Prometheus入门
Prometheus(普罗米修斯)这款开源监控工具，名字和功能一样酷，本文是一个干货入门，动手来部署一个实验环境。用Prometheus+Grafana来监控MySQL。 这里安利一波docker 和 vagrant ，实在是开发的利器，校长用了都说好！
Prometheus 简介
废话不多说了，首先Prometheus，它支持多维度的指标数据模型，服务端通过HTTP协议定时拉取数据后，通过灵活的查询语言，实现监控的目的。
客户端记录相关数据，并提供对外查询接口，服务端则通过服务器发现客户端，并定时抓取形成时序数据存储起来，最后通过可视化工具加以展现，其整体架构如下图：
Prometheus 可以做什么
- 在业务层用作埋点系统
Prometheus支持各个主流开发语言（Go，java，python，ruby官方提供客户端，其他语言有第三方开源客户端）。我们可以通过客户端方面的对核心业务进行埋点。如下单流程、添加购物车流程。
- 在应用层用作应用监控系统
一些主流应用可以通过官方或第三方的导出器，来对这些应用做核心指标的收集。如redis,mysql。
- 在系统层用作系统监控
除了常用软件， prometheus也有相关系统层和网络层exporter,用以监控服务器或网络。
- 集成其他的监控
prometheus还可以通过各种exporte，集成其他的监控系统，收集监控数据，如AWS CloudWatch,JMX，Pingdom等等。
Prometheus 入门案例
这里我们使用docker来自动构建，这里不推荐使用windows版本的docker，开始我也是在win环境下试的，但是无奈，总是无法正确映射文件到容器，换了ubuntu，就丝一样顺滑了。
首先看一下目录结构，docker-compose.yml 是容器启动文件，prometheus.yml 是prometheus的配置文件，另外一个是grafana与容器交互的文件，后面我们详细说。
docker-compose.yml 的内容如下，包含4个容器，prometheus，grafana，mysql exporter 和 mysql 。其中 mysql exporter是prometheus的扩展程序，我粗略的扫了一下源码，他通过读取mysql的binlog以及其他方式，获取到必要信息，然后并对外提供监控接口的。这里使用20001和20002为prometheus和grafana的对外端口。
version: '2'
services:
exporter:
container_name: mysql-exporter-dev
image: prom/mysqld-exporter
environment:
# 这里指定的是要监控的 MySQL 数据库，这里我们以启动的 test-mysql 容器为示范。
# 实际应用当中，应该配置为具体的数据库实例。
- DATA_SOURCE_NAME=root:root@(test-mysql:3306)/
prometheus:
container_name: prometheus
image: prom/prometheus
ports:
- "20001:9090"
volumes:
- ./prometheus.yml:/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml
grafana:
container_name: grafana
image: grafana/grafana
environment:
# 配置 Grafana 的默认根 URL。
- GF_SERVER_ROOT_URL=http://localhost:20002
# 配置 Grafana 的默认 admin 密码。
- GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_PASSWORD=admin
ports:
- "20002:3000"
# 映射 Grafana 的数据文件，方便后面进行更改。
volumes:
- ./grafana:/var/lib/grafana
# 本服务只是用于演示，实际使用请注释掉本服务。
mysql:
container_name: test-mysql
image: mysql
environment:
- MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root
prometheus.yml 的配置内容如下，这里配置了2个target，分别是prometheus自身和mysql exporter
global:
scrape_interval: 15s
evaluation_interval: 15s
alerting:
alertmanagers:
- static_configs:
- targets:
# - alertmanager:9093
scrape_configs:
# Prometheus 监控配置
- job_name: 'prometheus'
static_configs:
- targets: ['prometheus:9090']
# MySQL 监控配置
- job_name: 'mysql'
# 抓取间隔
scrape_interval: 5s
static_configs:
# 这里配置的是具体的 MySQL Exporter 的地址，在之前的 docker compose 文件
# 定义当中，mysql exporter 的容器名为 mysql-exporter-dev。
- targets: ['mysql-exporter-dev:9104']
切记，执行之前，将grafana的权限设置成777，以避免不必要的麻烦。
访问localhost:20002 端口，这里建议配置ip。grafana支持prometheus作为数据源。
配置prometheus服务
导入mysql监控仪表盘，我将代码贴到了下面
结果还是蛮漂亮
监控仪表盘代码：
{
"annotations": {
"list": [
{
"builtIn": 1,
"datasource": "-- Grafana --",
"enable": true,
"hide": false,
"iconColor": "#e0752d",
"limit": 100,
"name": "PMM Annotations",
"showIn": 0,
"tags": [
"pmm_annotation"
],
"type": "tags"
}
]
},
"description": "Dashboard from Percona Monitoring and Management project. ",
"editable": true,
"gnetId": 7362,
"graphTooltip": 1,
"id": 10,
"iteration": 1547173235420,
"links": [
{
"icon": "dashboard",
"includeVars": true,
"keepTime": true,
"tags": [
"QAN"
],
"targetBlank": false,
