
p.sendMessage("Hello")
reactor.callLater(1, p.sendMessage, "This is sent in a second")
reactor.callLater(2, p.transport.loseConnection)
point = TCP4ClientEndpoint(reactor, "localhost", 1234)
d = connectProtocol(point, Greeter())
d.addCallback(gotProtocol)
reactor.run()ClientFactory
from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol, ClientFactory
from sys import stdout
class Echo(Protocol):
def dataReceived(self, connector):
stdout.write(data)
class EchoClientFactory(ClientFactory):
def startedConnecting(self, connector):
print 'Started to connect.'
def buildProtocol(self, addr):
print 'Connected'
return Echo()
def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason):
print 'Lost connection. Reason', reason
def clientConnectionFaild(self, connector, reason):
print 'Connection failded. Reason', reason要连接这个EchoClientFactory到一个服务器上，可以使用下面的代码：
from twisted.internet import reactor
reactor.connectTCP(host, port, EchoClientFactory())
reactor.run()注意：函数connectConnectionFailed在连接不
能established别调用，而clientConnectionLost在连接完成并且断开时被调用。
Reactor Client APIs
connectTCP
IReactorTCP.connectTCP 提供对IPV4和IPV6客户端的支持，它接收的host参数可以是主机名，也可以是IP地址，在连接之前reactor会自动的将主机名解析为IP地址。这也意味着如果一个主机名有多个IP地址解析时，重新连接时不一定总是能连接到相同的主机。这说明在每次连接之前都会进行域名解析。如果创建了很多短连接（每秒几百次或几千次），它会首先将主机名解析为IP地址，然后将地址传给connectTCP。
Reconnection
通常，当一个客户端连接因为网络问题中断的时候，在断开之后一个重新连接的方法叫做connector.connect()
from twisted.internet.protocol import ClientFactory
class EchoClientFactory(ClientFactory):
def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason):
connector.connect()当连接出错，同时factory收到一个clientConnectionLost的事件通知时，factory通过调用connector.connect()来重新启动一个连接。然而，大多数程序想要实现重连这个功能应该实现ReconnectingClientFactory，下面是一个通过ReconnectingClientFactory实现的Echo protocol：
from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol, ReconnectingClientFactory
from sys import stdout
class Echo(Protocol):
def dataReceived(self, data):
stdout.write(data)
class EchoClientFactory(ReconnectingClientFactory):
def startedConnecting(self, connector):
print 'Started to connect'
def buildProtocol(self, addr):
print 'Connected'
print 'Reseting reconnection delay'
self.resetDelay()
return Echo()
def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason):
print 'Lost connection. Reason:', reason
ReconnectingClientFactory.clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason)
def clientConnectionFailded(self, connector, reason):
print 'Connection failded. Reason:', reason
ReconnectingClientFactory.clientConnectionFailed(self, connector, reason)高级例子:ircLogBot
上面客户端的例子都很简单，下面是一个更加复杂的例子
ircLogBot.py
# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.# See LICENSE for details."""An example IRC log bot - logs a channel's events to a file.If someone says the bot's name in the channel followed by a ':',e.g. <foo> logbot: hello!the bot will reply: <logbot> foo: I am a log botRun this script with two arguments, the channel name the bot shouldconnect to, and file to log to, e.g.: $ python ircLogBot.py test test.logwill log channel #test to the file 'test.log'.To run the script: $ python ircLogBot.py <channel> <file>"""# twisted importsfrom twisted.words.protocols import ircfrom twisted.internet import reactor, protocolfrom twisted.python import log# system importsimport time, sysclass MessageLogger:
""" An independent logger class (because separation of application and protocol logic is a good thing). """
def __init__(self, file):
self.file = file
def log(self, message):
"""Write a message to the file."""
timestamp = time.strftime("[%H:%M:%S]", time.localtime(time.time()))
self.file.write('%s %s\n' % (timestamp, message))
self.file.flush()
def close(self):
self.file.close()class LogBot(irc.IRCClient):
"""A logging IRC bot."""
nickname = "twistedbot"
def connectionMade(self):
irc.IRCClient.connectionMade(self)
self.logger = MessageLogger(open(self.factory.filename, "a"))
self.logger.log("[connected at %s]" %
time.asctime(time.localtime(time.time())))
def connectionLost(self, reason):
irc.IRCClient.connectionLost(self, reason)
self.logger.log("[disconnected at %s]" %
time.asctime(time.localtime(time.time())))
self.logger.close()
# callbacks for events
def signedOn(self):
"""Called when bot has succesfully signed on to server."""
self.join(self.factory.channel)
def joined(self, channel):
"""This will get called when the bot joins the channel."""
self.logger.log("[I have joined %s]" % channel)
def privmsg(self, user, channel, msg):
"""This will get called when the bot receives a message."""
user = user.split('!', 1)[0]
self.logger.log("<%s> %s" % (user, msg))
# Check to see if they're sending me a private message
if channel == self.nickname:
msg = "It isn't nice to whisper! Play nice with the group."
self.msg(user, msg)
return
# Otherwise check to see if it is a message directed at me
if msg.startswith(self.nickname + ":"):
msg = "%s: I am a log bot" % user
self.msg(channel, msg)
self.logger.log("<%s> %s" % (self.nickname, msg))
def action(self, user, channel, msg):
"""This will get called when the bot sees someone do an action."""
user = user.split('!', 1)[0]
self.logger.log("* %s %s" % (user, msg))
# irc callbacks
def irc_NICK(self, prefix, params):
"""Called when an IRC user changes their nickname."""
old_nick = prefix.split('!')[0]
new_nick = params[0]
self.logger.log("%s is now known as %s" % (old_nick, new_nick))
# For fun, override the method that determines how a nickname is changed on
# collisions. The default method appends an underscore.
def alterCollidedNick(self, nickname):
""" Generate an altered version of a nickname that caused a collision in an effort to create an unused related name for subsequent registration. """
return nickname + '^'class LogBotFactory(protocol.ClientFactory):
"""A factory for LogBots. A new protocol instance will be created each time we connect to the server. """
def __init__(self, channel, filename):
self.channel = channel
self.filename = filename
def buildProtocol(self, addr):
p = LogBot()
p.factory = self
return p
def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason):
"""If we get disconnected, reconnect to server."""
connector.connect()
def clientConnectionFailed(self, connector, reason):
print "connection failed:", reason
reactor.stop()if __name__ == '__main__':
# initialize logging
log.startLogging(sys.stdout)
# create factory protocol and application
f = LogBotFactory(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2])
# connect factory to this host and port
reactor.connectTCP("irc.freenode.net", 6667, f)
# run bot
reactor.run()ircLogBot.py 连接到一个IRC服务器，连接一个通道，所有的日志和通信通过它传送到一个文件。
Persistent Data in the Factory
由于Protocol实例在每次连接建立的时候都会重新创建，客户端需要对一些需要持久连接的数据进行追踪。
from twisted.woeds.protocols import irc
from twisted.internet import protocol
class LogBot(irc.IRCClient):
def connectionMade(self):
irc.IRCClient.connectionMade(self)
self.logger = MessageLogger(open(self.factory.filename, "a"))
self.log.log("[connected at %s]" % time.asctime(time.localtime(time.time())))
def signedOn(self):
self.join(self.factory.channel)
class LogBotFactory(protocol.ClientFactory):
def __init__(self, channel, filename):
self.channel = channel
self.filename = filename
def buildProtocol(self, addr):
p = LogBot()
p.factory = self
return p当protocol创建时，会得到一个factory的引用self.factory，它能访问factory的属性。在logBot的例子中，它打开文件并连接到存储在factory中的通道。