"title": "Query Analytics",
"type": "link",
"url": "/graph/dashboard/db/_pmm-query-analytics"
},
{
"asDropdown": true,
"includeVars": true,
"keepTime": true,
"tags": [
"OS"
],
"targetBlank": false,
"title": "OS",
"type": "dashboards"
},
{
"asDropdown": true,
"includeVars": true,
"keepTime": true,
"tags": [
"MySQL"
],
"targetBlank": false,
"title": "MySQL",
"type": "dashboards"
},
{
"asDropdown": true,
"includeVars": true,
"keepTime": true,
"tags": [
"MongoDB"
],
"targetBlank": false,
"title": "MongoDB",
"type": "dashboards"
},
{
"asDropdown": true,
"includeVars": true,
"keepTime": true,
"tags": [
"HA"
],
"targetBlank": false,
"title": "HA",
"type": "dashboards"
},
{
"asDropdown": true,
"includeVars": true,
"keepTime": true,
"tags": [
"Cloud"
],
"targetBlank": false,
"title": "Cloud",
"type": "dashboards"
},
{
"asDropdown": true,
"includeVars": true,
"keepTime": true,
"tags": [
"Insight"
],
"targetBlank": false,
"title": "Insight",
"type": "dashboards"
},
{
"asDropdown": true,
"includeVars": true,
"keepTime": true,
"tags": [
"PMM"
],
"targetBlank": false,
"title": "PMM",
"type": "dashboards"
}
],
"panels": [
{
"collapsed": false,
"gridPos": {
"h": 1,
"w": 24,
"x": 0,
"y": 0
},
"id": 382,
"panels": [],
"repeat": null,
"title": "总览",
"type": "row"
},
{
"cacheTimeout": null,
"colorBackground": false,
"colorValue": true,
"colors": [
"rgba(245, 54, 54, 0.9)",
"rgba(237, 129, 40, 0.89)",
"rgba(50, 172, 45, 0.97)"
],
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"decimals": 1,
"description": "mysqld 服务器进程最后一次重启的时间。",
"editable": true,
"error": false,
"format": "s",
"gauge": {
"maxValue": 100,
"minValue": 0,
"show": false,
"thresholdLabels": false,
"thresholdMarkers": true
},
"gridPos": {
"h": 4,
"w": 6,
"x": 0,
"y": 1
},
"height": "125px",
"id": 12,
"interval": "$interval",
"links": [],
"mappingType": 1,
"mappingTypes": [
{
"name": "value to text",
"value": 1
},
{
"name": "range to text",
"value": 2
}
],
"maxDataPoints": 100,
"nullPointMode": "connected",
"nullText": null,
"postfix": "s",
"postfixFontSize": "80%",
"prefix": "",
"prefixFontSize": "80%",
"rangeMaps": [
{
"from": "null",
"text": "N/A",
"to": "null"
}
],
"sparkline": {
"fillColor": "rgba(31, 118, 189, 0.18)",
"full": false,
"lineColor": "rgb(31, 120, 193)",
"show": false
},
"tableColumn": "",
"targets": [
{
"calculatedInterval": "10m",
"datasourceErrors": {},
"errors": {},
"expr": "mysql_global_status_uptime{instance=\"$host\"}",
"format": "time_series",
"interval": "5m",
"intervalFactor": 1,
"legendFormat": "",
"metric": "",
"refId": "A",
"step": 300
}
],
"thresholds": "300,3600",
"title": "MySQL 正常运行时间",
"transparent": false,
"type": "singlestat",
"valueFontSize": "80%",
"valueMaps": [],
"valueName": "current"
},
{
"cacheTimeout": null,
"colorBackground": false,
"colorValue": false,
"colors": [
"rgba(245, 54, 54, 0.9)",
"rgba(237, 129, 40, 0.89)",
"rgba(50, 172, 45, 0.97)"
],
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"decimals": 2,"description": "**Current QPS**\n\n根据 MySQL 的 ``SHOW STATUS`` 命令所返回的查询结果计算，它是服务器在最后一秒内执行的查询语句数。\n\n这个值包括存储过程当中所执行的 SQL 语句数量，与 ``Questions`` 所统计的结果不同，他不包含 ``COM_PING `` 与 ``COM_STATISTICS `` 命令返回的结果。",
"editable": true,
"error": false,
"format": "short",
"gauge": {
"maxValue": 100,
"minValue": 0,
"show": false,
"thresholdLabels": false,
"thresholdMarkers": true
},
"gridPos": {
"h": 4,
"w": 6,
"x": 6,
"y": 1
},
"height": "125px",
"id": 13,
"interval": "$interval",
"links": [
{
"targetBlank": true,
"title": "MySQL Server Status Variables",
"type": "absolute",
"url": "https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-status-variables.html#statvar_Queries"
}
],
"mappingType": 1,
"mappingTypes": [
{
"name": "value to text",
"value": 1
},
{
"name": "range to text",
"value": 2
}
],
"maxDataPoints": 100,
"nullPointMode": "connected",
"nullText": null,
"postfix": "",
"postfixFontSize": "50%",
"prefix": "",
"prefixFontSize": "80%",
"rangeMaps": [
{
"from": "null",
"text": "N/A",
"to": "null"
}
],
"sparkline": {
"fillColor": "rgba(31, 118, 189, 0.18)",
"full": false,
"lineColor": "rgb(31, 120, 193)",
"show": true
},
"tableColumn": "",
"targets": [
{
"calculatedInterval": "10m",
"datasourceErrors": {},
"errors": {},
"expr": "rate(mysql_global_status_queries{instance=\"
"format": "time_series",
"interval": "$interval",
"intervalFactor": 1,
"legendFormat": "",
"metric": "",
"refId": "A",
"step": 20
}
],
"thresholds": "35,75",
"title": "当前的 QPS",
"transparent": false,
"type": "singlestat",
"valueFontSize": "80%",
"valueMaps": [],
"valueName": "current"
},
{
"cacheTimeout": null,
"colorBackground": false,
"colorValue": false,
"colors": [
"rgba(50, 172, 45, 0.97)",
"rgba(237, 129, 40, 0.89)",
"rgba(245, 54, 54, 0.9)"
],
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"decimals": 0,
"description": "InnoDB 维护了一个缓冲池，用于在内存当中进行数据缓存与索引。\n\n了解 InnoDB 缓冲池是如何工作地，就可以利用它将频繁访问的数据存储在内存当中。这也是 MySQL 性能调优的重要一个技巧。\n\n最终的目的就是缓存结果，在大多数情况下，他的值应该是主机内存的 60% ~ 90% 之间。",
"editable": true,
"error": false,
"format": "bytes",
"gauge": {
"maxValue": 100,
"minValue": 0,
"show": false,
"thresholdLabels": false,
"thresholdMarkers": true
},
"gridPos": {
"h": 4,
"w": 6,
"x": 12,
"y": 1
},
"height": "125px",
"id": 51,
"interval": "$interval",
"links": [
{
"targetBlank": true,
"title": "Tuning the InnoDB Buffer Pool Size",
"type": "absolute",
"url": "https://www.percona.com/blog/2015/06/02/80-ram-tune-innodb_buffer_pool_size/"
}
],
"mappingType": 1,
"mappingTypes": [
{
"name": "value to text",
"value": 1
},
{
"name": "range to text",
"value": 2
}
],
"maxDataPoints": 100,
"nullPointMode": "connected",
"nullText": null,
"postfix": "",
"postfixFontSize": "50%",
"prefix": "",
"prefixFontSize": "80%",
"rangeMaps": [
{
"from": "null",
"text": "N/A",
"to": "null"
}
],
"sparkline": {
"fillColor": "rgba(31, 118, 189, 0.18)",
"full": false,
"lineColor": "rgb(31, 120, 193)",
"show": false
},
"tableColumn": "",
"targets": [
{
"calculatedInterval": "10m",
"datasourceErrors": {},
"errors": {},
"expr": "mysql_global_variables_innodb_buffer_pool_size{instance=\"$host\"}",
"format": "time_series",
"interval": "5m",
"intervalFactor": 1,
"legendFormat": "",
"metric": "",
"refId": "A",
"step": 300
}
],
"thresholds": "90,95",
"title": "InnoDB 缓冲池大小",
"transparent": false,
"type": "singlestat",
"valueFontSize": "80%",
"valueMaps": [],
"valueName": "current"
},
{
"cacheTimeout": null,
"colorBackground": false,
"colorValue": true,
"colors": [
"rgba(245, 54, 54, 0.9)",
"rgba(237, 129, 40, 0.89)",
"rgba(50, 172, 45, 0.97)"
],
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"decimals": 0,
"description": "**InnoDB Buffer Pool Size % of Total RAM**\n\nInnoDB maintains a storage area called the buffer pool for caching data and indexes in memory. Knowing how the InnoDB buffer pool works, and taking advantage of it to keep frequently accessed data in memory, is one of the most important aspects of MySQL tuning. The goal is to keep the working set in memory. In most cases, this should be between 60%-90% of available memory on a dedicated database host, but depends on many factors.",
"editable": true,
"error": false,
"format": "percent",
"gauge": {
"maxValue": 100,
"minValue": 0,
"show": false,
"thresholdLabels": false,
"thresholdMarkers": true
},
"gridPos": {
"h": 4,
"w": 6,
"x": 18,
"y": 1
},
"height": "125px",
"id": 52,
"interval": "$interval",
"links": [
{
"targetBlank": true,
"title": "Tuning the InnoDB Buffer Pool Size",
"type": "absolute",
"url": "https://www.percona.com/blog/2015/06/02/80-ram-tune-innodb_buffer_pool_size/"
}
],
"mappingType": 1,
"mappingTypes": [
{
"name": "value to text",
"value": 1
},
{
"name": "range to text",
"value": 2
}
],
"maxDataPoints": 100,
"nullPointMode": "connected",
"nullText": null,
"postfix": "",
"postfixFontSize": "50%",
"prefix": "",
"prefixFontSize": "80%",
"rangeMaps": [
{
"from": "null",
"text": "N/A",
"to": "null"
}
],
"repeat": null,
"sparkline": {
"fillColor": "rgba(31, 118, 189, 0.18)",
"full": false,
"lineColor": "rgb(31, 120, 193)",
"maxValue": 100,
"minValue": 0,
"show": true
},
"tableColumn": "",
"targets": [
{
"calculatedInterval": "10m",
"datasourceErrors": {},
"errors": {},
"expr": "(mysql_global_variables_innodb_buffer_pool_size{instance=\"
"format": "time_series",
"interval": "5m",
"intervalFactor": 1,
"legendFormat": "",
"metric": "",
"refId": "A",
"step": 300
}
],
"thresholds": "40,80",
"title": "Buffer Pool Size of Total RAM",
"transparent": false,
"type": "singlestat",
"valueFontSize": "80%",
"valueMaps": [],
"valueName": "current"
},
{
"collapsed": false,
"gridPos": {
"h": 1,
"w": 24,
"x": 0,
"y": 5
},
"id": 383,
"panels": [],
"repeat": null,
"title": "连接数",
"type": "row"
},
{
"aliasColors": {},
"bars": false,
"dashLength": 10,
"dashes": false,
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"decimals": 0,
"description": "注释\n\nMySQL 默认的最大连接数为 151，增加这个值的话，会导致 mysqld 所需要的文件描述符数量。当文件描述符剩余不可用的时候，mysqld 会自动降低最大连接数。\n\n实质上 mysqld 允许 (最大连接数 + 1) 个连接，额外的 1 个连接是保留给 root 用户使用的。\n\n服务器最大连接记录是 mysqld 自启动以来同时最大使用的连接数记录。(不论成功与否)",
"editable": true,
"error": false,
"fill": 2,
"grid": {},
"gridPos": {
"h": 9,
"w": 12,
"x": 0,
"y": 6
},
"height": "250px",
"id": 92,
"legend": {
"alignAsTable": true,
"avg": true,
"current": false,
"max": true,
"min": true,
"show": true,
"sort": "avg",
"sortDesc": true,
"total": false,
"values": true
},
"lines": true,
"linewidth": 2,
"links": [
{
"targetBlank": true,
"title": "MySQL Server System Variables",
"type": "absolute",
"url": "https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-system-variables.html#sysvar_max_connections"
}
],
"nullPointMode": "null",
"percentage": false,
"pointradius": 5,
"points": false,
"renderer": "flot",
"seriesOverrides": [
{
"alias": "Max Connections",
"fill": 0
}
],
"spaceLength": 10,
"stack": false,
"steppedLine": false,
"targets": [
{
"calculatedInterval": "2m",
"datasourceErrors": {},
"errors": {},
"expr": "max(max_over_time(mysql_global_status_threads_connected{instance=\"
"format": "time_series",
"interval": "$interval",
"intervalFactor": 1,
"legendFormat": "当前连接数",
"metric": "",
"refId": "A",
"step": 20
},
{
"calculatedInterval": "2m",
"datasourceErrors": {},
"errors": {},
"expr": "mysql_global_status_max_used_connections{instance=\"$host\"}",
"format": "time_series",
"interval": "$interval",
"intervalFactor": 1,
"legendFormat": "服务器最大连接记录",
"metric": "",
"refId": "C",
"step": 20,
"target": ""
},
{
"calculatedInterval": "2m",
"datasourceErrors": {},
"errors": {},
"expr": "mysql_global_variables_max_connections{instance=\"$host\"}",
"format": "time_series",
"interval": "$interval",
"intervalFactor": 1,
"legendFormat": "最大连接数",
"metric": "",
"refId": "B",
"step": 20,
"target": ""
}
],
"thresholds": [],
"timeFrom": null,
"timeRegions": [],
"timeShift": null,
"title": "MySQL 连接数统计",
"tooltip": {
"msResolution": false,
"shared": true,
"sort": 0,
"value_type": "cumulative"
},
"type": "graph",
"xaxis": {
"buckets": null,
"mode": "time",
"name": null,
"show": true,
"values": []
},
"yaxes": [
{
"format": "short",
"label": "",
"logBase": 1,
"max": null,
"min": 0,
"show": true
},
{
"format": "short",
"label": "",
"logBase": 1,
"max": null,
"min": 0,
"show": true
}
],
"yaxis": {
"align": false,
"alignLevel": null
}
},
{
"aliasColors": {},
"bars": false,
"dashLength": 10,
"dashes": false,
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"decimals": 2,
"description": "``已连接的线程数`` 是打开的连接数，而 ``运行中的线程数`` 则是未休眠的线程数统计。",
"editable": true,
"error": false,
"fill": 2,
"grid": {},
"gridPos": {
"h": 9,
"w": 12,
"x": 12,
"y": 6
},
"id": 10,
"legend": {
"alignAsTable": true,
"avg": true,
"current": true,
"max": true,
"min": true,
"rightSide": false,
"show": true,
"sortDesc": true,
"total": false,
"values": true
},
"lines": true,
"linewidth": 2,
"links": [],
"nullPointMode": "null",
"percentage": false,
"pointradius": 5,
"points": false,
"renderer": "flot",
"seriesOverrides": [
{
"alias": "Peak Threads Running",
"color": "#E24D42",
"lines": false,
"pointradius": 1,
"points": true
},
{
"alias": "Peak Threads Connected",
"color": "#1F78C1"
},
{
"alias": "Avg Threads Running",
"color": "#EAB839"
}
],
"spaceLength": 10,
"stack": false,
"steppedLine": false,
"targets": [
{
"calculatedInterval": "2m",
"datasourceErrors": {},
"errors": {},
"expr": "max_over_time(mysql_global_status_threads_connected{instance=\"
"format": "time_series",
"hide": false,
"interval": "$interval",
"intervalFactor": 1,
"legendFormat": "已连接的线程数",
"metric": "",
"refId": "A",
"step": 20
},
{
"calculatedInterval": "2m",
"datasourceErrors": {},
"errors": {},
"expr": "max_over_time(mysql_global_status_threads_running{instance=\"
"format": "time_series",
"interval": "$interval",
"intervalFactor": 1,
"legendFormat": "运行中的线程数",
"metric": "",
"refId": "B",
"step": 20
},
{
"expr": "avg_over_time(mysql_global_status_threads_running{instance=\"
"format": "time_series",
"interval": "$interval",
"intervalFactor": 1,
"legendFormat": "平均运行的线程数",
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"links": [
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}
],
"nullPointMode": "null",
"percentage": false,
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"points": false,
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"targets": [
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{
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{
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{
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"legendFormat": "Misses due to Overflows",
"refId": "D",
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{
"expr": "(rate(mysql_global_status_table_open_cache_hits{instance=\"host\"}[5m]))/((rate(mysql_global_status_table_open_cache_hits{instance=\"interval]) or irate(mysql_global_status_table_open_cache_hits{instance=\"host\"}[
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],
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"style": "dark",
"tags": [
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"templating": {
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"auto_min": "1s",
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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"value": "5m"
},
{
"selected": false,
"text": "1h",
"value": "1h"
},
{
"selected": false,
"text": "6h",
"value": "6h"
},
{
"selected": false,
"text": "1d",
"value": "1d"
}
],
"query": "1s,5s,1m,5m,1h,6h,1d",
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},
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"value": "mysql-exporter-dev:9104"
},
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"definition": "",
"hide": 0,
"includeAll": false,
"label": "Host",
"multi": false,
"multiFormat": "regex values",
"name": "host",
"options": [],
"query": "label_values(mysql_up, instance)",
"refresh": 1,
"refresh_on_load": false,
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"tagsQuery": null,
"type": "query",
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}
]
},
"time": {
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"to": "now"
},
"timepicker": {
"collapse": false,
"enable": true,
"hidden": false,
"notice": false,
"now": true,
"refresh_intervals": [
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"10s",
"30s",
"1m",
"5m",
"15m",
"30m",
"1h",
"2h",
"1d"
],
"status": "Stable",
"time_options": [
"5m",
"15m",
"1h",
"6h",
"12h",
"24h",
"2d",
"7d",
"30d"
],
"type": "timepicker"
},
"timezone": "browser",
"title": "MySQL 详细统计",
"uid": "MQWgroiiz",
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}
参考连接：
https://www.cnblogs.com/lonelyxmas/p/10404002.html
https://www.cnblogs.com/lazio10000/p/7773571.html
腾讯云开发者
